roaches Why roaches Why roaches Why Roach Dustmite Any Mold Cat Mouse Dog Rat

Transcription

1 IPM Cock, Allergens,, (including sugar-s) cock? Pathogens Allergens Pest control app IPM Coby Schal Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University water cock? 1. Pathogens toilet shower fridge sink counter top fridgestove cabinets boxes voids Dozens of bacteria and fungi pantry stove food shelter cock? 1. Pathogens cock? 1. Pathogens Pathogens isolated from cock: bubonic plague (Pasteurella pestis) dysentery (Shigella alkalescens) diarrhea (Shigella paradysenteriae) urinary tract infection (P. aeruginosa) abscesses (Staphylococcus aureus) food poisonings (Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, P. aeruginosa) gastroenteritis (Salmonella schottmuelleri, S. bredeney, S. oranienburg) typhoid fever (Salmonella typhosa) leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) nocardiosis (Actinomyces spp.). cholera, pneumonia, diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) black leg (Glostridium chauvoei) tetanus (Glostridium tetani) tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.) Many fungi: Alternaria sp. Aspergillus spp. Candida spp. Penicillium spp. 12 million swine (1 million people) > $2.5 billion annually > 2, factory farms sped up 1.5X cock? 1. Pathogens cock? 2. Allergens Antibiotic resistance patterns (responses to antibiotics) are identical in microbes from pig feces and cockroach feces Antibiotic resistance genes also identical No antibiotic resistant microbes or genes in cock collected in Raleigh, NC Cock acquire, carry, and likely vector antibiotic resistant microbes 37% of Inner-City Children with Asthma are Sensitized to Cockroach Allergens! Roach Dustmite Any Mold Cat Mouse Dog Rat n = 937 homes throughout USA Percent Rosenstreich et al N Engl J Med; Morgan et al. 24. N Engl J Med; Gore & Schal 27. Annu Rev Entomol 1

2 cock? 2. Allergens cock? Recap Allergen concentration More cock = More allergen Carry and vector pathogenic microbes, including antibiotic resistant microbes; Produce potent allergens that trigger asthma, especially in sensitized inner city children; Contaminate foods, damage electrical circuits. Therefore, Need Pest Control Interventions; Large amounts of insecticides are used (and often mis used) to control cock. Wang et al. 28. J Community Health 33: Cock Solution: Integrated Pest Management IPM Pest Control Options: Integrated Pest Management Challenges with implementing IPM IPM Achieving long term, environmentally sound pest suppression through the use of a wide variety of technological and management practices, while reducing the hazards of pests and pesticide exposure Pest elimination Interventions Pesticides Biological, genetic control Physical/mechanical control Cultural/sanitation practices Formulations: Sprays, residuals Dusts, IGRs Toxicity IPM Perceived as more expensive? More labor intensive? Requires better sanitation to eliminate food sources that compete with baits Requires more training and education, cooperation Insecticide to sprays and baits Contracts that call for monthly/quarterly sprays! Competing DIY products? and sprays! Prevention: Limiting Resources But many obstacles: eg, expense, education, DIY products Total Release Foggers () Total Release Foggers bug bombs or bombs, foggers, and total release aerosols pyrethroids & synergists (microsomal inhibitors; eg PBO) Inert ingredients include aerosol propellants often flammable 466 TRF related events ; NYC: 4 8 explosions/yr pose a risk for acute, usually temporary health effects among users and bystanders. can reduce pest populations and often are used by consumers as a low cost alternative to professional pest control services. Efficacy? vs. fail? Insecticide resistance HUD, EPA 2

3 5 apartment complexes 6 apartments per complex 1 TRF type per complex 1 bait treatment per complex (positive gold standard control) 3 6 months before : Collected cock lab Cover dishes Traps Residue swabs Allergens 3 7 days before : allergens, traps (population size), pesticide residues Preparation: Pilot light Windows, doors Pets, people Dishes, etc. TRF Intervention day Sentinel cock: Lab Sentinel cock: Field Dish covers Traps Residue swabs Residue swabs: 375 Allergens 4 6 hrs later: ventilation, clean up, pesticide residues Over time: 3 months 3

