THE HERPE TOLO0G Y OF THE OF SOUTHWESTERN KLAMATH OAK HABITA T CO UNTY, OREGON. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Nongame Wildlife Program

Transcription

1 Tranbtnieml Report # R T22 : THE HERPE TOLO0G Y OF THE OF SOUTHWESTERN KLAMATH OAK HABTA T CO UNTY, OREGON C Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Nongame Wildlife Program

2 THE HERPETOLOGY OF THE OAK HABTAT OF SOUTHWESTERN KLAMATH COUNTY, OREGON Alan D. St. John Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Nongame Wildlife Program Technical Report SOUTHERN OREGON UNVERSTY LBRARY ~ ASHLAND, OREGON 97520

3 CONTENTS ABSTRACT... 1 NTRODUCTON... 1 STUDY AREA AND METHODS RESULTS Species Accounts -- Amphibians... 4 Tiger Salamander... 4 Long-toe~d Salamander... 4 Western Toad... 5 Pacific Treefrog Spotted Frog... 6 Foothill Yellow-legged Frog... 6 Bullfrog Page Species Accounts -- Reptiles... 7 Western Pond Turtle... Western Fence Lizard Sagebrush Lizard... 9 Western Skink Southern Alligator Lizard Northern Alligator Lizard Rubber Boa Ringneck Snake Racer Gopher Snake California Mountain Kingsnake Common Garter Snake... Western Terrestrial Garter Snake Western Rattlesnake Hypothetical Species Pacific Giant Salamander Roughskin Newt Ensatina Black Salamander Tailed Frog Great Basin Spadefoot Sharptail Snake Striped Whipsnake Western Aquatic Garter Snake Northwestern Garter Snake... Night Snake i

4 CONTENTS (continued) P age DSCUSSON ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... REFERENCES APPENDCES Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Bibliography of Oregon herpetology... Locality data abstract for those species with few documented records for southwestern Klamath County... Distribution maps for tie herpetofauna of the oak habitat of southwestern Klamath Cuunt i i

5 THE HERPETOLOGY OF THE OAK HABTAT OF SOUTHWESTERN KLAMATH COUNTY, OREGON Alan D. St. John ABSTRACT All but seven of the 25 species of amphibians and reptiles recorded for Klamath County, Oregon, were found during a herpetological inventory conducted in the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County during Only three species of amphibians were located due to predominantly dry weather conditions during the project. The introduced bullfrog (Rana catebeiana) may be responsible for declining populations of the spotted frog (Rana retiosa) and foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylei as well as the western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata). Though probably more common in the area, only one specimen of the ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus) was found, while the California mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata) was rate, but apparently stable in the Klamath River Canyon. Distribution records are summarized and mapped for all species located du'irig the inventory along with historical records when avail ble. NTRODUCTON Klamath County, Oregon, has received very little attention in the way cf herpetological studies. Field work to provide a more complete understanding of the amphibians and reptiles of this ecologically diverse region is long overdue. Of particular interest, is the oak habitat of the southwestern portion of the county. Situated between the dryer high desert in the east, and the damper, forested Cascade and Siskiyou Mountains to the west, species native to both ecosystems co-exist in this interesting area. A herpetological inventory of the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County was conducted in 1937 as part of a statewide effort to determine the distribution and status of Oregon's amphibians and reptiles for the Nongame Wildlife Program of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. STUDY AREA AND METHODS From 20 May to 30 June 1987, conducted a herpetological inventory of the oak habitats of southwestern K: amath County, Oregon. The study area was --

6 designated as those locations with oak woodlands along the Klamath River Canyon, a hillside east of Keno, and the southwestern shore areas of Upper Klamath Lake and Buck sland. Particular emphasis was placed on the Klamath River Canyon, as a hydroelectric project has been proposed for this portion of the river. My field methods involved locating a promising looking hillside, stream or pond. then sought the owners permission to investigate the land, perhaps showing pictures of the uncommon species, and asking whether or not the ownt., had een these animals. would then systematically "work" the entire area. For example, if the habitat was a hillside, would slowly "zig-zag" up the slope searching the tops of rocks, logs, and stumps for sunning lizards and snakes, along with looking under rocks, logs, and other surface litter for the secretive varieties. Although usually working by myself, through this tight switchbacking up a hillside, can generally investigate an area quite thoroughly. Trie edges of ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes were searched for aquatic species. Field glasses were used to scan the top of floating logs for turtles. During the warm evenings of the project, often spent considerable time road hunting by slowly driving roads looking for crossing snakes. On a few nights searched the vicinity of streams and ponds along Upper Klamath Lake by flashlight for nocturnal frogs and salamanders. Although observational data was recorded for all species, special attention was placed on five uncommon species of snakes. These were the California mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata), striped whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus), night snake (Hypsiglena torquata), ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), and the protected sharptail snake (Contia tenuis). n late 1985, D;. Robert Stebbins' newly revised edition of his "Field Guide to Western RepLiles and Amphibians" was published (Stebbins 1985). Stebbins chose not to recognize some recent taxonomic revisions, and has changed some common names to ones he felt more appropriate to the particular animal. have followed his name choices in this report. -2-

7 RESULTS Of a total of 25 species of amphibians and reptiles that have been recorded from southwestern Klamath County, all but seven species were located during this inventory. Those not found during this inventory include the tiger salamander (Ambystomn tigrinum), long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylurn), roughskin newt (Taricha granulosa), spotted frog (Rana pretiosa), foothill yellow-legged frog (Rena boylei), scuthern alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus) and the northern alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus). That these species are primarily amphibians, reflects both the fact that this project was limited to the dryer oak woods of the canyons and foothills, and the prolonged dry weather during the time this project was undertaken. The two species of alligator lizards are similarly affected by excessively dry connitions, often becoming largely subterranean and difficult to find. Of the five target species, two Were located; the ringneck snake and the California mountain kingsnake. The current status of these species in Klamath County is included in the Discussion section of this report. The -ollowing is a species-by-species account of the amphibians and reptiles of the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County, including a brief outline of the habitat preferences of each. No descriptions or identification keys are given here. nstead, 1 refer The reader to my booklet, "Knowing Oregon Reptiles" (St. John 1980), and the guide "Amphibiais and Reptiles of the Ppcific Northwest" (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Both of tnese publications also nive information on the general life nistories of each of the species covered hnre. Other pertinent books ar2 listed in the bibliography in Appendix A of this report. Additionally, a condensed locality data abstract (Appendix B) gives a brief account of observational data for some of the species found during this inventory. Township, range and section numbers are given along with a short description of the location and immediate habitat. Only those species with few documented records for Klamath County were included.

