Global patterns in threats to vertebrates by biological invasions
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1 Global patterns in threats to vertebrates by biological invasions C. Bellard, P. Genovesi & J.M. Jeschke SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES: Table S1: Mean numbers of threats per IAS-threatened species that are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), and Vulnerable (VU) for mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Mean number of threats CR EN VU Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians
2 Table S: Top- ranked countries for absolute number of IAS-threatened (CR, EN, and VU) mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians as given in the middle column; information on other threats is given in the right column. Country IAS-threatened species Species threatened by other factors Mexico Australia 1 5 Ecuador 17 9 Colombia United States 9 75 New Caledonia 3 1 New Zealand 75 Madagascar 5 17 Peru 51 9 Argentina Indonesia 155 Costa Rica 31 Guatemala 5 Brazil 3 13 Honduras Panama 35 5 South Africa 3 3 India 3 1 Chile 33 Venezuela 33 1
3 Table S3: Frequency of IAS identified at species-, family-, or kingdom-level as threatening vertebrates. Species Frequency Chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis 33 Rattus spp. 3 (Rattus rattus: 1; unspecified Rattus spp.: 17; R. norvegicus: ; R. exulans: ; R. praetor: 1) Felis catus 3 Canis familiaris 1 Sus scrofa 11 Unspecified Plantae 1 Unspecified Animalia Capra hircus Family Rodentia 5 Bos taurus 7 Eucalyptus spp. Unspecified fish 39 Wasmannia auropunctata 39 Superorder Ungulata 37 Family Salmonidae 3 Herpestes javanicus 3 Unspecified Pathogens 3 Plasmodium relictum 3 Mustela erminea 31 Ovis aries 31 Vulpes vulpes 3 Poxvirus avium 7 Oryctolagus cuniculus Acridotheres tristis 1 Family Herpestidae Mus musculus Trichosurus vulpecula 17 Lithobates catesbeianus 1 Mustela putorius furo 15 Pinus spp. 1 Boiga irregularis 1 Psidium cattleianum 1 Family Cervidae 11 Molothrus bonariensis 11 Tyto alba 11 Unspecified mammalia 11 Mustela nivalis 1 Anoplolepis gracilipes 9 Gambusia affinis Unspecified Aves 3
4 Unspecified Insecta Apis mellifera 7 Equus caballus 7 Erinaceus europaeus 7 Ligustrum robustum 7 Neovison vison 7 Philornis downsi 7 Sturnus vulgaris 7 Zosterops japonicus 7 Eichhornia crassipes Gallus domesticus Rhinella marina Unspecified Anura Axis axis 5 Cervus elaphus 5 Equus asinus 5 Family Cyprinidae 5 Family Formicidae 5 Flavivirus 5 Gambusia spp. 5 Lantana camara 5 Macaca fascicularis 5 Mustela spp. 5 Odocoileus virginianus 5 Oncorhynchus mykiss 5 Rusa timorensis 5 Cercopithecus mona Civettictis civetta Corvus splendens Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Gallirallus australis Hedychium gardnerianum Mus spp. Pycnonotus cafer Syzygium jambos Vespula spp. Ammophila arenaria 3 Cinnamomum verum 3 Dichrostachys cinerea 3 Erysipelas spp. 3 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathidae 3 Foudia madagascariensis 3 Iguana iguana 3 Nasua nasua 3 Pasturella multocida 3 Phormium tenax 3
