10/11/2010. Kevin Enge

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1 Sandhill Herps and Their Habitat Needs Kevin Enge 1

2 Types of Herp Shelters Stumpholes or hurricanes Burrows or tunnels gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, armadillo, rodent, mole Fallen logs Windrows Brush piles Artificial cover Vegetation 2

3 Gibbons et al. (2006) 10-ha wetland after prolonged drought >360,000 juvenile amphibians (24 spp.) >1,400 kg of amphibians 96% of biomass was leopard frogs (>232,000 metamorphs) Ideal Gopher Tortoise Habitat Canopy cover <40% (10 30 square feet basal area) Shrub cover <20% Diverse, herbaceous ground cover 50 65% Too-dense wiregrass inhibits tortoise movements & decreases plant diversity Wiregrass important in carrying fire Open soil (20 40%) Sandy soil with water table >18 inches deep 3

4 Sandhill Lizards Lizards of Ancient Scrub 4

5 Sandhill Snakes Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Research by Means (1985), Timmerman (1995), Waldron et al. (2006), Steen et al. (2007), Hoss et al. (2010) Most home range studies: = ha ( ac) & nongravid = ha ( ac) SW Georgia: = 35 ha (86 ac) & = 29 ha (72 ac) Use primarily gopher tortoise burrows and stumpholes for refuges in winter 5

6 Diamondback Habitat Habitat generalist in peninsular Florida Ordway: negatively associated with with sandhill & agriculture & positively associated with hardwoods SC: positively associated with pine savannas & fields SW Georgia: at landscape scale, positively associated with upland pine; within home ranges, negatively associated with agriculture Eastern Coachwhip Dodd & Barichivich (2007): 4 snakes at Ordway ha ( ac) Mostly used sandhill habitat t Sheltered in gopher tortoise & mammal burrows, including those of the Florida mouse 1 male moved >1 km straight-line distance in a day 6

7 Florida Pine Snake Franz (1986) in FL, Miller (2008) in GA Mean home range size of ~58 ha (43 ac); both sexes had same size in GA but males had twice as large in FL Spend ~80% of time below ground Pocket gopher burrows (63% in FL & 63% in GA) Gopher tortoise burrows (31% in FL & 3% in GA) Unidentified burrows (21% in GA), stumpholes, mole runs, armadillo, mouse Eat small mammals & ground-nesting nesting birds & eggs Pine Snake Habitat Florida: 69% of observations in sandhill, 17% ruderal, 7% xeric hammock, 6% lake edge Georgia within home ranges, snakes used habitats relative to their availability at landscape level, snakes were most often associated with mixed pine-hardwoods, planted pine, scrub/shrub, agriculture, urban, hardwood forest, natural pine, wetlands 7

8 Southern Hognose Enge & Wood (2003), Tuberville (SC), Beane (NC) Pedestrian survey in Hernando Co. 228 snakes of 18 species, including 39 hognoses (2 most common species after the rough green snake) Seemed to prefer residential lawns & old fields over sandhill & xeric hammock On surface year round but mostly move in May June & Oct. Nov. 69% of time underground, often in stumpholes in SC (2 nd 8

9 Eastern Indigo Snake Moler (1985), Layne & Steiner (1996), Bolt (2006), Hyslop (2007) FL: ha (4 818 ac), ha (5 375 ac) GA: ha ( ac), ha ( ac) In N part of range, need gopher tortoise burrows for winter refuges, so upland habitats are important (especially sandhill) A male switched its winter range by moving at least 22 km (14 mi.) Short-tailed Snake (Lampropeltis extenuata) Florida Crowned Snake (Tantilla relicta) 9

10 Wetlands are Important Breeding sites for amphibians Home for aquatic and semiaquatic turtles and snakes Source of food for upland snakes, such as indigos and hognoses Suite of different types of wetlands with different hd hydroperiods id is ideal situation ti for high herp diversity Wetlands need to periodically burn when dry (April or May) Core Upland Habitat Around Wetlands For amphibians, m from wetland margin (Semlitsch & Bodie 2003) For semiaquatic reptiles, m 90% of turtles nested or hibernated within 73 m of wetland margin (up to 275 m) 95% of adult Ambystoma within 164 m of pond (up to 625 m) May be xeric hammock 10

11 Gopher Frog Can travel up to 2 km (1.2 mi.) to breeding pond during heavy rains May be multiple breeding events annually (typically September April), although females only breed once Larval period lasts 3 7 months Lives in burrows and holes: gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, armadillo, mouse, stumpholes, hollow logs, crayfish Breeding Pond Characteristics Temporary (minimum hydroperiod of 3 months) or semipermanent Shallow with emergent vegetation, ti such as Panicum, Andropogon, Xyris, Eriocaulon, Rhynchospora, Eleocharis,, and Hypericum Open canopy Lacks predatory fish Depression marsh, basin marsh, wet prairie, sinkhole pond, dome swamp, upland sandhill lake, borrow pit, or ditch acres in size 11

12 12

13 Juvenile Study in Ocala National Forest (Roznik & Johnson 2009) 4/32 frogs survived their 1 st month with all survivors finding a burrow in the 1 st 8d days 93% of nonsurvivors killed in 1 st 12 days: 19 eaten by snakes, 5 eaten by birds or mammals, 3 roadkills Mortality occurred m from pond Mortality of frogs using burrows was 4% that of frogs in the open Final refuges were gopher tortoise or small mammal burrows Striped Newt 13

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