8 Distribution maps indicating specific locations where individual specimens were found during the course of this project are included in Appendix C. have also included historical records on these maps, although very little in the way of past records was found. Species Accounts -- Amphibians Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) Although the tiger salamander is not knovi to be native to Klamath County, it has been found in years past in the vicinity of Worden. know of no documented records for this species in the Klamath area since Thes large amphibians are thought to have been accidentally introduced by fishermen using the larvae as ba't. t is not know how far they may have sp-ead from the Worden area or whether they may have also been introduced at other locations. n their natural range n eastern Washington and daho and other areas of the west, these salamanders inhabit both op2n sagebrush and grass plains as well as wooded habitats. On moist, spring nights, adults migrate from winter retreats in ground squirrel, gopher, or badger burrows to breed in the quiet waters of ponds, lakes, and temporary pools. Several subspecies have been described. The specimens from Klamath County were identified as the blotched tiger salamander (Ambvstoma tigrinum melanostictum). Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) The long-toed salamander was not found during this project. This was undoubtedly due to the extremely dry conditions, as it has been found in the area in the past. hussbaum et al. (1983) map three records for southwestern Klamath County, but g ve no specific locality data in Their text. One record appears to be -4-

9 within the study area of this project in the Klamath River Canyon. could find no other records for this species in the area, although it is probably quite widespread, but secretive and difficult to find. Long-toed salamanders inhabit both oak woodlands and coniferous forests, as well as the more open sagebrush/juniper areas. Look for this species under rotting logs, old boards, and damp rocks in the early spring. During the dry season, they become largely subterranean in their habits and are rarely seen. Five subspecies are currently recognized. The variation occurring in Klamath County is the southern long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum sigillatum). Western Toad (Bufo boreas) These large toads were one of the few amphibians observed during this inventory. Two specimens were found under boards in somewhat damp areas near a seepy spring at the Frain Ranch site. Another was seen dead on Lakeshore Drive, 2 miles northwest of the city limits of Klamath Falls. During less dry weather conditions, this toad is probably seen frequently in southwestern Klamath County. Nussbaum et al. (1983) map several records for other areas of the county and Gordon (1939) gives an old record for Klamath Falls. Although usually associated with the riparian habitat near streams, ponds, or lakes, the western toad is sometimes seen at some distance from,water. t is often found along the shoreline of aquatic habitats in burrows, either of its own construction or those of small mammals. Two subspecies are recognized. occurs in Oregon. The boreal toad (Bufo boreas boreas) Pacific Treefrog (Hyla regilla) The ubiquitous treefrog was the most commonly seen or heard amphibian in the study area. Some localities are: Way Ranch site; Kerwin Ranch site; -5-

10 Frain Ranch site area; Fox Lake; the south edge of Klamath Falls; Klamath Lake at Government Hill, Topsy Campground area; along Klamath River at along Lakeshore Drive; and along Upper Howard Bay, Eagle Ridge, and Buck sland. These little frogs are extremely adaptable for an amphibian and can be found in habitats ranging from lakes and rivers to rock talus on south-facing hillsides. Spotted Frog (Rana pretiosa): A Protected Species No spotted frogs were observed during this project. The only past record for southwestern Klamath County is one given by Gordon (1939) for Klamath Falls. Apparently, this frog is not common in the area. ihe usual habitat of the spotted frog is quiet waters, such as small lakes, pools, marshes, or slow-moving streams and rivers. ts relatively side range in Oregon takes in both forested mountains and high desert. Although this amphibian is fairly common in some areas east of the Cascades, it is almost, if not completely, exterminated in western Oregon. Hence, its protected status in the state. Foothill Yellow-legged Frog (Rana boylei) None of these small frogs were found, although it has been recorded in the past at a locality to the west of the study area. This one record is mapped by Nussbaum et al. (1983), but no specific data is given. The location appears to be a short distance east of Pinehurst, just within Klamath County. Yellow-legged frogs prefer clear running streams with rocky or gravely bottoms. They particularly seem to favor openings where there are sunny, rocky banks along a water course. The habitat along the Klamath River seemed quite suitable for this species, but it did not appear to occur there. Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Oddly enough, only two bullfrogs were located during this project. Both were heard calling in two different locations along the southwestern edge of -6-

11 Upper Klamath Lake: one was off the edge of Lakeshore Drive, 2 miles northwest of Klamath Falls; the other at the boat ramp at Howard Bay. Despite my limited observations on this species in the study area and a complete lack of any prior "official herpetological records" for it in Klamath County, the staff at the Klaiath Falls office of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife assured me that it is quite widespread throughout the area. This is unfortunate, as these large, introduced amphibians usually decrease or entirely exterminate populations of the smaller native frogs. They may also have a negative impact on the western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) by preying on juveniles of this species. The bullfrog does not inhabit swift-flowing streams and rivers, instead preferring sloughs, reservoirs, pends, warm lakes, and the quiet backwaters of rivers. Because of this habitat choice, they have not been dble to invade the [igher, colder mountain lakes and streams. Consequently, many of our nati'e frogs will probably eventually survive only in the mnuntainous portions of the state. Speries Accounts -- Reptiles Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata) These muddy-brown turtles appedr to be fairly common throughout the aquatic habitats of southwestern Klamath County. observed eight adult pond turtles sunning on rocks and logs along both edges of the K!amath River at four sites in the vicinity of the Frain Ranch. One large boulder on the west side of the river had five turtles Jlustered on it. Another Clemmys was seen on a iog in the Klamath River, just to the south of the bridge in Keno. Two more wete observed on a log in a slough-like marshy area at the western edge of Highway 97, 0.5 mile south of where thi road crosses the Klamath River at the southern edge of Klamath Falls. A small adult was also seen on a log in a marshy area at the southwestern edge of Upper Klamath Lake, directly below Government Hill. -7-

12 Van Denburgh (1922) reported "t is abundant about the Klamath Lakes and in Link River at Klamath Falls..." Klamath County is the only place in Oregon where the western pond turtle has been recorded east of the Cascade Mountains. t has apparently penetrated the area via the Klamath River Canyon and has spread throughout most of the lakes, marshes, sloughs, and rivers of the Klamath Basin. These turtles require a habitat of ponds, 'akes, sloughs, or slow-moving stretches of rivers and streams where there are basking sits (logs, rocks, or open banks). Two subspecies have been named. marmorata marmorata) occurs in Oregon. The northwestern pond turtle (Clemmys Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) These swift-moving lizards were the most commonly encountered reptile in the study area and were observed at almost every site visited. At some localities they were exceptionally numerous; almost every rock and log seemed to have fence lizards sunning on it. Some localities are: on boards around the Way Ranch site; on headstones in the Wa.y Ranch cemetery; Kerwin Rarch site; near Griffith Reservoir; near Fox Lake; on both sides of the Klamath River in the Frain Ranch area; Frain School site; around the Topsy Station site; near Topsy Campground, near the junction of Dorris and Topsy Rcads; near the power plant on the Klamath River; Keno Recreation Area; by a quarry 3 m les east of Keno; the south edge of Klamath Falls along Greenspring Road; along Lakeshore Drive at the northwestern edge of Klamath Fells; McCornack Point; Government Hill; many locations on Buck sland; near Howard Bay; and Eagle Ridge. The fence lizard shows a marked preference for open, sunny, south-facing hillsides with plenty of rocks, stumps, logs, and wooden fence posts for basking stations and cover. They avoid dense, forested mountains, occurring at the lower elevations. -8-

13 Four subspecies have been described, two being found in Oregon. The northwestern fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis) ranges west of the Cascade Mountains, while the Great Basin fence lizard (S. o. biseriatus) occurs to the east of the Cascades. Klamath County lies in an area of intergradation that extends along the eastern slope of the mountains through central Oregon. Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus graciosus) Although these small lizards were not widespread throughout the study area, they were often quite numerous where the habitat was suitable. Sagebrush lizards are fairly common in the open sagebrush areas of the high desert, and also enter the forested Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. All of the sagebrush lizards that observed within the study area were in dry, open woodlands near the rim of the Klamath Canycn. The immediate habitat was rather barren, reddish, gritty soil with scattered manzanita bushes and pine trees. None were found in the more dense, glassy oak woodlands of the canyon. Localities are: the general vicinity of the old Topsy 'tat;on site; along the edge of Dorris Road, 1 mile south of the intersection with Topsy Road; 2 miles northwest of Griffith Reservoir at the south edge of Ward Road; and 0.5 miles south of Topsy Campground on the open slope of the ridge between Slip Easy Road and Topsy Road. Nussbaum et al. (1983) map a record for the area of Worden, but give no specific locality data. Four subspecies are recognized by sone authorities, two occurring in Oregon. The northern sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus qraciosus graciosus) inhabits the open sagebrush country east of tne Cascades, while the western or mountain sagebrush lizard (S. 9. gracilis) is found in the wooded mountains of southwestern Oregon. All of the specimens that examined along the edges of the Klamath Canyon were of the subspecies gracilis. -9-

