A.13 BLAINVILLE S HORNED LIZARD (PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII)
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1 A. BLAINVILLE S HORNED LIZARD (PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII) A.. Legal and Other Status Blainville s horned lizard is designated as a Department of Fish and Game (DFG) Species of Concern. A.. Species Distribution and Status 0 A... Range and Status This California endemic is distributed from known localities in Shasta County southward to Los Angeles County and extending east into the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountain foothills. The distribution includes historical locations in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties (DFG 00). DFG notes that this subspecies remains abundant only in localized areas along the South Coast Ranges and in isolates sections of natural habitat in the Central Valley (DFG 00). Blainville s horned lizard has disappeared from approximately percent of its range in central and northern California. In addition, extant populations are becoming increasingly fragmented as development in the region continues (Jennings and Hayes ). 0 A... Distribution and Status in the Plan Area The DFG has one record of the Blainville s horned lizard within Butte County (CNDDB 00). The occurrence is located north of Oroville, on North Table Mountain, just east of Coal Canyon (see Figure A-). A.. Habitat Requirements and Special Considerations The Blainville s horned lizard can occur in many habitat types, including grassland, oak woodland, and riparian habitats. 0 Formerly California horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum frontale). Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
2 Figure A-. Blainville s Horned Lizard Recorded Occurrences Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
3 Limiting habitat requirements are believed to include an exposed gravelly sandy substrate such as clearings in riparian woodlands, or annual grassland with scattered perennial species (SDNHM 00; Jennings and Hayes ). Within the Plan Area, the only known occurrence is on North Table Mountain, which generally supports annual grassland with scattered rocks (SAIC 00; CNDDB 00). Historically, this taxon was identified as most abundant in relict lake sand dunes and old alluvial fans bordering the San Joaquin Valley (DFG 00). A.. Life History 0 0 Blainville s horned lizards have been observed to be active between April and October with activity being more conspicuous in April and May (DFG ). Little information is available on suitable nesting sites; however, this species appears to require fine, loose soils where it can bury itself. Blainville s horned lizards have been observed to copulate in late April and early May in captivity (Banta and Morafka ), while courtship activities have been observed in the wild during April (Tollestrup ). Males may use elevated viewing platforms such as cow dung (Tollestrup ) to locate potential mates. Little information is available on specific habitat requirements for breeding and egg-laying. However, eggs are apparently laid in nests constructed in loose soils and hatch after months (Morey 000). A clutch of to eggs is laid in April to June (Stebbins ) and hatchlings appear July to September (DFG ; SDNHM 00). Longevity in the wild is unknown, but captive individuals have been maintained for over years (DFG ). Members of this species often remain motionless, blending in with their background and feeding on native ants and beetles. A.. Threats 0 Primary threats to the species include the ongoing fragmentation and loss of habitat. The conversion of alluvial fans and relict lake sand dunes to agriculture has resulted in the disappearance of this species in many areas. Invasion of nonnative ant species, especially Argentine ants, poses a significant threat to Blainville s horned lizard (Stephenson and Calcarone ). Invasion of this species has resulted in the displacement of the native ant food base (SDNHM 00). Experiments show that horned lizards reared solely on Argentine ants and the arthropods typical of an invaded community show negative or neutral growth rates, suggesting that horned lizards are disappearing from habitat remnants at least in part due to the deterministic effects of biological invasion (Suarez and Case 00). The recent arrival of nonnative red fire ants could have a similar detrimental effect on the native ant food base (Stephenson and Calcarone ). Domestic cats are also known to threaten Blainville s horned lizards (Jennings and Hayes ). Domestic cats have been observed to eliminate horned lizards within a several square-kilometer area from a cat s home base (Jennings and Hayes ). Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
4 A.. Relevant Conservation Efforts Extensive surveys, studies, and monitoring of this taxon are needed that focus on impacts of domestic pets, the invasion of Argentine ant, and nonnative red fire ants into remaining suitable horned lizard habitat. Reserves should be managed to prevent invasion and expansion of Argentine ants to reduce negative direct and indirect effects to natural communities supporting horned lizard (Suarez et al. 000). A.. Species Habitat Suitability Model 0 A habitat suitability model has not been developed for Blainville s horned lizard because there is insufficient information regarding the distribution of the physical attributes that supports its habitat in the Plan Area (e.g., gravelly sandy substrates). A.. Recovery Plan Goals Currently there is no recovery plan for the Blainville s horned lizard. A.. References 0 0 Literature Cited Banta, B. H. and D. J. Morafka.. An annotated checklist of the recent amphibians and reptiles of the Pinnacles National Monument and Bear Valley, San Benito and Monterey Counties, California, with some ecological observations. The Wasmann Journal of Biology ():. CNDDB (California Natural Diversity Database) 00. Natural Heritage Division. California Department of Fish and Game, State of California. RareFind, October. DFG (California Department of Fish and Game). 00. Website of species accounts. Jennings, M. R. and M. P. Hayes.. Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern in California. Final report submitted to the California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova. Contract 0. Morey, S Coast Horned Lizard Phrynosoma coronatum frontale. California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System, California Department of Fish and Game, California Interagency Wildlife Task Group. SDMNH (San Diego Museum of Natural History). 00. Species account of coast horned lizard and similar subspecies. Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
5 0 SDMNH (San Diego Museum of Natural History). 00. Species account of coast horned lizard and similar subspecies. Stebbins, Robert C.. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Peterson Field Guides. Stephenson, J. R. and G. M. Calcarone.. Southern California Mountains and Foothills Assessment: Habitat and Species Conservation Issues. General Technical Report GTR- PSW-. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Suarez, A. V. and T. J. Case. 00. Bottom-up effects on persistence of a specialist predator: ant invasions and horned lizards. Ecological Applications ():-. Suarez, A. V., J. Q. Richmond and T. J. Case Prey selection of horned lizards following the invasion of Argentine ants in Southern California. Ecological Applications 0(): -. Tollestrup, K.. The social behavior and displays of two species of horned lizards, Phrynosoma platyrhinos and Phrynosoma coronatum. Herpetologica :0-. Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
6 This page intentionally left blank. Butte Regional Conservation Plan June, 0 Page A.-
A.13 BLAINVILLE S HORNED LIZARD (PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII)
A. BLAINVILLE S HORNED LIZARD (PHRYNOSOMA BLAINVILLII) A.. Legal and Other Status Blainville s horned lizard is designated as a Department of Fish and Game (DFG) Species of Concern. A.. Species Distribution
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