5 Phytophthora cinnamomi 3 Psittacine cirvovirus 3 Salix fragilis 3 Salmo trutta 3 Solenopsis spp. 3 Sophonia rufofascia 3 Spartina alterniflora 3 Tenrec ecaudatus 3 Tilapia spp. 3 Unspecified Crustacea 3 Vespula germanica 3 Anas platyrhynchos Boa constrictor Bubo virginianus Callithrix jacchus Callithrix penicillata Cenchrus ciliaris Cenchrus echinatus Cettia diphone Channa spp. Chromolaena odorata Clostridium botulinum Copsychus malabaricus Cryptomeria japonica Ctenosaura similis Cytisus scoparius Dicrurus macrocercus Erythrocebus patas Garrulax canorus Hemidactylus frenatus Melinis minutiflora Miconia calvescens Micropterus salmoides Mustela sibirica Myocastor coypus Ondatra zibethicus Passer domesticus Platycercus elegans Procyon lotor Psidium guajava Salix spp. Salvelinus fontinalis Scinax x-signatus Solenopsis geminata Solenopsis invicta Tyto novaehollandiae 5
6 Urochloa decumbens Vachellia nilotica Yersinia pestis Acacia catechu 1 Acacia drepanolobium 1 Acacia mangium 1 Achatina Fulica 1 Adelges cooleyi 1 Ageratina adenophora 1 Ageratina riparia 1 Agropyron repens 1 Alphaherpes virus 1 Ambystoma tigrinum 1 Amietophrynus gutturalis 1 Aristotelia chilensis 1 Aulacaspis yasumatsui 1 Batis maritima 1 Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) 1 Bison bison 1 Boa constrictor imperata 1 Brachiaria spp. 1 Bromus diandrus 1 Bromus inermis 1 Bromus tectorum 1 Broussonetia papyfera 1 Bubulcus ibis 1 Callithrix geoffroyi 1 Camelus dromedarius 1 Carduelis carduelis 1 Carduelis chloris 1 Cervus unicolor 1 Channa striata 1 Cinchona pubescens 1 Circoviridae 1 Clethra arborea 1 Clidemia hirta 1 Corvus macrorhynchus 1 Crocidura suaveolens 1 Crotophaga ani 1 Cyathostoma bronchialis 1 Dactylis glomerata 1 Dalbergia sissoo 1 Delairea odorata 1 Dracophyllum longifolium 1 Dracophyllum scoparium 1 Echinuria uncinata 1
7 Elaphe guttata 1 Eleutherodactylus planirostris 1 Equus zebra hartmannae 1 Euphorbia paralias 1 Family Corvidae 1 Family Vitaceae 1 Gallid herpesvirus 1 Genetta genetta 1 Gymnophthalmus underwoodi 1 Gymnorhina tibicen 1 Hedychium spp. 1 Hemitragus jemlahicus 1 Herpestes edwardsi 1 Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus 1 Hyparrhenia rufa 1 Icerya purchasi 1 Iguana spp. 1 Ipomoea spp. 1 Juncus tenuis 1 Lavatera arborea 1 Lepidium latifolium 1 Lepus europaeus 1 Leucaena leucocephala 1 Leucaena spp. 1 Linepithema humile 1 Litoria genimaculata 1 Lucilia sericata 1 Mikania cordata 1 Mikania scandens 1 Mikania spp. 1 Mimosa diplotricha 1 Mimulus moschatus 1 Mnemiopsis leidyi 1 Mycobacterium avium 1 Natrix maura 1 Odontesthes bonariensis 1 Orconectes virilis 1 Oxychilus alliarius 1 Oxyura jamaicensis 1 Parabuteo unicinctus 1 Paspalum notatum 1 Paspalum vaginatum 1 Pavo spp. 1 Pennisetum setaceum 1 Peromyscus fraterculus 1 Peromyscus maniculatus 1 7
8 Petrogale inornata 1 Phalanger spp. 1 Phasianus colchicus 1 Pheidole megacephala 1 Phragmites australis 1 Pisonia umbellifera 1 Pistia stratiotes 1 Pittosporum undulatum 1 Platycercus eximius 1 Poa pratensis 1 Podarcis siculus 1 Polistes versicolor 1 Procambarus clarkii 1 Prosopis glandulosa 1 Psittacula krameri 1 Pueraria phaseoloides 1 Pycnonotus jocosus 1 Rhizophora mangle 1 Rubus fruticosus 1 Rubus niveus 1 Rubus rosifolius 1 Rubus ulmifolius 1 Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra 1 Salvinia molesta 1 Sciurus carolinensis 1 Sesbania spp. 1 Spartina densiflora 1 Spathodea campanulata 1 Sphenodon punctatus 1 Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 1 Taeniatherum asperum 1 Testudo kleinmanni (libyan origin) 1 Thinopyrum junceiforme 1 Tilapia melanopleura 1 Tilapia zillii 1 Toxoplasma gondii 1 Ugni molinae 1 Ulex europaeus 1 Unspecified Blatodea 1 Vespula pensylvanica 1 Vespula vulgaris 1 Xiphophorus hellerii 1 Zosterops lateralis 1