14 Western Skink (Eumeces skiltonianus) Skinks were seen at most of the locations studied. Some localities are: under rocks 1.7 miles west of the Way Ranch site; under boards at Way Ranch site; under boards at Kerwin Ranch site; the general area of Frain Ranch site :both sides of river); at Fox Lake; rocky hillside 0.5 miles south of Topsy Campground; 3 miles east of Keno under rocks at quarry; on the south slope of Government Hill; and under rocks on Buck sland (including a female with clutch of eggs). These brightly colored lizards are found in both the forested mountains and the more open saaebrush/juniper association, usually where there are rocks, logs, and bark to provide cover. They are especially common under boards around old, abandoned homesteads and outbuildings. TWO subspecies have been described, the Skilton's skink (Eumeces skiltonianus skiltonian.is) occurring in central Oregon. Southern Alligator Lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus) Although these large lizards have been recorded from the Klamath River Canyon in The past, none were found during the course of this inventory. Nussbaum et al. (1083) map a record for the Klamath Canyon area, but give no specific locality data. Gary Nichols, a biology teacher at Mazama High Schoo& in Klamath Falls, told me that he has found the southern alligator lizard under logs, 3 miles south of the power station on the west side of the Klamath River Canyon. searched this same location several times with no success. t is possible that these lizards had retreated below tne surface becausl of the extremely dry conditions during this project. The southern alligator lizard is generally found in the oak woodlands of western Oregon. Southwestern Klamath County probably represents the extreme eastern limits of its range in southern Oregon. n north-central Dregon, these reptiles have extended their distribution out into the pine and juniper assoc -tion. Whether this is the case in south-central Oregon remains to be -10-

15 determined with future field work. Logs, bark, boards, and rocks that are used for cover are essential components of their habitat. Three subspecies are currently recognized, one being native to the Pacific Northwest; the Oregon alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus scincicauda). Northern Alligator Lizard (Gerrhonotus coaruleus) A lizard of higher elevation forests, no northern alligator lizards were observed during this project. Nussbaum et al. (1983) map two records for the species in southwestern Klamatn County. However, no specific locality data is given. One of the records appears to be in the vicinity of Keno. know of no other confirmed occurrences of this lizard wi:hin the study area. There are two isolated populations to the east in.ake County, both at higher elevations on Hart Mountain and at the scthern end of the Winter Rim. t is possible that other populations exist in the mountains o~ soutneastern Klamath County. The northern alligator lizard prefers slightly more moist conditions than the southern alligator lizard. They are generally found around meadows and small clearings where there are logs, bark, boards, and rocks for cover. Four subspecies have been named. The Shasta alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus shastensis) occurs in Klamath County. Rubber Boa (sharina bottae) Only on.? of these small, unusual boas was located during this project. A young adult, about 11 inches in length, was found under a rock, 0.3 mile south of the Topsy Campground, at 1430 hours on 27 May The habitat was a west-facing rock slope between the Topsy Road and Slip Easy Road. The surrounding vegetation was white oak, ponderosa pine, and manzanita. Temperatures were in the mid-70's ( 0 F) after a cloudy, cool morning. -ii-

16 Surprisingly enough, this is only the second documented record for the rubber boa in Klamath County that am aware of. The other comes from the vicinity of Fort Klamath. This lack of Charina records does not necessarily imply that these snakes are rare in the county. Rather, it probably reflects the lack of herpetological attention that has been given to the area. Rubber boas are usually found at the edges of meadows and small grassy glades ir. coniferous forests and oak woodlands where there are rotting logs and stumps for cover. They range eastward into the more open juniperpine-sagebrush ecosystem as well. Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus) One specimen of the ringneck snake was located during this inventory. On 3 June 1987, an individual was found dead on the Topsy Road, 9.2 miles south of Highway 66, just below the rim of the canyon. The snake looked as though it was probably killed by an automobile several days prior to my finding it. The adjacent habitat was a steep, rocky slope, grown to bitterbrush, ceanothuf, rabbit brush, and poison oak, with scattered white and black oak, ponderosa pine, and western juniper. This is only the second documented record for the ringneck snake in Klamath County. The other is an old record for Klamath Falls, for which was unable to find any specific locality data. These snakes probably range throughout the oak habitat of the Klamath River Canyon and in the mountains west of Keno. East of Keno, the distribution probably consists of spotty, isolated occurrences where there are oak woodlands present (i.e., Klamath Falls, southwestern shore areas of Upper Klamath Lake, and possibly, Buck sland). Three subspecies are recognized by some authorities. Western Klamath County is supposedly in an area of intergradation between the Pacific rubber boa (Charina bottae bottae) and the Rocky Mountain rubber boa (C. b. utahensis). -12-

17 A secretive snake, Diadophis are usually found beneath rocks, logs, bark, and boards. During the dry summer months they become largely subterranean and are rarely seen. Ranging from coast to coast, 12 subspecies have been described, one occurring in Oregon; this is the northwestern ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus occidentalis). Racer (Coluber constrictor) These fast-moving snakes were found to be fairly common in the area and were observed at most of the sites that investigated. Some localities area: Way Ranch site; near Griffith Reservoir; Kerwin Ranch site; several locations in che vicinity of the Frain Ranch site; Frain School site; near Topsy Station site; near Topsy Campground; near the quarry, 3 miles east of Keno; dead on Greensp.'ings Ruad at the southern edge of Klamath Falls; on the south slope of Government Hill; and on Buck sland. Racers are usually found in brushy and grassy areas that are exposed and sunny. Particularly favored are situations of rocks and logs on the edge of tangled bushes. As soon as they feel threatened, these snakes seek refuge in the thick brush. The western racer (Coluber constrictor mormon) occurs in Oregon. Gopher Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) Gopher snakes are a common, widespread reptile in southwestern Klamath County. They are absent only from the higher, densely-forested sections of the area. These larye constrictors were seen at most of the sites visited and many 4ere found alive or dead on roads. Some localities are: area of Way Ranch site; Kerwin Ranch site; Frain Ranch site; 2.5 and 7.8 miles south of the power station on the west side of Klamath Canyon; by the John C. Boyle Dam; on Dorris Road, 2 miles south of the This wide-ranging (coast to coast) species has been divided into 11 subspecies. -13-

