Animals used under 7 (2) of the Animal Protection Act by species

Transcription

1 Animals used under 7 (2) of the Animal Protection Act by species 1. Animals used by species Table 1: In total animals used by species (excludes re-use) Animal Species Number of Animals % Mice ,48% Rats ,35% Guinea-Pigs ,71% Hamsters (Syrian) ,06% Hamsters (Chinese) 8 0,00% Mongolian gerbil ,20% Other Rodents ,49% Rabbits ,39% Cats 431 0,02% Dogs ,08% Ferrets 172 0,01% Other carnivores 535 0,03% Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds ,05% Pigs ,79% Goats 195 0,01% Sheep ,14% Cattle ,29% Prosimians 12 0,00% Marmoset and tamarins 207 0,01% Cynomolgus monkey ,12% Rhesus monkey 67 0,00% Baboons 14 0,00% Squirrel monkey 1 0,00% Other Mammals ,06% Domestic fowl ,20% Other birds ,56% Reptiles 351 0,02% Rana 377 0,02% Xenopus ,17% Other Amphibians ,13% Zebra fish ,80% Other Fish ,81% ,00 % 1

2 Figure 1: Animals used by species groups (excludes re-use) Mammals 86,30% Birds 1,76% Fish 11,61% Reptiles 0,02% Amphibians 0,32% Table 2: Animals used by species groups (excludes re-use) Species grouping Level 1 Warm-blooded vertebrates Number of Animals Mammals Number of Animals Rodents Rabbits Cold-blooded vertebrates Carnivores Equidae Artiodactyla Non-human primates Species grouping Level 2 Number of Animals Other mammals Mammals Birds Non-human primates Number of Animals Fish Amphibians Reptiles Prosimians 12 New World Monkeys 208 Old World Monkeys

3 2. Origin of used Animals Table 3: Origin of used animals in total (excludes re-use) the EU at a registered breeder Animals born in the EU but not at a registered breeder rest of Europe rest of the world Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) 8 8 Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey

4 Rhesus monkey Baboons Squirrel monkey 1 1 Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish

5 Table 4 6: Origin of used animals by species groups (excludes re-use) Species grouping Level 1 Warm-blooded vertebrates Cold-blooded vertebrates Animals born in the EU at a registered breeder Animals born in the EU but not at a registered breeder Animals born in rest of Europe Animals born in rest of the world Species grouping Level 2 Animals born in the EU at a registered breeder Animals born in the EU but not at a registered breeder Animals born in rest of Europe Animals born in rest of the world Mammals Birds Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Animals born in the EU at a registered breeder Animals born in the EU but not at a registered breeder Animals born in rest of Europe Animals born in rest of the world Rodents Rabbits Carnivores Equidae Artiodactyla Non-human primates Other mammals

6 3. Non-Human Primates by source and generation Table 7: Generation of non-human primates (excludes re-use) NHP Generation Number of Animals F0 2 F1 338 F2 or greater Self-sustaining colony Table 8: Origin of non-human primates (excludes re-use) NHP Source (origin) Animals born at a registered breeder within EU Animals born in rest of Europe Number of Animals 360 Animals born in Asia 1699 Animals born in America Animals born in Africa 628 Animals born elsewhere 1 : Figure 2: Origin of non-human primates (%) (excludes re-use) Animals born in Asia 63,21% Animals born at a registered breeder within EU 13,39% Animals born elsewhere 0,04% Animals born in Africa 23,36% 6

7 4. Use of species in procedures by purposes Table 9: Use of species in procedures by purposes Basic Research Translational and applied research Regulatory use and Routine production Protection of the natural environment in the interests of the health or welfare of human beings or animals Preservation of species Higher education or training for the acquisition. maintenance or improvement of vocational skills Maintenance of colonies of established genetically altered animals. not used in other procedures Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle

8 Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Vervets Chlorocebus spp Baboons Squirrel monkey 1 1 Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish

9 Figure 3: Use of animals in procedures by purposes Translational and applied research 15 % Basic Research 50 % Regulatory use and Routine production 27 % Protection of the natural environment in the interests of the health or welfare of human beings or animals 1 % Preservation of species 2 % Higher education or training for the acquisition. maintenance or improvement of vocational skills 2 % Maintenance of colonies of established genetically altered animals. not used in other procedures 3 % 9

10 Table 10: Use of species in basic research purposes Oncology Cardiovascular Blood and Lymphatic System Nervous System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System including Liver Musculoskeletal System Immune System Urogenital/ Reproductive System Sensory Organs (skin. eyes and ears) Endocrine System/ Metabolism Multisystemic Ethology / Animal Behaviour /Animal Biology Other basic research Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep

11 Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 8,79% 10,49% 20,80% 2,27% 3,18% 2,47% 19,49% 2,25% 2,68% 5,57% 5,53% 4,46% 12,01% 100,00% 11

12 Table 11: Use of species in translational and applied research purposes Human Cancer Human Infectious Disorders Human Cardidiovas ovascular Disorders Human Nervous and Mental Disorders Human Respiratory Disorders Human Gastrointestinal Disorders including Liver Human Musculoskeletal Disorders Human Immune Disorders Human Urogenital/Rep roductive Disorders Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Human Sensory Organ Disorders (skin, eyes and ears) Human Endocrine/Met abolism Disorders Other Human Disorders Animal Diseases and Disorders Animal Welfare Diagnosis of diseases Plant diseases Nonregulatory toxicology and ecotoxicology Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep

13 Cattle Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Vervets Chlorocebus spp Baboons Squirrel monkey Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 41,24% 6,04% 5,56% 12,66% 4,39% 5,22% 1,29% 3,83% 1,57% 2,13% 3,98% 0,40% 5,70% 2,06% 0,82% 0,02% 3,08% 100,00% 13

14 Table 12: Regulatory use of animals and routine production purposes Quality control (incl batch safety and potency testing) Other efficacy and tolerance testing Toxicity and other safety testing including pharmacology Routine production Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey 8 8 Other Mammals 1 1 Domestic fowl Other birds Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 33,77% 5,92% 46,77% 13,54% 100,00% 14

15 Table 13: Use of animals in quality control purposes Batch safety testing Pyrogenicity testing Batch potency testing Other quality controls Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Rabbits Cats Other carnivores Pigs Sheep Cattle Rhesus monkey 8 8 Domestic fowl % 10,30% 2,97% 85,74% 0,98% 100,00% Table 14: Use of animals in routine production purposes Blood based products Other product types Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Mongolian gerbil Rabbits Cats Dogs Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds 1 1 Pigs Goats 1 1 Sheep Cattle Cynomolgus monkey Other Mammals 1 1 Domestic fowl Other birds Other Fish % 98,01% 1,99% 100,00% 15

16 Table 15: Use of animals in toxicity and other safety testing by test type purposes Acute and subacute Skin irritation/corr osion Skin sensitisation Repeated dose toxicity Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Kinetics Neurotoxicity Pharmacodynamics Ecotoxicity Safety testing in food and feed area Target animal safety Eye irritation/corr osion Other toxicity/safet y testing Pigs Goats 2 2 Sheep Cattle Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey

17 Domestic fowl Other birds Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 3,98% 0,34% 3,34% 7,35% 0,75% 1,35% 8,42% 13,78% 0,03% 12,20% 30,43% 14,91% 0,66% 1,31% 0,07% 1,08% 100,00% 17

