What factors correlated with high diversity?
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1 Lecture 09, 20 Sept 2005 Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall 2005 Kevin Bonine Kathy Gerst Conservation Biology 406R/506R 1. Biodiversity 2. Donlan article 3. Role Playing Feedback 4. Lab Friday, meet at van S-side BSE -Going to Ramsey Canyon, Mexico, etc. -Return mid afternoon on Sunday -Food and Gear? 5. Thank-you cards 6. Review sheet questions (12, 38, 39, 41, 42) 1 2 What factors correlated with high diversity? Energy Precipitation Temperature Area Habitat heterogeneity (e.g., foliage height and birds) Stable environment Moderate (intermediate) disturbance level (shifting mosaic, no climax) 3 Distribution and Abundance Range of tolerance of abiotic factor(s) Miller, Terrestrial Biomes (Forest, Desert, Grassland, Tundra, etc.) Biotic (~Vegetative) Communities Climate 1. Temperature 2. Precipitation (3. Soil type) -Latitude - Altitude 5 Miller Species-Area Relationship 6 1
2 Species Focus ---> Biodiversity and Process Focus (ESA) What being lost vs. why Woodlots vs. contiguous forest 7 8 Species =? Biological Species Concept (Mayr) a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups 2-morphological/typological species concept (plants) 3-evolutionary species concept 4-genetic species concept 5-paleontological species concept 6-cladistic species concept Biological Species Concept 1. Testable and operational 2. Definition compatible with established legal concepts 3. Focus on level of biodiversity that agrees with tradition of conservation Conserve Species as TYPES or as EVOLUTONARY UNITS 9 10 Galapagos Finches Aspidoscelis (Cnemidophorus) Species vs. Parthenospecies Brassica oleracea Solomon et al
3 Dessaur et al Hybridization in Whiptail Lizards A. Cullum 1997, Am.Nat Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma Alpha species within a community community - all populations occupying a given area at a given time - often broken into taxonomic groups or functional roles 1) Species Richness (# of species) 2) Species Evenness (how many of each type?) Shannon Diversity Index (richness and evenness) H = - i p i ln (p i ), (i = 1, 2, 3 S) Shannon Index in Tallgrass Prairie (indiv spp abundance relative to total abundance) What if removed three species from B? p i = proportion of total community abundance represented by ith species a prop ln propxln b prop ln propxln drop top 3 drop bottom 3 b prop ln propxln b prop ln propxln Process and Pattern 1 Functional Types 2 Functional Analogs Increase either to increase biodiversity Which to preserve? Niche: Ecological role of a species in a community 18 3
4 1. Competition Pisaster (predatory sea star) Paine 15 vs. 8 spp. (mussels) Anolis Ecomorphs on Caribbean Islands Predation 3. Parasitism Mutualism 5. Commensalism Nemo? Florida See 4-2 in Miller Bromeliads Ecuador 24 4
5 Stalk-Eyed Flies Sexual Selection 25 Mistletoe in Mesquite (Bisbee, AZ) Indicator Species -migratory birds -amphibians 2. Keystone Species -top predators -key pollinators Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog 3. Umbrella Species Convergence Native Species vs. Nonnative, exotic, alien Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma Beta area or regional diversity (beta richness) diversity of species among communities across landscape gradient - slope, moisture, temperature, precipitation, disturbance, etc. Whittaker s Measure = (S/alpha) - 1 where S = # spp in all sites, alpha = avg. # spp/site a) if no community structure across gradient = 0 -broad ecological tolerances, niche breadth Beta Diversity 1) quantitative measure of diversity of communities that experience changing environmental gradients 2) are species sensitive, or not, to changing environments? are there associations of species that are interdependent (plants, pollinators, parasites, parasitoids)? 3) how are species gained or lost across a TIME gradient? b) 100/10-1 = 9 high beta diversity 29 Succession, community composition, effects of disturbance 30 5
6 gamma Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma alpha Gamma beta rate of change of species composition with distance (geography, rate of gain and loss of species) alpha rarity with increased number of species (fewer of each type) beta rarity with habitat specialists gamma rarity if restricted to particular geographic areas Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma Missing? Species role in ecosystem? Rarity Phylogenetic Representation Edges vs. Interior (e.g., fragmentation) (spp richness increases, but are broad generalists, not interior habitat specialists) All species are not equivalent (normative valuation?) Pricing Biodiversity R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Direct limited funds Ecological Contribution? Lissamphibia Anura Urodela frogs salamanders Rhynchocephalia To Fishes and Ancestor Tetrapoda Synapsida Gymnophiona Mammalia Testudines caecilians turtles -evolved before dinosaurs - world-wide distribution in Mesozoic Extant Herp Groups Amniota Reptilia Lepidosauria Squamata Lizards Lizards Amphisbaenia Serpentes Lizards Lizards Rhynchocephalia snakes tuatara - most extinct at end Cretaceous (65mya) Sphenodontidae - 1 extant genus (Sphenodon) - 2 extant species - restricted to small islands of New Zealand See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001) Diapsida Archosauria Crocodylia Aves crocs etc. birds 35 -long lived Henry 36 6
7 Pricing Biodiversity R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Species-Area Relationship 3 step loss of biodiversity (Rosenzweig) 1. Endemics 2. Sink populations 3. Stochasticity S = ca Z S = species richness c = taxon-specific constant A = area Z = extinction coefficient for taxon Direct limited funds Ecological Contribution? 37 Therefore end up with lower steady state species richness and loss of biodiversity Endemism and Islands (Tuatura, Silversword) Island Biogeography 38 3 step loss of biodiversity (Rosenzweig) Endemics Habitat Size Habitat Loss Pimm and Jenkins
8 Where is biodiversity? One tree in Peru with same ant diversity as Britain Pimm and Jenkins Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being (Pleistocene) Re-wilding of North America Donlan et al. 2005, Nature, 436: What happened about 13k yrs ago in N. America? 2. Are there really no apparent costs to restoring Bolson s tortoise? 3. How do you predict African cheetahs and US mountain lions would interact? 4. Is this paper about playing God? Are we a natural force in the evolution of life on this planet?
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Lecture 09, 20 Sept Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall Kevin Bonine Kathy Gerst
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