18 intersection with Topsy Road; 2 miles east of Keno; at the quarry, 3 miles east of Keno; 0.5 mile north on Round Lake Road from Highway 66; on Highway 140 near the intersection with Highway 66; 3 miles north of Klamath Falls on Lakeshore Drive; and on Highway 140 by the Running Y Ranch. Gopher snakes inhabit the more open woodlands, meadows, farmlands, and sagebrush plains and canyons. When they do range into the mountains, it is usually in more exposed areas, such as brushy canyons, meadows, or older, logged sections. Ten subspecies are recognized. Klamath County is in a wide zone of intergradation between the Pacific gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) and the Great Basin gopher snake (P. m. deserticola). California Mountain Kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata) Only one of these elusive, arightly-colored snakes was locate duiring this project. This was the first officially documfented record for this species in Klamath County. The specimen (a juvenile) was found in the Klamath River Canyon under an old, weathered board, approximately 200 ft south of the Topsy Road, 1.7 miles west of the Way Ranc.i site, on 5 June 1987, at 1330 hours. t was a warm, sunny day, with the afternoon temperatures in the 80's ( F). The immediate habitat was a small, grassy glade with many rock outcroppings. Vegetation consisted predominantly of white and black oaks, ponderosa pine, west2rn juniper, ceanothus, bitterbrush, manzanita, and rabbitbrush. This snake was -eleased at the same site four days later. Gary Nichols, a biology teacher at Mazama High Sciool in Klamath Falls, showed me a preserved mountain kingsnake that he had caught in the Klamath River Canyon in May He found the snake under a log near the west side Df the river, 2.5 miles south of the power plant. He had captured another one of these snakes in May 1982, 3 miles below, the power plant on the west side of the river. Neither of these records had ever been officially reported. -14-

19 The mountain kingsnake probably inhabits all of the Klamath Canyon area in Klamath County, at least as far upstream as the vicinity of the John C. Boyle Dam. Whether is also occurs in the scattered oak habitats near Keno, along the southwestern shore of Upper Klamath Lake, and, possibly, Buck sland, remains to be determined with future field study. With one exception, all of the residents of these areas that questioned about zonata had never seen it. The onli exception was Salvadore Avila, a hired hand on the Running Y Ranch. He told me that he remembered seeing what looked like a coral snake at the edge of an alfalfa field on the ranch (located at the southern end of Wocus Marsh). As the common name for this species suggests, these srakes generally avoid the open valley bottoms, preferring the oak and pine woods of the foothills and mountains. They seem to be especially attracted to rocky canyons that provide a stream and many rock crevices and decomposing logs for cover. Six subspecies have been described, although the systematic relationships for the California mountain kingsnake in the Pacific Northwest are questionable. Al' of.,he populations found in Oregon and Washington have been designated as intergrades between two subspecies found in northern California. These are the Saint Helena mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata zonata) and the Sierra mountain kingsnake (L. z. multicincia). Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) This brightly-striped reptile was observed at several locations in the study area. Localities are: 0.6 mile southwest of the Way Ranch site; 1 mile southeast of the Kerwin Ranch site; Frain Ranch site area; old Topsy?tation site; abandoned raich on the west side of Klamath River Canyon at the state line; Fox Lake; near Topsy Campground; near Camp Sawalinais, Keno Recreation Area; and by Upper Klamath Lake at the southeastern base of Government Hil, Howard Bay, and the western base of Eagle Ridge. n the dryer habitats of the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, common garter snakes are largely Restricted to the vicinity of water. All of _15_

20 the snakes of this species that found were seen in or near streams, rivers, or lakes. Ranging from coast to coast, 12 subspecies have )een named. The variety occurring in Klamath County is the valley garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi). Western Terrestrial Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans) These snakes were found to be almost as common in the area as the common garter snake. Localities for this species are: 10.5 miles south of the power station on the west side of the Klamath Canyon; several locations in the area of the Frain Ranch site; old Topsy Station site; 2 miles northwest of Klamath Falls on Lakeshore Drive; at the boat dock on Howard Bay; and at the western base of Eagle Ridge. Despite their common name, these garter snakes are very aquatic in the Klamath area, and were never found far from water. However, when seeking escape, noted that they often sought refuge in grass and brush along the shore rather than swimming out into deeper water. This is the opposite trait of the extremely aquatic common garter snake. Four subspecies are currently recognized. Southwestern Klamath County is in an area of intergradation between the mountain garter snake (Thamnophis elegans elegans) and the Klamath garter snake (T. e. oiscutatus). Generally speaking, my impression was that the snakes from the Klamath Canyon displayed mostly the characteristics of the mountain garter snake, while tho e from the Klamath Basin were more typical of the Klamathi garter snake. Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus vir;dis) Nine rattlesnakes were encountered during the course of this inventory. Four of these were found in the Klamath Canyon at the following localities: 1.5 miles west of the Way Ranch site; at the Frain Ranch site; at the old Frain School; and on the west side of the canyon, 7.5 miles south of the power plant. -15-

21 All of the five remaining Crotalus were observed on Buck sland, and all of these were seen within a three hour period, indicating a good, healthy population of rattlesnakes on the island. An additional observation of special interest is that all five of the Buck sland snakes were extremely daik in coloration, tending toward melanism. The western rattlesnake is fairly common and widespread in the dryer, rocky canyons, foothills, and basins of southwestern Klamath County. They avoid the higher, more denseiy-forested mountains of the area. Eight subspecies have been named. Klamath County is ir a zone of intergradation between the Northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crctalus viridis oreganus) and the Great Basin rattlesnake (C. v. lutosus). The snakes from the Klamath Canyon were all more typical oreganus, while those from Buck sland displayed some characteristics of lutosus. Hypothetical Species The Klamath drainage, situated as it is between two very different ecosystems, provides ample possibilities for the occurrence of marginal species known to range extremely close to that area. have included short commentaries on 11 hypothetical species of amphibians and reptiles that may inhabit the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County, but were not found during this inventory. This is especially the case with the amphibians listed, as the extremely dry weather conditions during this project made the finding of salamanders, frogs, and toads very difficult. Pacific Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) These large salamanders have never been recorded in Klamath County, but they have been found close by in Jackson County. Although giant salamanders generally inhabit more moist, forested regions, they occasionally range into dryer areas in streams and rivers as sexually mature neotenic larvae. - -

22 Roughskin Newt (Taricha granulosa) The newt has been found in southwestern Klamath County in the past in the higher, forested mountains to the northwest of the Klamath Canyon. t is possible that it may occur in some places along the Klamath River. Roughskin newts are somewhat more tolerant of dryer habitats than some other species of salamanders and could inhabit the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County. Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii) These little, reddish salamanders are commoni throughout the dry oak woodlands of the Rogue Valley and the?over Klamath River in Siskiyou County, California. t is highly probable that they also inhabit the similar oak woods of southwestern,\lamath County. Blick Salan.anders (Aneides flavipunctatuf) This is a protected species in Oregcn and should be searched for in southwestern Klarath County during the wet spring season. t,ias been found nearby at Ashland in Jackson County, Oreoon, and in the lower Mlamath River drainage in Siskiyou County, California. t is very likely that the black salamander ranges into Klamath County as well. Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) These interesting fittle amphibians have been -ouno nearby in southeastern Jackson County -n the Ashland area. it is possible that tailed frogs may also occur in the K'amath Canyon vicinity. Presently, the only record for this species in Klamath County comes from near Crat2r Lake. As this is a protected species in Oregon, it would be good to know more about its distribution in Klamath County. Great Basin Spadefoot (Scaphiopus intermontanusj For some reason, the spadefoot toad has never been officially recorded in :'lamath County. Fairly common and widespread throughout the rest of central -13-

