Culverts and Fencing to Reduce Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions and Maintain Permeability
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1 Culverts and Fencing to Reduce Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions and Maintain Permeability
2 Objectives: Identify culvert use by taxonomic groups Identify seasonal variation in culvert use Identify factors that contribute to culvert use
3 County-wide inventory of underpass structures Culvert Selection Criteria: Culvert type 24 CMP, 36 CMP, Concrete Box Road type 2-Lane, 4-Lane Vegetation community USDS, LSDS, SDG Land use - Natural Culvert modifications No Unique Modifications Presence of natural substrate No excessive human presence
4 2,354 culverts inventoried 146 culverts selected for monitoring 24 CMP (n = 45) 15 four-lane; 30 two-lane 36 CMP (n = 44) 18 four-lane; 26 two-lane Concrete Box Culvert (n = 57) 28 four-lane; 29 two-lane Each Culvert Monitored during 3 Sessions Summer and fall monitoring sessions completed Spring session underway Video review is on-going
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6 Videography Road kill surveys Traffic volume Road Kill: 100 Meter Segment
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8 1,691 Road Killed Animals Detected
9 Road Kill Detections Seasonal Road Kill Detections Summer Fall
10 Road Kill Detections Road Kill Detections and Road Type Two Lane Four Lane
11 3,679 events captured on video (to date) 1,098 documented use of culverts
12 Latin Name Common Name Guild 24CMP 36CMP BOX Canus latrans Coyote Meso-Carnivore X Lynx rufus Bobcat Meso-Carnivore X X Mephitis macroura Hooded Skunk Meso-Carnivore X X Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray Fox Meso-Carnivore X Ammospermophilus harrisii Harris' Antelope Squirrel Small Mammal X X Chaetodipus sp. Pocket Mouse Small Mammal X X Dipodomys sp. Kangaroo Rat Small Mammal X X Neotoma albigula White-throated Woodrat Small Mammal X X X Peromyscus sp. Deer Mouse Small Mammal X X Spermophilus tereticaudus Round-tailed Ground Squirrel Small Mammal X X Sylvilagus audubonii Desert Cottontail Small Mammal X X X Pecari tajacu Javelina Ungulate X X
13 Latin Name Common Name Guild 24CMP 36CMP BOX Bufo alvarius Sonoran Desert Toad Amphibian X Aspidoscelis sp. Whiptail Lizard X X X Coleonyx variegatus Western Banded Gecko Lizard X Phrynosoma sp. Horned Lizard Lizard X Sceloporous magister Desert Spiny Lizard Lizard X X Sceloporous sp. Spiny Lizard Lizard X X X Urosaurus ornatus Ornate Tree Lizard Lizard X Uta stansburiana Side Blotched Lizard Lizard X Crotalus atrox Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake Snake X Lampropelits getula Common Kingsnake Snake X Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip Snake X X Pituophis catenifer Gophersnake Snake X
14 Passage Rate = # Successful Crossings Total # of Approaches
15 Passage Rates by Structure Type , inch 36 inch 278 Box
16 Continue video review, species ID, and behavioral categorization Analyze the relationship between passage rates and: Vegetation Community Road Type Structural Characteristics Traffic Volume Road Kill Accumulation Rates Substrate Season Time of Day Human Activity
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18 Objective: Test effectiveness of fence designs Rusticated steel flashing Concrete panel Concrete panel with overhang Guard rail
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25 Guild Latin Name Common Name # of Trials Small Mammals Dipodomys merriami Merriam's Kangaroo Rat 23 Dipodomys spectabilis Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat 10 Neotoma albigula White-throated Wood Rat 31 Sylvilagus audubonii Desert Cottontail 10 Large Mammals Mephitis mephitis Striped Skunk 10 Snakes Crotalus atrox Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake 13 Crotalus cerastes Sidewinder 6 Crotalus scutulatus Mohave Rattlesnake 3 Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake (Desert Kingsnake) 1 Pituophis catenifer Gopher Snake 1 Lizards Aspidoscelis tigris Tiger Whiptail Lizard 4 Callisaurus draconoides Zebra-tailed Lizard 2 Sceloporus magister Desert Spiny Lizard 6 Amphibians Bufo alvarius Sonoran Desert Toad 32 Scaphiopus couchii Couch's Spadefoot Toad 48 Total Trials 200
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28 Treatment (% successful crossings) Guild Steel Rail Cement Cement w/ Overhang Small Mammals Large Mammals trials pending Snakes Lizards Amphibians n/a
29 Amphibians: Positive results with all 4 treatments 30 inch fencing is an effective barrier Should be buried 6 inches to prevent burrowing Kangaroo Rats: Positive results with all 4 treatments Maximum observed leap height = inches Burrowing issues could be mitigated by burying the fence and/or installing a horizontal apron to prevent burrowing
30 White-throated Wood Rats: None of the treatments have been effective Maximum observed leap height = inches Superior climbers Snakes: Barrier heights must be snake length to be effective May not be an issue in real world applications however Cottontails: No difficulty jumping over 30 inch treatments Maximum observed leap height = 37 inches Taller fencing will be necessary
31 Skunks: Excellent burrowers Did not scale 30 inch barrier treatments Burying the barrier deeper than 6 inches and/or installing an apron may inhibit burrowing
32 Continue trials with emphasis on lizards, snakes and large mammals to bolster sample sizes Analysis
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