9 Mammals reptiles value Birds Mammals value IUCN%category% Amphibians reptiles Birds Amphibians Mammals variable IUCN%category% variable Birds 1 19 variable 199 Amphibians 1 value Figure S1: Temporal trends in IUCN Category from 19 to 1, considering all Categories (1: EX-EW, : CR, 3: EN, : VU, 5: NT, : LC, 7: DD, : NA, NE & IN), for species threatened by IAS (i.e, which were known in 1 to be threatened by IAS). IUCN Categories were extracted for each species using letsr package version.1. The fit was performed using the lm method of the geom_smooth() function in ggplot package version variable 9
10 value Mammals Reptiles IUCN%category% variable Amphibians birds value Mammals Figure S: Temporal trends in IUCN Category from 19 to 1, restricted to Categories 1- (1: EX-EW, : CR, 3: EN, : VU, 5: NT, : LC), for species threatened by IAS (i.e, which were known in 1 to be threatened by IAS). IUCN Categories were extracted for each species using letsr package version.1. The fit was performed using the lm method of the geom_smooth() function in ggplot package version 1... Because the number of records for birds was too low, we were not able to fit the data for this group. Figures S1- combined show that many mammals moved from DD, NA, NE & IN categories to threatened categories (Fig. S1), while there was no change when restricting the analysis to the categories with known status (Fig. S). In contrast, there was a clear degradation of reptile and amphibian 199 IAS-threatened species also 1 for the restricted 199 analysis (Fig. S). Thus, 1there variable are different explanations for the steep declines in threat category shown in Fig. S1 for the different taxonomic groups. For amphibians and reptiles, the declines seem to be, at least partly, due to the worsening of the status of many IAS-threatened species over time. For mammals, on the other hand, the decline seems to be mainly due to species directly moving from an "unknown" status to "threatened". Reptiles 1
11 19%199& 199%& IAS%threatened& mammals& Figure S3: Spatial distribution of IAS-threatened mammals in vs Early IAS-threatened mammals mainly occupied South America, Africa, and some areas in Asia and Australia. Lately, IAS-threatened mammals increased in India, Indonesian islands, Australia, and Europe. 11
12 Mammals' Birds' High' Rep$les'' Low' Amphibians' 1 Figure S: Spatial distribution of all other (not due to IAS) threatened 1 (CR, EN, and VU) mammals (Pearson correlation with distribution of IAS-threatened mammals shown in Fig. 1A =.1), birds (Pearson correlation =.5), amphibians (Pearson correlation =.9), and reptiles (Pearson correlation =.199). Low numbers of threatened species from 1 species per pixel are in light-brown to medium numbers in green and high numbers in blue
13 Count' 5' ' 15' 1' Category' VU' EN' CR' 5' ' Negligible'declines' No'decline' Significant'decline' Causing/Could'cause' fluctua5ons' Figure S5: Severity information of IAS threat for IAS-threatened birds and amphibians accumulated. We extracted the information about the severity of IAS threat (i.e., IAS (i) cause no decline, (ii) could cause fluctuations, (iii) cause negligible declines, or (iv) cause significant decline for the species population) for bird and amphibian IAS-threatened species for which severity data were available (N=3). 13
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