23 Oregon, it undoubtedly occurs in the Klamath area. Although it is primarily associated with the more open sagebrush country, it is possible that it ranges into the margins of the wooded areas covered by this inventory. t is usually only seen after dark following rain showers. Sharptail Snake (Contia tenuis) The secretive little sharptail snake ranges throughout much of northwestern California, western Oregon, and parts of the Puget Sound region of Washington. Contia also occurs in spotty, isolated populations in sections of oak woods along the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains in south-central Washington and north-central Oregon. t is very possible that they also penetrate into the oak woods habitats of south-central Oregon via the Klamath River. They have already been recorded from the lower Klamath drainage in the Hilts/Hornbrook area of Siskiyou County, California. As the sharptail snake is a protected speries in Oregon, it would be advantageous to kncw if it is native to Klamath County. However, this species retreats below the surface during dry periods. Any further searches for this species would be best undertaken during a more damp, early spring than was experienced during this project. Striped Whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus) These large, sleek snakes have been recorded to both the west and east of the study area covered in this project. ts main distribution is the sagebrush high desert country east of the Cascade Mountains. There is only one documented record for Klamath County, from the Sprague River area (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Whipsnakes also occur in the dry, open rocky portions of the Rogue Valley in Jackson County (mainly at Table Rocks). From the distributional data presently available, it appears that the Rogue populations are isolated from the main range for this soecies in the high desert. However, it is possible that this snake may also inhabit the Klamath Canyon, which would, more or less, connect the western populations with those to the east of the Cascades. -19-

24 Western Aquatic Garter Snake (Thamnophis couchi) This close relative of the western terrestrial garter snake has been found along the lower parts of the Klamath River in northern California. t may also occur along the Oregon stretch of this river. However, the western terrestrial garter snake is very aquatic in the Klamath Canyon and may displace the aquatic garter snake from its ecological niche there. Northwestern Garter Snake (Thamnophis ordinoides) Although these small garter snakes are usually found in the more damp, wooded habitats of western Oregon, it may occur in some of the grassy meadow areas of southwestern Klamath County. t has been recorded nearby in the Howard Prairie vicinity of Jackson County. Night Snake (Hypsiglena torquata) These little nocturnal snakes have been recorded just to the south of Klamath Falls at Lava Beds National Monument in California. t has also been found along the lower Klamath River near Hornbrook and Hilts in Siskiyou County, California. The habitat in the Klamath Canyon of Oregon looks ideal for this species and it is extremely likely that it occurs there. t has also been recorded to the east of Klamath County in Lake County and to the north along the Deschutes River. DSCUSSON Desoite extremely hot, dry weather conditions, a fairly good representation of the herptofauna of the oak habitats of southwestern Klamath County was found. This data, along with the scant historical material was able to locate, should contribute to the understanding of these species' distribution ard habitat needs in the Klamath district. However, in no way do wish to give the impression that have thoroughly investigated the entire area in just six weeks. Further field work -20-

25 would undoubtedly bring to light additional new information, with the strong possibility of other species not previously recorded in Klamath County. As described in the species account for the ringneck snake, only one of these small, secretive snakes was found. This was a dead specimen on the Topsy Road, just below the edge of the east rim of the Klamath River Canyon. Despite the fact that this represents only the second ringneck snake recorded for Klamath County, suspect that it may be more common in the oak woods of the southwestern portion of the county than these meager records would indicate. Prinarily ranging through the damper woodlands in western Oregon, populations in central Oregon arp peripheral and probably scattered where suitable habitat is present. My own observations and those of other herpetologists in western valleys (i.e., Rogue, Umpqua, and Willamette) indicate that ringneck snakes become largely inactive or the surface during dry periods. Thus, ii the much dryer surroundings of central Oregon they may lead a iainly iubterrinean existence. Because or these habits, they have protably been overloo:-ed and considered -are in Klamath County. On the other harj, my initial impression of the California mountain kincsnake is tnat this species actually is a rate snake in Klamath County. ExcEpt for one vague report, none of the people questioned had seen it outside of the Klamath River Canyon. Many of these residents had lived in the ares for lengt y )eriods. t is likely they world have been aware of such a noticeably gaudy-iolored snake. Despite the fact that superficially suitable looking haoitat dies m fist near Keno, along the southwestern edge of Upp2r Klamath Lake, and on R-ck.sland, my present opinion is that the mountail kingsnake has A very limited distribution in Klamath County, restricted mainly to the vicinity of the Klamath River Canyon. The fact that the California mountain kingsnake is rare in Klamath County does not necessarily imply that this may become a threatened or endangered species at some paint in the future, requiring special state protection. t has a fairly wide ran.-e in southwestern Oregon, occurring throughout most of tie nounta;nous country of the Siskiyou section (aid possibly north-central Oregon as well). Since this snake generally avoids the open valleys, it should not encounter many problems is the way of human encroachment, such as

26 housing developments. This, of course, is especially the case in the rather remote Klamath River Canyon. Hydroelectric projects should not cause any problems for this species to a large degree (unless the canyon were completely submerged). The status of the remaining three species which received special emphasis during this invento'y is unknown. The striped whipsnake, night snake, and sharptail snake are included in this report as hypothetical species that have yet to be recorded in southwestern Klamath County, but are expected ti occur there. Beyond these Five target species, there are three other species that should possibly warrant some concern. These are the foothill yellow-legged frog, spotted frog, and western pond turtle. Due to predation by the introduced bullfrog. populations of these three native anurans and turtles may be declining in some areas. Apparently, the spotted frog has already been entirely exterminated from all of western Oregon, while the yellow-legged frog and pond turtle could be slowly suffering a similar fate. Pesticides and herbicides could also be contributing to the demise of these species. Although both the spotted frog and yellow-legged frog have been recorded from southwestern Klamath County in the past, neithe. saw or heard any of these amphibians during this project. Bullfrogs are now widely distributed throughout the Klamath Basin, which would tend to confirm my concerns regarding this potential problem. Quite a few western pond turtles were observed at widely spread localities, however :his does not necessarily indicate that -hey are avoiding these same difficulties. n their case, the :roblem may be more difficult to ascertain. These turtles have a long lifespan, and, as adults are too large to be eaten by bullfrogs. t may take a long time before it is apparent that tnere are few young turtles coming along to replace the adults. n view of this potential threat from introduced bullfrogs, it may be wise to review our laws and regulations concerning limitations on hunting these large amphibia.is. Certainly, it is a problem that bears close scrutiny.

27 All in all, my herpetological impression of Klamath County is good. The area is not highly populated with little development occurring. Other than the potential bullfrog problem, do not see any severe difficulties arising in the near future for the area's amphibians and reptiles. However, it is not easy to assess the long-term situation for the growing Klamath Falls vicinity. deally, a few areas in the state that have a broad variety of herptofauna should be set aside and protected. particularly feel that some aquatic habitats should be kept free of bullfrogs. n such a situation our native frogs and turtles would be assured of a refuge. n the Klamath area, was especially impressed with Buck sland in Uppe~r Klamath Lake as a potential wildlife refuge site. t appears to be inhabited by most of the amphibians and reptiles that occur on the mainland, and being cut-off by water from the mainstream of human encroachment, its possibilities as e wildlife refuge seem fairly ideal. Finally, any educational programs that would help the general public to better know and understand our native amphibians and reptiles should be encouraged. f the fear and misunderstanding that causes the killing of animals like snakes could be lessened, a big step will have been made toward their protection. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS would like to thank biologist Ralph Opp and the other staff members at the Klamath Falls office of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. They generously provided me with maps and much help in acquainting me with "the lay of the land." The loan of a boat to reach Buck sland was especially appreciated. also give thanks to my longtime friend, Doug Knutsen and his family, who all helped me in my investigation of the herptofauna of Buck sland. Gary Nichols, biology teacher at Mazama High School in Klamath Falls, provided me with information as to his observations on mountain kingsnakes and -23-

28 other reptiles and amphibians of the Klamath Canyon. very much appreciated. His time and data were This project was funded by the Nongame Wildlife Program of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. REFERENCES Gordon, K The amphibia and reptilia of Oregon. O-egon State Monograph. Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. The University Press of daho, Moscow. St. John, A.D Knowing Oregon reptiles. Salem Audubon Society. Stebbins, R.C A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians (second edition, revised). Peterson Field Guide Seri-s, Houghton Mifflin CZ). Van Denburgh, J The reptiles of western North Amefiica, 2 vol mes. California Academy of Sciences.

