Commercial trade in wildlife
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1 L. Schloegel Amphibian commerce and the threat of pathogen pollution Angela Picco, PhD United States Fish and Wildlife Service scienceblogs.com A. Picco Commercial trade in wildlife Wildlife trade-associated risks Spread of non-native native species Disease spread (pathogen pollution) Possible implications of wildlife trade Declines and extinctions Disruption of historical relationships 1.48 billion live animals imported by US since % for commercial purposes, mostly for pet trade (Smith et al., 2009) W.B. Karesh 1
2 L. Schloegel scienceblogs.com Amphibian trade Pet trade Food trade Research, biomedical, education Bait trade 5 million live amphibians per year imported into 3 main ports of entry in US from 2000 to 2005 (Schloegel et al., 2009) >99% of these for commercial purposes A. Picco Amphibian pathogens Bd (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) amphibian chytrid fungus Only known to affect amphibians Worldwide amphibian declines and extinctions RV Ranaviruses Affect amphibians, reptiles, and fish Amphibian die offs around the world in wild and commercial populations J. Jancovich 2
3 RV in amphibian pet trade Geng et al., 2010 (RV in farmed Chinese giant salamanders in China) More? RV in amphibian food trade Geng et al., 2010 (RV in farmed Chinese giant salamanders in China) Schloegel let al., 2009 (RV in market bullfrogs from NY, LA, and SF) Mazzoni et al., 2009 (RV in bullfrog farms in Brazil) Miller et al., 2007 (RV in bullfrog farm in US) Galli et al., 2006 (RV in bullfrog farms in South America) Weng et al., 2002 (RV in cultured pig frogs in China) Zhang et al., 2001 (RV in cultured tiger frogs in China) Kanchanakhan, 1998 (RV in cultured tiger frogs in Thailand) L.M. Schloegel L.M. Schloegel 3
4 RV in amphibian research trade Miller et al., 2007 (RV in bullfrog farm in US) Jancovich et al., 2005 (RV in Ambystoma mexicanum from Ambystoma genetic stock center formerly Indiana University Axolotl Colony) More? RV in amphibian bait trade Picco and Collins, 2008 (RV in bait shop tiger salamanders in AZ, CO, NM) Jancovich et al., 2005 (RV in a tiger salamander from a bait shop in AZ) 4
5 RV in reptile trade RVs in soft shelled shelled turtle farms in China (Chen et al., 1999) RVs in python pet trade in Australia: Wamena virus (Hyatt et al., 2002) More? myreptile.ru What do we know? RV prevalent in all amphibian trade pathways. Multiple RV strains present in amphibian trade. Amphibians are released into the wild after being in trade. L. Schloegel 5
6 What do we know? Strains in trade may be more virulent than strains in wild. What do we know? Strains in trade may be more virulent than strains in wild. Hoverman et al., 2010 (hard to tell b/c diff time and passage history of isolates) Majji et al., 2006 (hard to tell b/c diff time and passage history of isolates) Storfer et al., 2007 ( putatively introduced strain collected from wild, not trade) 6
7 What do we know? Strains in trade may be more virulent than strains in wild. Hoverman et al., 2010 (hard to tell b/c diff time and passage history of isolates) Majji et al., 2006 (hard to tell b/c diff time and passage history of isolates) Storfer et al., 2007 ( putatively introduced strain collected from wild, not trade) More research needed Discussion OIE listing as internationally notifiable disease in 2008 (Schloegel et al., 2010) Conservation actions? Recommendations in literature to prevent the spread of disease Some states are increasing regulation: North Carolina No intro of Xenopus No release of captives No possession of >24 bullfrogs for import/possession unless permit Missouri Tests for Bd Bait amphibians illegal California Bait amphibians illegal Amphibian import permits halted, but then rescinded decision 7
8 Future research directions Are trade RVs more virulent than wild RVs? Are RV strains mixing in trade? Consequences? What is the likelihood that ranaviruses are transmitted from trade to amphibians in the wild? How is trade responsible for the spread of diseases into new areas? What effects do released pathogens have on native populations? How does pathogen pollution contribute to amphibian declines and extinctions around the world? What are the most effective approaches for curbing the spread of ranaviral disease into new areas? Acknowledgments: Questions? USFWS Pacific Southwest Regional Office L.M. Schloegel J.P. Collins Contact:
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Examples of possible illegal trade in wild animals through fraudulent claims of captive-breeding Erratic trade patterns Questionable trade routes Inadequate facilities for breeding Examples of possible