Mammalogy Laboratory 3 Chiroptera, Primates, Scandentia, & Dermoptera. Order Chiroptera

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1 Mammalogy Laboratory 3 Chiroptera, Primates, Scandentia, & Dermoptera We have representation of the first three of these orders, and there are local chiropteran species. The Order Chiroptera has received a great deal of attention from systematists because an Australian neurobiologist has discovered that one group, the Pteropodidea (the megabats), has neuronal pathways that are very similar to those found in primates, and not at all similar to those of Microchiroptera. A flurry of molecular papers followed that examined the hypothesis of nonmonophyly of Chiroptera, and most could reject it. The data therefore indicate that the classical hypothesis of a monophyletic Chiroptera is supported. Furthermore, some recent papers have indicated that the megabats have evolved from within microbats, making the latter a paraphyletic group. Some difficult names have resulted; Yangochiroptera, which includes most of the microbats, and Yinpterochiroptera, which includes the megabats (Pteropodidae) and a few microbat families (e.g., Craseonycteridae, Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, Rhinolophidae, etc.). Order Chiroptera General Comments: This is a very diverse group. Chiroptera is the second largest order of mammals, containing approximately 925 species; ca. 20% of all mammals are bats. The biology of bats and their morphological diversity are truly fascinating. In general the northern latitudes have a relatively depauperate bat fauna; all our local bats belong to a single family. Diagnosis: flying mammals with well-developed wings; hand and forefingers greatly elongated (except for the thumb); never > 2 pairs of upper incisors; never > 22 milk teeth; baculum present; manubrium often keeled. Range: Cosmopolitan (worldwide) Family Pteropodidae (fruit bats or flying foxes) Diagnosis: foredigit 2 retains some degree of independence, and is often clawed; mandible with angular process broad and low or practically absent; post-orbital process well-developed; bony palate extends posteriorly beyond last molar; tragus absent; no nose leafs; eyes well developed. Habits: Frugivores or nectivores; crepuscular/nocturnal; usually locate food by smell; have excellent vision; don t echolocate (except Rousettus); do not hibernate; long life span with low reproductive potential (usually one young per year). Range: Old World tropics: Representative Genera: Pteropus, Rousettus, Dobsonia, Micropteropus, Cynopterus. Material in Lab: Pteropus (skeleton) 1

2 yangochiropteran families Diagnosis: foredigit 2 scarcely, if at all independent, closely appressed against third digit, and lacking a claw; mandible with angular process well developed, usually long and narrow; postorbital process usually absent or rudimentary, occasionally well-developed; bony palate usually not extended posteriorly beyond last molars; tragus often present; eyes relatively small; effective echolocation in all groups. Range: cosmopolitan, including New Zealand. Families (those in parentheses are probably more closely related to megabats than to other microbats): Phyllostomidae Natalidae Furipteridae Thyropteridae Myzopodidae Mormoopidae Emballonuridae Noctilionidae Vespertilionidae Mystacinidae Nycteridae Molossidae Family Vespertilionidae (vespertilionid or common bats) Diagnosis: foredigit 3 with three phalanges, foredigit two with metacarpal and one small phalanx; nose-leaf absent or rudimentary; tragus present and well-developed; premaxillae separate; no post-orbital process; tail long, extending to end of wide interfemoral membrane; molars always 3/3, with well-developed W-shaped ectolophs (Dilambdodont). Habits: usually insectivorous, a few species piscivorous; migration and hibernation common; usually one young per year, but a few species have up to four; some tropical species polyestrous; may live as long as 30 years or more. Range: Cosmopolitan Representative Genera: 36 genera, 314 species. Material in Lab: Corynorhinus (Plecotus) townsendii (Townsends s big-eared bat) Lasiurus borealis (red bat)* Lasiurus cinereus (hoary bat) Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) Lasionycterus noctivagans (silver-haired bat) Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) M. thysanodes (fringed myotis) M. evotis (long-eared myotis) M. volans (long-legged myotis) M. yumanensis (Yuma myotis) Pipistrellus hesperus (western pipistrelle) Antrozous pallidus (pallid bat) 2