18 Table 16: Use of animals in repeated dose toxicity testing methods up to 28 days days > 90 days Mice Rats Rabbits Dogs Pigs Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey % 68,89% 21,61% 9,50% 100,00% Table 17: Use of animals in acute and subacute toxicity testing methods LD50. LC50 Other lethal methods Non lethal methods Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs 4 4 Rabbits Dogs Pigs 2 2 Cynomolgus monkey Other birds Zebra fish Other Fish % 39,93% 1,76% 58,31% 100,00% Table 18: Use of animals in ecotoxicity testing methods Chronic toxicity Reproductive ecotoxicity Endocrine activity Acute toxicity Bioaccumulation Other ecotoxicity Mice Other Rodents Domestic fowl Other birds Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 17,91% 43,00% 2,33% 15,03% 4,65% 17,07% 100,00% 18

19 5. Use of species and severity Table 19: Use of species and severity in total Nonrecovery % Mild [up to and including] % Moderate % Severe % Mice ,17% ,86% ,90% ,07% Rats ,62% ,24% ,09% ,05% Guinea-Pigs 179 1,21% ,27% 936 6,30% ,22% Hamsters (Syrian) 28 2,29% ,53% ,11% 13 1,06% Hamsters (Chinese) 5 62,50% 3 37,50% 8 Mongolian gerbil 162 3,81% ,72% ,23% 53 1,25% Other Rodents 46 0,46% ,47% 78 0,78% 28 0,28% Rabbits 968 1,04% ,13% ,79% 32 0,03% Cats 5 0,70% ,49% 92 12,81% 718 Dogs 83 2,49% ,28% 268 8,05% 6 0,18% Ferrets ,20% 24 12,24% 5 2,55% 196 Other carnivores ,81% ,19% 535 Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds 11 0,91% ,27% 22 1,82% Pigs ,60% ,36% ,21% 318 1,83% Goats ,55% 35 16,51% 2 0,94% 212 Sheep 144 4,72% ,39% ,48% 43 1,41% Cattle 2 0,03% ,58% 332 5,24% 9 0,14%

20 Prosimians ,00% 87 Marmoset and tamarins 2 0,89% 75 33,48% ,63% 224 Cynomolgus monkey 1 0,03% ,03% ,93% Rhesus monkey 5 4,27% 42 35,90% 70 59,83% 117 Vervets Chlorocebus spp ,00% 15 Baboons 10 71,43% 4 28,57% 14 Squirrel monkey 1 100,00% 1 Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) ,00% 12 Other Mammals 45 3,33% ,58% ,43% 9 0,67% Domestic fowl 616 2,47% ,00% 789 3,17% ,36% Other birds 146 1,22% ,94% ,99% 102 0,85% Reptiles 65 17,62% ,27% 89 24,12% 369 Rana ,86% 91 24,14% 377 Xenopus ,86% ,48% 266 5,85% 128 2,82% Other Amphibians ,08% ,10% 16 0,60% 59 2,22% Zebra fish ,26% ,05% ,15% ,53% Other Fish ,49% ,29% ,29% ,93%

21 6. Use of species and genetic status Table 20: Use of species and genetic status in total Not genetically altered Genetically altered without a harmful phenotype Genetically altered with a harmful phenotype Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) 8 8 Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Vervets Chlorocebus spp Baboons Squirrel monkey 1 1 Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish % 59,99% 31,85% 8,16% 100,00% 21

22 Figure 4: Use of animals: genetic status Not genetically altered 59,99% Genetically altered with a harmful phenotype 8,16% Genetically altered without a harmful phenotype 31,85% 22

23 7. Use of Species and re-use Table 21: Use of species and re-use in total (Naive) First use Re-uses Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) 8 8 Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Vervets Chlorocebus spp Baboons Squirrel monkey 1 Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) 12 Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish uses

24 Figure 5: Use of species groups and re-use Mammals 84,44% Reptiles 0,05% Amphibians 3,08% Fish 9,41% Birds 3,02% Figure 6: Primary purpose and re-use Higher education or training for the acquisition, maintenance or improvement of vocational skills 5,69% Maintenance of colonies of established genetically altered animals, not used in other procedures 0,35% Basic Research 30,72% Regulatory use and Routine production 53,48% Translational and applied research 9,76% 24