4 Total Release Foggers: Efficacy apartments Total Release Foggers: Efficacy apartments Mean trap catch (# ) Time after treatment (weeks) Bait TRF 1 TRF 2 TRF 3 TRF 4 Bait 1 Bait 2 Raid Fumigator Raid Deep Reach Hot Shot 2 Hot Shot 3 Combat Maxforce Mean trap catch (# ) Bait Time after treatment (weeks) TRF 1 TRF 2 TRF 3 TRF 4 Bait 1 Bait 2 Raid Fumigator Raid Deep Reach Hot Shot 2 Hot Shot 3 Combat Maxforce kitchen kitchen Total Release Foggers: Efficacy Sentinel cock Total Release Foggers:? 1. Lab cock Apartment cock Proportion dead Proportion dead Raid Fumigator Raid Concentrated Fogger Hot Shot Fogger 2 Hot Shot Fogger 3 TRF 1 TRF 2 TRF 3 TRF 4 TRF 1 TRF 2 TRF 3 TRF 4 Raid Fumigator Raid Concentrated Fogger Hot Shot Fogger 2 Hot Shot Fogger 3 Lab: exposed Lab: concealed lab exposed lab concealed wild exposed wild exposed wild concealed wild concealed Initial Susceptible Resistant Intermediate Final (Failure to control) Total Release Foggers: Comparative efficacy of total release foggers and baits in relation to insecticide resistance Lab strain LD 5 = 45 ng to kill 5% = 45 ng Apply a pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin) to lab (susceptible) and to apartment collected Apartment LD 5 = 1, ng 1, ng 1, 45 = > 2X High insecticide resistance Low efficacy of sentinels Total Release Foggers Gel No efficacy: Highly efficacious On sentinels Population reduction On apartment Long term efficacy High resistance, few options Low resistance, many options No change in allergens Allergen reduction Cost: $7 14 (but zero efficacy!) $7 14 (for 6 months to 1 year) Labor: Very high (preparation, Low: 3 45 min pets, vacating the home for 4 6 hours, cleanup) Pesticide residues: Extensive, long lasting Minimal, mainly due to translocation by 4

5 . 3/1/217 Pest Control Options do baits work so well? Target all life stages egg case Formulation, Granular Chemical Dusts Residual sprays TRF Physical Traps adult Active ingredients Attractants Feeding stimulants Fipronil Hydramethylnon Imidacloprid Indoxacarb Chlothianidin, etc. Food odors Fructose Boric acid Diatomaceous earth Pyrethroids Pyrethroids Chlorfenopyr IGRs Pyrethroids Food odors Sprays Difficult in clutter Long lasting residual Broad spectrum Extensive coverage: >AI! >>> Residual >>>>> Easy to use Long lasting residual Specific target sites Point sources: <AI More AIs; < Secondary kill Add ons: attractants IPM and allergen abatement in homes Cockroach infested apartments in Raleigh, NC Trap 5 1 (highly infested!) Monitor Month Bait Maxforce (2.15% hydrameth.) Allergen sampling dust Professional cleaning Education Monitor Allergen sampling NCSU & NIEHS IPM and allergen abatement in homes are highly efficacious: Cock Cock/apt control treatment 12 Cockroach control: no change in untreated control homes >97% reduction in treated homes elimination in some Month 6 kitchen Thousands of cock; Allergens that trigger asthma Food contamination; Large amounts of DIY insecticides NCSU & NIEHS living room bedroom 5

6 are highly efficacious: Allergens Allergens in cockroach feces U Bla g 1 per grm dust control treatment 287 Month 6 24 Bla g 1 ELISA Allergen reduction no change in untreated control homes >96% Bla g 1 reduction in treated homes several homes below clinical thresholds Bla g 1 = a potent aero allergen 1 female = ~15 Units Bla g 1/ day per grm dust Morbidity (illness) threshold = 8 Units NCSU & NIEHS Gore & Schal. 24. J Medical Entomology Gore et al. 25. Med Vet Entomology Gore & Schal. 27. Annu Rev Entomol IPM in homes: Outcomes due to? are highly efficacious not rocket science! Outcomes due to 1.Pest control ()? whole home, follow ups, traps 2.Professional cleaning? new vacuum (with HEPA filter) 3.Resident education? NCSU & NIEHS can eliminate large infestations Reduce allergens that trigger asthma Challenges with & IPM Drivers More expensive? No! More labor? No! given the long term activity Slow acting? Actually, a good thing (secondary kill) Alternative foods, sanitation? Probably an issue Competing products? and sprays! Misapplication, low application? emerging to insecticides in baits Physiological Insecticide Selection for: Metabolic breakdown, excretion, sequestration Target site insensitivity Reduced penetration Behavioral Insecticide or inert ingredients Selection for: Movement away from treated surface Non consumption of insecticide or inert ingredients 6