3 Idaho Forms not represented: Euderma maculatum (spotted bat) Myotis californicus (California myotis) M. ciliolabrum (leibii) (western small-footed myotis) Key to Myotis species occurring in Idaho: 1. Uropatagium fringed with well-developed stiff hairs....m. thysanodes Uropatagium not visibly fringed Ears extending past rostrum when laid forward Ears not extending past rostrum when laid forward Ears > 16 mm, extending > 2 mm beyond rostrum.....m. evotis Ears < 16 mm Black facial marking present.m. ciliolabrum Black facial marking absent; sparse hair extending onto uropatagium...m. californicus 5. Uropatagium furred..m. volans Uropatagium not furred; calcar not keeled.6 6. Pelage glossy, with distinct sheen; greatest length of skull usually > 14 mm..m. lucifugus Pelage dull, often pale, without sheen; greatest length of skull < 14 mm.. M. yumanensis Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats and mastiff bats) Diagnosis: muzzle broad and obtuse; foredigit 3 with three phalanges; lips large, upper lip often furrowed by vertical wrinkles; ears usually large and broad, often united across forehead; tragus present but small; interfemoral membrane narrow, with tail extending far beyond distal edge; no postorbital process. Habits: insectivorous; inhabit caves, buildings or other similar structures; fast fliers (recorded up to 95 km/hr); some species migratory; some species hibernate but generally not as deeply as vespertilionids; most species colonial, with colonies of 20,000,000 known for Tadarida brasiliensis; typically one young per year. Range: widespread in tropical and subtropical forests; occur in the southern half of US Representative Genera: Tadarida, Otomops, Meoplatymops, Platymops, Sauromys, Eumops, Molossus. Martial in Lab: Tadarida brasiliensis* 3

4 Order Primates Diagnosis: plantigrade; herbivorous, omnivorous, rarely insectivorous or carnivorous; mostly arboreal, but some terrestrial; primarily pentadactyl; radius and ulna unfused, permitting free pronation and supination; molars brachydont and tuberculo-sectorial or bunodont; mandibular symphysis firmly ossified in some groups; orbits directed forward and separated from temporal fenestra by post-orbital bar or plate; baculum usually present (except in Tarsius, some cebids, and Homo); mammae usually in a single pectoral pair. Range: Pantropical, except Australia; Homo is cosmopolitan. Classification: Suborder Strepsirhini (informally prosimians ) Family Lemuridae Family Indriidae Family Daubentoniidea Family Lorisidae Family Cheirogaleidae Family Lepilemuridae Family Galagidae Suborder Haplorhini (informally anthropoids ) Infraorder Tarsiiformes Family Tarsiidae Infraorder Platyrrhini Family Callithricidae Family Callimiconidae Family Cebidae Infraorder Catarrhini Family Cercopithecidae Family Hylobatidae Family Hominidae (includes Pongidae) Family Cebidae (New World monkeys) Diagnosis: Small to medium sized; arboreal; nails on digits; pollex only slightly opposable or absent; tail variable in length but moderately to strongly prehensile; internarial septum broad, nostrils well -separated and laterally directed (platyrrhine condition); no cheek pouches or ischial callosities; molars usually bunodont; facial vibrissae reduced, but present; orbits large and directed forward; dental fromula 2/2 1/1 3/3 2-3/2-3 = 32 or 36; palate shorter than in catarrhines; jugal contributes to post-orbital plate and meets parietal. Habits: primarily herbivorous, but also omnivorous; usually live in territorial family groups; arboreal, climb quadrupedally; diurnal of nocturnal; engage in personal and social grooming; extremely vocal; possess well-developed color vision. Range: Amazon basin of South America, north to southern Mexico. Representative Genera: Saimiri, Aotus, Callicebus, Alouatta, Cacajao, Cebus, Ateles 4

5 Material in Lab: Cebus apella * (capuchin monkey) Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) Diagnosis: medium sized, arboreal to semiterrestrail; flattened nails on all digits; rostrum often lengthened; ischial collosities present; auditory bulla extends laterally as a bony tube; P 1 with anterior root sloping anteriorly into dentary, occluding with upper canine; tail not prehensile; dental formula typically 2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3 = 32; bunodont. Habits: omnivorous to herbivorous; well-developed social groups; usually diurnal; life spans up to 50 years; well-developed vocalizations, used primarily in social interactions; possess welldeveloped color vision. Range: Old World, from Africa east through southern Asia. Representative Genera: Miopithecus, Cercopithecus, Papio, Presbytis Material in Lab: Macaca (macaque)* Order Scandentia (tree shrews) Diagnosis: squirrel-like in size and form (19-40 cm); molars with w-shaped ectolophs (dilambdodont); post-orbital process contacts zygomatic arch to form postorbital bar; tail often tufted. Habits: inhabit deciduous forests; nest in trees, fallen logs, or holes in ground; rather omnivorous; diurnal. Range: southeastern Asia Family Tupaiidae Material in Lab: Tupaia* Skin & Skull *Not an Idaho form. Other Representative Genera: Ptilocercus, Urogale 5