25 8. Purposes and severity Table 22: Purpose and severity Nonrecovery including] Mild [up to and Moderate Severe Basic Research Translational and applied research Regulatory use and Routine production Protection of the natural environment in the interests of the health or welfare of human beings or animals Preservation of species Higher education or training for the acquisition, maintenance or improvement of vocational skills Maintenance of colonies of established genetically altered animals, not used in other procedures uses % 8,61% 59,31% 26,52% 5,56% 100,00% Table 23: Basic research purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Oncology Cardiovascular Blood and Lymphatic System Nervous System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System including Liver Musculoskeletal System Immune System Urogenital/Reproductive System Sensory Organs (skin, eyes and ears) Endocrine System/Metabolism Multisystemic Ethology / Animal Behaviour /Animal Biology Other basic research uses % 13,29% 60,50% 23,94% 2,27% 100,00% 25

26 Table 24: Basic research: species and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Hamsters (Chinese) 3 3 Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Prosimians Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish uses:

27 Table 25: Translational and applied research: purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Human Cancer Human Infectious Disorders Human Cardiovascular Disorders Human Nervous and Mental Disorders Human Respiratory Disorders Human Gastrointestinal Disorders including Liver Human Musculoskeletal Disorders Human Immune Disorders Human Urogenital/Reproductive Disorders Human Sensory Organ Disorders (skin. eyes and ears) Human Endocrine/Metabolism Disorders Other Human Disorders Animal Diseases and Disorders Animal Welfare Diagnosis of diseases Plant diseases Non-regulatory toxicology and ecotoxicology % 5,18% 44,44% 47,60% 2,78% 100,00% 27

28 Table 26: Translational and applied research: species and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Ferrets Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & cross-breeds Pigs Goats Sheep Cattle Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey Vervets Chlorocebus spp Baboons Squirrel monkey 1 1 Other species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) Other Mammals Domestic fowl Other birds Reptiles Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish uses:

29 Table 27: Regulatory use/routine production purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Routine production Quality control (incl batch safety and potency testing) Other efficacy and tolerance testing Toxicity and other safety testing including pharmacology % 1,08% 62,21% 22,32% 14,39% 100,00% Table 28: Regulatory use/routine production: species and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Mice Rats Guinea-Pigs Hamsters (Syrian) Mongolian gerbil Other Rodents Rabbits Cats Dogs Other carnivores Horses, donkeys & crossbreeds Pigs Goats 3 3 Sheep Cattle Marmoset and tamarins Cynomolgus monkey Rhesus monkey 8 8 Other Mammals 1 1 Domestic fowl Other birds Rana Xenopus Other Amphibians Zebra fish Other Fish uses:

30 Table 29: Quality control purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Batch safety testing Pyrogenicity testing Batch potency testing Other quality controls % 0,00% 41,98% 28,66% 29,36% 100,00% Table 30: Routine production purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Blood based products Other product types % 0,01% 99,74% 0,25% 0,00% 100,00% Table 31: Toxicity and other safer testing by test type purposes and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Acute and sub-acute Skin irritation/corrosion Skin sensitisation Eye irritation/corrosion Repeated dose toxicity Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Neurotoxicity Kinetics Pharmaco-dynamics (incl safety pharmacology) Ecotoxicity Safety testing in food and feed area Target animal safety Other toxicity/safety testing uses % 1,97% 66,33% 22,72% 8,97% 100,00% 30

31 Table 32: Repeated dose toxicity testing methods and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe up to 28 days days > 90 days % 0,00% 65,86% 31,58% 2,56% 100,00% Table 33: Acute and subacute toxicity testing methods and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe LD50. LC Other lethal methods Non lethal methods % 0.00% 53,20% 17,35% 29,45% 100,00% Table 34: Ecotoxicity testing methods and severity Non-recovery Mild [up to and including] Moderate Severe Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity Reproductive ecotoxicity Endocrine activity Bioaccumulation Other ecotoxicity % 0,57% 49,07% 34,61% 15,75% 100,00% 31