7 Example of resistance to AI: PR712 to commercial bait AI s Commercial baits used for selections Strain Insecticide RR 5 RR 9 Orlando Normal Fipronil.5% Fipronil PR 712 unselected Fipronil PR 712 Fipronil selected Fipronil Orlando Normal Indoxacarb San Juan, Puerto Rico B. germanica not controlled by baits: Indoxacarb Fipronil Hydramethylnon 2.15% Hydramethylnon.6% Indoxacarb PR 712 unselected Indoxacarb PR 712 Indoxacarb selected Indoxacarb ~13, ~54, Orlando Normal Hydramethylnon PR 712 unselected Hydramethylnon PR 712 Hydramethylnon selected Hydramethylnon Topical application to commercial bait AI s to commercial bait AI s Strain Insecticide RR 5 RR 9 Orlando Normal Fipronil PR 712 unselected Fipronil PR 712 Fipronil selected Fipronil Orlando Normal Indoxacarb PR 712 unselected Indoxacarb PR 712 Indoxacarb selected Indoxacarb ~13, ~54, Orlando Normal Hydramethylnon PR 712 unselected Hydramethylnon PR 712 Hydramethylnon selected Hydramethylnon Topical application Strain Insecticide RR 5 RR 9 Orlando Normal Fipronil PR 712 unselected Fipronil PR 712 Fipronil selected Fipronil Orlando Normal Indoxacarb PR 712 unselected Indoxacarb PR 712 Indoxacarb selected Indoxacarb ~13, ~54, Orlando Normal Hydramethylnon PR 712 unselected Hydramethylnon PR 712 Hydramethylnon selected Hydramethylnon Topical application Summary Insecticide resistance Emergence of glucose-averse behavior Poor performance of commercial baits in some field locations High levels of resistance found to indoxacarb, fipronil and recently even to hydramethylnon increases with selection pressure High mortality in primary kill lab assays Insecticide Tasty sugars (glucose, fructose) Extremely strong selection pressure for the evolution of insecticide resistance: Physiological: hundreds of insects Behavioral: rare, poorly understood are not immune to resistance! 7

8 Emergence of glucose-averse behavior Emergence of glucose-averse behavior Wild-type -averse DO NOT EAT Reject a bait ingredient glucose No resistance to the insecticide Genetically based: maintained in the lab for >2 yrs Highly adaptive under toxic bait pressure Omnivore: Significant fitness costs when baits are not present - and fitness Arms Race between us and cock 8 195s 198s Spray pesticides baits Insecticide resistance: DDT & OCs, OPs, carbamates, pyrethroids Population size WT GA Nymphs Males Females 2s present Fructose baits Other feeding stimulants? New insecticides? Fructose and New adaptive mutations! 51 7 Days Under strong selection with glucose containing toxic baits, glucose is highly adaptive. What can we do? Monitor efficacy of various baits: Rapid taste test! (Coke challenge) Use multiple bait formulations Rotate among bait products Eradicate infestations! Tips for Successful Cockroach Control Take the time to understand the infestation! Use Fecal Focal Points as a road map for bait placements Increase the number of bait placements when sanitation is poor Be aware of bait depletion, replenish baits when dealing with large populations Don t place new baits in same locations as old baits Use Insect Growth Regulators to stimulate activity/feeding in pregnant females Use vacuums to remove large pockets of before baiting 8

9 Tips for Successful Cockroach Control Avoid resistance Use a variety of baits (active ingredients, formulations) Incorporate IGR s & boric acid products Integrate new chemistries (chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, acetamaprid) Rotate through different baits every 3 4 months Good sanitation is critical Follow up with inspections & monitoring If the problem persists don t keep doing the same thing: It Isn t Working! Blanton J. Whitmire Endowment 9