29 Appendix A. Bibliography of Oregon herpetology. Behler, J.L. and F.W. King The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, nc. Storm, R.M Oregon's rare and endangered amphibians and reptiles. Oregon State Game Commission Bulletin, December issue. Storm, R.M Oregon's turtles, toads, and frogs. Oregon Depart. of Fish and Wildlife nformation Leaflet, No. 21. Storm, R.M Snakes of Oregon. Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife nformation Leaflet, No

30 Appendix B. Locality data abstract for those species with few documented records for southwestern Klamath County. Species Date Location Western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata) 06/02/87 T40S R6E Sec. 34 SE 1/4; seven adults sunning on rocks and logs at W edge of Klanath River, in canyon 3 miles downstream from power station (across river from Frain Ranch site) hours on hot, sunny day. 06/03/87 06/12/87 06/18/87 06/29/87 Sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus) 05 /21/87 T41S R6E Sec. 3 SW 1/4; snall adult on log in middle of Klamath River ty Frain Ranch site hours on partially cloudy Hay. T38S R8E Sec. 14 NW 1/4; small adult on log in marshy area at edge of Upper Klamath Lake at SE base of Government Hill. 160() hours on hot, sunny day. T39S R9E Sec. 19 N"E 1/4: two adults on log in marshy area at W edge of Highway 97, 0.5 mile S of where road crosses Klamath River at S edge of Klamath Falls hours on hot, sunny day. T39S R8E Sec. 31 SW 1/4; adult on log in Klamath River, S of bricge in Keno hours on hot, sunny day. T41S R6E Sec. 2 No 1/4; Eight adults in general area of old Topsy Stution site, 9 miles S of Highway 66 on Topsy Rd. Open 4 ng with manzanita and bitterbrush to 1230 hovrs on warm, sunny day. 05/22/87 T405 R5E Sec. 36 SW 1/4; adult female on edge of Ward id., 2 miles NW of Griffith clearing with manzanita and hitterbrush. on hot, sunny day. rock at S Res. Small 1300 hours 05/27/87 06/18/87 T40S R7E Sec. 6 NE 1/4; four adults on open slope between Topsy Rd. and Slip Easy Rd., 0.5 mile S of Topsy Campground. Habitat of open soil and rock outcrops, manzanita, and scattered oak and pine hours on semi-cloudy day. T41S R6E Sec. 11 NE 1/4; two adults at E edge of Dorris Rd., 1.0 mile S of intersection with Topsy Rd. Open pine forest with scattered manzanita hours on a hot, sunny day. -25-

31 Appendix B. Continued. Species Date Location Rubber boa (Charina bottae) Ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus) California mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata) 05/2 7/87 06/03/87 06/05/87 T40S R7E Sec. 6 NE 1/4; young adult under rock on slope between Topsy Rd. and Slip Easy Rd., 0.3 mile S of Topsy Campground. Habitat of rock outcrops in oak and pine woods at edge of large opening. ntermittent stream at base of slope hours on semicloudy day. T4aS R6E Sec. 2 NW 1/4; adult dead on Topsy Rd., jist below the rim of Klamath Canyon, 9.2 mile S of Highway 66. Adjacent habitat steep, rocky slope grown to bitterbrush, ceanothus, rabbitbrush, and poison oak, with scattered oak, pine, and juniper. T41S R5E Sec. 13 NE 1/4; juvenile under old board, approx. 200 ft S of Topsy Rd., 1.7 mile ' of Way Ranch site. Habitat of open, grassy glade in oak/ pine/juniper woods hours on warm, sunny day 9)7-

32 Appendix C. Distribution maps for the herpetofauna of the oak habitat of southwestern Klamath County. Key to the characters used on the distribution maps. 0 = Records made during this inventory Q = Historical records.

33 , A_ A, '-V.'. L Z l 1)1-.! - \ 1 L,. - -s -~~~~~~~-3~~~~~4 i- lp t. /so Ball Bay > (jw;g- 3'*~,.. 1, r e~~~ *, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.Y A \FLH L; L \t \ E UPP, R KLAM4ATH LAKE HE i ~~~~~~~~ rap/ -err r;wlmet uvi C r Lliti,e- - ') -11 L. =_ r71, 0- ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ak j~ ~ 7n: Sk d 4/39 x ~~~wv - 1~~N >k.,j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~`~ r! r) ',-7O, Ppl it \ i, P, j " \- L u D~& 5p~f~h4(-.4 > J-; -~ >Lf~-~~4V'~ +.x4.t- V A, U : tt Fffl atman -nyi :,) T lzl c1'n. i o 1- f ~~ ), t ~, --" '7 K ii4:~ - fa~. ;O Al -., '-b- '~ 2~ tq P i 9' 21 e '. v t ; 5=. Fm1 0 - qa i ~~~~F,rn -. T - _ TGER SALAMANDER (Ambystoma tigrinum)

34 3t _. s g -, -. /..~ _r11!, 0 j t e ; j R 7 E R 8 E LR KLA MA TH LAK E V LTA Y, 6..zz Z. /1 '^1 1..o 11'. 'm) ix, ^^)',F',',-'=,>), q.,; _. f/.ll i ^ 4 : \s \ 11 v g fi _. s \ i : - ti _.R \ S sem\ ws s A TN -? t srx.. v _ # ;z+>/ - i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i --V, _ L f l i 5~~~~~~~ -, V '- \- l< LLS1, 71 sl -l - > > 7j i.\e\teb s E ^ d.s ': n, ;. w. w<. x -\ tt.'~ i i/ x \ F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -... \f _.- =. j. j\ n.9 'D L~ ~u$ s F/.. aty T ag? 'S~~~~~~~~ F e P-, 4j150 "~~~~~~~~~s " t i6 1'. ; ly M - LONG-TOED SALAMANDER (Ambystoma macrodact ylum)

35 l,. : ' 0.w 2 -' '- ' - -, , -,, '. - -! w c_ rn E o m cr 0, 0 = CD CD Ll D> 0 CD _.. wc t _.- J.A 0 13" 1. -, "a, A ( rt C, 'Z X'Af g-i V, Q /' _...,. (Jf;~ N 1i A.,,,,.,,,,.,.,,-A.,, f G FF f i M ff _,.. 1, flts _ li tt _ N~l j :5-z - -r -11 '-- *1 zv -, -T.,sf o{ L E l D V '51 ml %\ f;k rl 1lfl-y6_r -)- k ---,> = e i %Y~ ) t M ( u. A / ki a '( 4e :. k -, r-l -... _ ċ>. _ -1 z44 9 _,! _) * L :,^,, F (' Wf W - m N --7 L ilzī - - &L vw :, :,#;0 i = - - -, A _. _. _..._..: l ~--._- - 4) K r / '.ri. gz) a3 C,/; Qol R, " ; i 2- tolov.as NJ vj- A w -, J WM T 0 / t 4j H >}.A. o.: J''f - -- dii. A- -00 U., \tz-. C L,, S 6,,~~~~~ -- L] k4 *- -a '.~ t' A C' -1~~~