32 9. Purposes and testing by type of legislation Table 35: Regulatory use and routine production purposes: type of legislation Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Medical devices legislation Industrial chemicals legislation Plant protection product legislation Biocides legislation Food legislation including food contact material Feed legislation including legislation for the safety of target animals. workers and environment Quality control (incl batch safety and potency testing) Other efficacy and tolerance testing Toxicity and other safety testing including pharmacology Routine production Other legislation

33 Table 36: Quality control purposes: type of legislation Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Medical devices legislation Feed legislation including legislation for the safety of target animals. workers and environment Batch potency testing Batch safety testing Other quality controls Pyrogenicity testing Other legislation Table 37: Routine production purposes: type of legislation Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Blood based products Monoclonal antibodies Other product types Medical devices legislation Industrial product legislation Plant protection product legislation Biocides legislation Other legislation of uses:

34 Table 38: Toxicity and other safety testing by test type purposes: type of legislation Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Medical devices legislation Industrial chemicals legislation Plant protection product legislation Biocides legislation Food legislation including food contact material Feed legislation including legislation for the safety of target animals. workers and environment Other legislation Acute and sub-acute Skin irritation/corrosion Skin sensitisation Eye irritation/corrosion Repeated dose toxicity Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Neurotoxicity Kinetics Pharmaco-dynamics (incl safety pharmacology) Ecotoxicity Safety testing in food and feed area Target animal safety Other toxicity/safety testing of uses:

35 Table 39: Repeated dose toxicity purposes: type of legislation up to 28 days days > 90 days Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Medical devices legislation Industrial chemicals legislation Plant protection product legislation Table 40: Acute and subacute toxicity testing methods: type of legislation LD50. LC50 Other lethal methods Non lethal methods Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Medical devices legislation Industrial chemicals legislation Plant protection product legislation Biocides legislation Food legislation including food contact material Other legislation of uses:

36 Table 41: Ecotoxicity purposes: type of legislation Legislation on medicinal products for human use Legislation on medicinal products for veterinary use and their residues Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity Reproductive ecotoxicity Endocrine activity Bioaccumulation Other ecotoxicity Medical devices legislation Industrial chemicals legislation Plant protection product legislation Biocides legislation Feed legislation including legislation for the safety of target animals. workers and environment Other legislation

37 10. Purposes and origin of legislative requirement Table 42: Regulatory use and routine production: origin of legislative requirement Quality control (incl batch safety and potency testing) Other efficacy and tolerance testing Toxicity and other safety testing including pharmacology Routine production Legislation satisfying EU requirements Legislation satisfying national requirements only [within EU] Legislation satisfying Non-EU requirements only Table 43: Toxicity and other safety testing: origin of legislative requirement Legislation satisfying EU requirements Legislation satisfying national requirements only [within EU] Legislation satisfying Non-EU requirements only Acute and sub-acute Skin irritation/corrosion Skin sensitisation Eye irritation/corrosion Repeated dose toxicity Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity Reproductive toxicity Developmental toxicity Neurotoxicity Kinetics Pharmaco-dynamics (incl safety pharmacology) Ecotoxicity Safety testing in food and feed area Target animal safety Other toxicity/safety testing

38 Table 44: Repeated dose toxicity: origin of legislative requirement up to 28 days days > 90 days Legislation satisfying EU requirements Legislation satisfying national requirements only [within EU] Table 45: Acute and subacute toxicity testing: origin of legislative requirement LD50. LC50 Other lethal methods Non lethal methods Legislation satisfying EU requirements Legislation satisfying national requirements only [within EU] Legislation satisfying Non-EU requirements only Table 46: Ecotoxicity testing: origin of legislative requirement Legislation satisfying EU requirements Legislation satisfying national requirements only [within EU] Legislation satisfying Non-EU requirements only Acute toxicity Chronic toxicity Endocrine activity Reproductive ecotoxicity Bioaccumulation Other ecotoxicity