36 vl. J e 196C TA -,v -.! Xj -..-., t \1. W sk 5.,a yj NK(t,/,o Bait -, Bay\. + 4'~ a U0 A op E Wpp - Bier loo a~h,-rm-,,, * * - FR K LAK L R 7 E ;J9. - R 8 E LA MA TH e:,x2xw3=+<s,ul l,,sl)irv\,r t Hi f.'# ON \}s\x \l squaw POM O, as x A E 'i a _ '..e 1..' i. 8"k 70- akin_ rm-rt L- Tt jy?; ak ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ d ni Rk Wo9 wn ~ ~ ~ ~ V i 11 o *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ~ 'M4 a.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ p 7 ldf, i 11 lzi \1 1 w - L /- Q 7 ~~~~' ~~~~e\ ~ 1~~, ~~~~~~~%~ t \~~~~~~~~~~~ta ~~~~~~~~g "7 \~~~~~~~ 1-MU SPUN / y A4GLH -lk TA NV -~~W PACFC TREEFROG (Hyla recilla)

37 .! - \1 r;.;+av^/l -.$Ji / 11'.'<) '.i t lw ~~~~~~~il N. M...^!,- - "o (p '00 ; rrfrrx."rr"7rm" Fr- _T.N - Ball, Bay i EJ) j 559 R 1 4/3 ER KLi LAKE ;. # A,. _ a,..,. _. $S.;_ ;,,,.# 'mod.. \k \11 Squc Point 0A f 3, T " _ -. '!. A.. ',, ~ rl r )f; L /f 61 1 i 4t i A A A- " j Y i,pc' " r 0 o, 11, Q, 11 t 3 -- A l A- 2 ON CAL A SPOTTED FROG (Rana Dretiosa)

38 - -3D-.1/, e ( 4. - )%j -1..-,a tp &\ ; j P559 i D it-,, Ball Bay UPP i.nd R 7 E 4.3~ R 8 E -R KLA MA TH LAKE a L i - f V ' 1_* ' -. ';. -' x ' F. / : -. / r ft n,1;... Mss /ssnnm ;4 \1,5. zed\e \\\< F r} ',.' ' ' '' j " L.. swl: vltme _x t,.t i. kilt +se **'^x--sy,',; i * tr' l~~~~~~~ L' ;z., _.!1/ //t {.,, L-<t ri i Sp r2 k k4 Sqvow PCoinl i lla sr/<.e f d '-'.JA. / g_,, 1 +6'2 Z J j f LLP,. \jlv -' '+' b e < ' 11' r /.41 N1\ _- : \.,-1_,,, _ * + ' * ; 7'. _* r ''. J ;./]\.} 4_<N4-=_-t-l U -!l~- 1, j A s Tar '1 a i 1111 f,~gd SPA F C \ d 17 N V~-, 'A Fm V ~ ~ F 'S ' ~) _-- ~ f,, n-') W-', M, R 7 E. 8 E u q BULL FROG (Rana catesbeiana)

39 43, --,.! - \ - - w 7 i , , a. /40 Ball Bay un :10 V509-1 upp and..,.? e h v.. _ s _, r.{. t.^ B / t i; L ( \ '09 7R A' A A ft LA :,l ly '. l, ' 't,,.,, :,. j ' CX j L z Sqtva' Poinl 0-17; _,a, _ \ V 1 Z-7m\71 N - V/\,! \-ss..+,, _.+ Y Fs j D Vi /L)ti 1L -, 7'. " -,, X/ -, i r \ t _, A, r \, row l l., i - 4t ex r /.V-r), '1 ::7% 914p, i Al -N - \Q V r l a k uslond * 7 1,~~~h,3 4 w C"'. A y _.,_1 w ' ~ ~ ~ 1 7- : - A 11 atma' 1, a )0 L Le\. 1 ~~~~~ft~~~~~~~~ _ t 1. ' if_. L -7-, /- *, X,_s XtD ML', 5prr 4t7 11 #- *- -w f a + - A- E x. 2 tj,, LT.r ~1 ' A ) ok MO UN v4 4 ~ i t lte ;~~~~~~~~~ /i k 1 -, 717 k i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --! t> - ~ -~--~ ~ WESTERN POND TURTLE (Clemmys marmorata)

40 S f Li,.4,..! o Ball Bav1 - s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ace_ : - e X f FF { -- - k , gm 1,, TAll,,Fiji X4, "? U7:5 R ~UPP~ L- -t -RKLAMATH ~9S.,... P.,ily, X. u. ~~~~.,az3 ~ -,r W~~~~~~~~~ e 5t1 lik wk sio9 ~ ~~-,i 5- - N ( /,-7 19 i _ / - a w. h4l'.,^^ Lsra, ak 6S 7 ' War me / /6 - N ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ay /{jjta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; WESTERN FENCE LZARD (Sceloporus oc-idenralis)

41 -.S fll- \1 --- t-,z;.,;.! - _X a l r 1 -- sfe 7 sr7 Bl40 Bay 0.nd 4/29, f 11 R E upp. R KLAMA THX LAKE 1 5c, T Nor ::v1,.^ll.-r^} } l V. + qtl\sy f \b- E. etd9;w-5\2,, _ F * s S//1 1 '_1 ff Ul K11 A --O-A SqPa. Point d 1 n S i_ \ E. l &_r rv or -ant 4 / "., l\ut~~~~~.t w.../ : _ -_ 4.~ ~pz-- )/ ~ & - w L Hi p5'spql ' ak j~~~4 ir~h M 0 Ev,4 4 /n --- ~~-4 ~~~K '/ 846x f 39 WA ", L \ '4 i-lp, \W jl L, \' V '94 13\ WN' SAGEBRUSH LZARD (Sceloporus graciosus)

42 U SPRN ~~~. - / q'1* -j.1 - \ -7 Z,_ ''o m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. -UV -1 j 1 0 wl J R 7 E9 m ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t k~~~~~~~~~~~~ UPP -R K(LAM1A TH LAKfE ' V? 2.JX'lfl11 t ' are loin \8(l \Kx 11 t R7 RE, j LAK U N ' 1iC ' et. ad. Err \\ \ p 0 N n Sq'~~ 9 Po~n r ; X : _ a. ^.\.Ez. s v Z!rA US. )l+>f A s. V,13), ( ia 1 rl, ~ ~ ~ WT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1) c~~~~~~ 7N M gp"16 5 L - r)ata F Ndi; Ci ~ ~ ~ ~ *e on~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;,-'r i 1 / MOUH ' -,-*~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~L X / -: ~ ~ ~,in / - \ '\ N> L f TH t -.lthr - - -: 2 - WESTERN SKNK (Eumeces skiltonianus)

43 4 s \ -S mimi- A }~ 11, ;2 f ,.>- 'J7-J; 4.-il{._l X,,, 1 &.El. \;A JC' -..C ' v m'" -, ' 1 4' -n T < {s--- '"i - A - NZZ l7 w _, 0 Ball Bay UPF 4039 R 8 E R KLA MA TKE LA KE K A ;~~~~~~~~~~ 'AVO 4,1 '/z1 i L 1 1D. az l'..e T j.n i - o, 1>, - rl : i r TTTrT e )12spr squw. POW ~~T na :ka, drh 446 o V Y, ~~~~~~ ak *j ^ rl, :- _S b.. _..ke. llu..:.#/ {1//zS i, { TW 1) W \' '*' >C, 1-0- k Wa - lli 0 i >E ws '.h s! l E i r,l, D 5, 4 > n'u -- ] sou\u\\\\ j 3 k-, i / 16 5 T--,:Z- ~ ~ ~ _ S Np ",NDS4R SOUTHERN ALLGATOR LZARD (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus) -40-

44 - k C.i mim L / f LA, _. -T, - -i :t11 itl2'\ L.7t 70>j"_t e r '11X' "Xt lil J1D t1xz 1&.rl.Sw ] ta 2 - f. tx WV a n '_-.'!._. ' _, +_. i A R3 r 1o Ball Bav 4/ _ V 'S4?ViJ~, -,~~~~~5or* 1 R E =(59 'z,: # #.. ', ', ;*^ s l! - '2 jrl V' 'J' '#S 1.' ' ; f. - _ a \ y \ hbwz ; R 8 E Upp zr KLAMATlH LAKE 8 rw A _L X v./. sn 911 ltwit w~~~~~~~~~~~, Sqva.w PoMin U\a~k C,-4i )rle f L 2.S~flr)k e -,j, 2 8O A.k udo.d C~~~~~~~~ 1 1t "3,~~~~yj /~~ ~ 1 /\.~~ _S~MD P _ *P!P - _ - NORTHERN ALLGATCR LZARD (Gerrhonotus coeruleus) -4'-

45 _ - \, C', k a -M. ;. 4:, " V ') - _ -.'!. A.. 't..1. verb -- a g --i Y, ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 Ball Bay \ v lp $0 E i imw P59 ;39 R 8 E UPP rr KlLAMATH LAKE < _ l].t._.4^ a.# s A.) i da kx g;b\ ) / t 2' ma 5..ck '/ 9 F ' a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'r, m w _ =. s _ i-\2 Jo,, N F ' j An_ = \ N atri 4.r,lr -,m ( -- ) 6 /1/ lz r - -.., z10 row o as K -s. rift Arm- _ A' Or '1'^_'6}_ - [ :, '14, /. N 7. F kp ~~ M O U N A~M v TAN ~~~r ~ -,~~~~~~~-'--- ~ -- ~ ~ ~ 7 ~~~ ~ :~2~i" ' d Er RUBBER BOA (Charina bottae) -42-

46 -. -.wlw mm 19 1 q-), 1 Y, t n rv. All x u [ S- īo t. ~ F !. -.. \1 / - /40 '., 3 UMMN27VAM, Ball Bay Y- 0 UPP = _ i FF_ 1wo6d..,.E x-m:7 i \Y R R Kl LAK, SES~~~~~~~~~ ( l C t 7 E R 8 E '-A MA TH E ) - 4j3OW A T" a 1 WtN z Q K e~~~~~~~~~~~~~j Aim SPRN,\ K.,v -~~~~~- N ~~L2 RNGNECK SNAKE (Diadophis punctatus) -43-

47 .:-3 mi.- d-- - r /*%,>!^1^,4. j4 u{_ -9 G F4 -.!.~~~~~~~ Ball Bay 0.,- 139 R e 1 A AN t J UPPD R 11 nfla MA LAKE 1 _.1' N~,,, h - +f4-4i--h - '--1F.l7NA\ 7,' n7 b.* Sqam Poin i 7k - ak. sp ::L L;ui 5_.^:..e...rl. -r7rrrftm / lill)t c, -u 3L *fw - -, ,'7, + L~ -0KF *4 w X.-' ;k -A:- t-1gs- W\-^ch dc9d-. s B. t _ kl*es R fi esk x _ -t. y YN F 1!f-), 011 -,-4- " 4 o~~~~~~~~ Al4 \ /- V4atynan 2 N~,\ 1-14 A x t; w x -\e-t 5 l 1, \ x - 1,?0r F;r-m l k- a A-T~~~~~~~~- E Pi~~ 3.L E O)r RACER (Coluber constrictor) -44-

48 ti W-illl.,-Yn A4'1c W. - - ' ' ~~ : 'P fly.!,-- -\. i4o (fpr MOM NW, N\ Ball Bav S fond 0 9ar9 g559 J39, rs.. R s8..- LA;KLAMATH LA KE, 7 f z l. y : sq'a PC J z _ r_, ~L 5. s.f4v L;%7- /k P, nmm rrn-t U le spn,~~~~~~~~j N~~~~ jw* du..4d Wr _ ) J 6 i r S) N r le o 66. ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 rrry xrc i i \C U rt \ _.. =.... e *.. s _ e. 9 M_ v -..s.s ^ ) v a 11 L :VN _ r j e, ~~~~~~' \h // c 4' :~~~~~ - J 4) C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m M M C ~ ~ 4 A K ~ f i ~ ~ ~ 90 _ \~~~~~ 3 ~ ~4 E MOU ~ ~ ~ ~~ Pf GOPHER SNAKE (Pituophis melanoleucus) a 5-

49 mi-, /Ze Olt-j -! -- \1 U.. -S q--l.l _{r. llv ",. 11 W Ball Bay -1 50* ~509 Ft 7. E Ra E UPPFR KLAMATH LAKE i i'k~fl \tasfev,.x ~+ a n i. \ n 11F* v, Z:Eg.',- U. - Y % '/0 / Pretty - E'Sill g '-( N11 x :~'e N~,-) \ w ~~~~~~~~~1 sj'.9t & ~ 5 Peol7 Po~ fua, a C 8 - > E e h x i F fl l ~~~~~~~~~41 l i l ~*N~\ ~ N (~~Ž;$~* /'- tjoq iu-k- 7 CALFORNA MOUNTAN KNGSNAKE (Lampropeltis zonata). ft in if kgo -46-

50 R E UPP~~~RKLAMAT ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a 17 19~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COMMON GARTER SNAKE (Thamnophis sirtalis)

51 19 -~~~~~~m L---j 11 rl--j, 2-, a -i Bal Bay a ( C P ~~~~~~rv lond R 7E 435 R ' UPp FR KLAM.Am LAKE -,- -~~~~~~~~~~~~ N '9,- { -.,.E i:- lo tar 1l.ss.) aunt t _nsv r _. ^ ace - Fey \ pi Fief.E t US 1 no K, sq"v Point ZS 0 / ) '? t A& d 2 Shah - Sond a,/3 9 %"3 Sr.AOUP' 3 WESTERN TERRESTRAL GARTER SNAKE (Thamnophis elegans) -48-

52 *p i. - L / j /,F P-. \1 1, t ;.k<- 9 i Ball Baty l'rrfrtt tp "O land (X-59a- _f _S_ S- mm 9k i.'ffi't'' slid :ilb 11.^f 11'. 51 \ _,'/ BE t's 'is' rsnty'.k';-'*i..:',_ i,# '_ A_ it <E Cr rr i' 1A7 U~~~~~~~ 3'a9 H CU"A -~qa Z,~~~~~~~~ WESTERN RATTLESNAKE (Crotallus viridis) q-11- E UPP, AR K. LAK, PQ_~~~~~~~ h ila 1. Sqvsw Point a * 1<~~~~r ~~014- ok 4' -49-