Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins. Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins. Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes"

Transcription

1 Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes 1

2 Synapsida 1. monophyletic group 2. Single temporal opening below postorbital and squamosal 3. Dominant terrestrial vertebrate group Pennsylvanian-early Triassic; Cenozoic Major groups of Synapsids Mammals THERAPSIDS Pelycosaurs Order Pelycosauria 1. paraphyletic group 2. reptile-like skull, lower jaw, dentition, posture (Figs. 3-5) 3. some with sail-like fin 4. lower Pennsylvanian-upper Permian 5. dominant terrestrial vertebrate in the Pennsylvanian to middle Permian 2

3 Dimetrodon Ophiacodon, a pelycosaur with no fin Order Therapsida 1. middle Permian late Jurassic 2. Paraphyletic 3. Dominant late Permian to the early Triassic 4. Suborder Cynodontia A. Advanced therapsids a. Thrinaxodon, b. Eucynodonts (e.g. Probaignognathus) c. are ancestral to mammals Contrast between pelcosaurs and therapsids 1. Temporal opening 2. Sagittal crest and zygomatic arches 3. Upper canines 4. Posture 3

4 Development of Mammalian Characteristics 1. Masseteric fossa on dentary. 2. Zygomatic arches flare laterally 3. Masseter and temporal muscles 4. Partial secondary palate 5. Two occipital condyles Fig 2-4: Dimetrodon (A), a pelycosaur and Cynognathus (B), a therapsid. n = internal nares) Fig 3-5B: Thrinaxodon, a therapsid with some very mammalian features Fig. 2-3Therapsid to Mammal 4

5 Development of mammalian characteristics 4 1. Increase in size of dentary at expense of other jaw bones [Fig. 2-8] 2. dentary-squamosal jaw articulation Evolution of Mammalian Characteristics A. Reptiles and primitive synapsids have an articular-quadrate jaw articulation. B. Some cynodonts and primitive mammals have double articulation C. Mammals have a dentary squamosal jaw articulation.. D. Advantages of the change in articulation 5

6 Evolution of middle ear [Fig. 2.8] 1. stapes present in most tetrapods 2. quadrate becomes incus 3. articular becomes malleus 4. angular becomes tympanic 5. FIGURE 2-9: Stages in the development of the lower jaw and ear region in a young opossum Other Transformations in Therapsids 1. More complex cusps on molars 2. Secondary palate 3. Parasagittal movement of limbs 4. Endothermy A. Hair, nasal turbinals, bone histology Stem mammals 1. Originated 210 Ma in Late Triassic 2. Small size 3. Large brain 4. Mainly nocturnal, arboreal, insectivores 5. Heterodont, double-rooted diphyodont, precise occlusion. 6

7 Fig 3-12 Mesozoic Mammalian Radiations 1. Almost all Mesozoic mammaliaform clades are relatively short-lived 2. Sinoconodontidae & Morganucodontidae A. Mainly dentary squamosal jaw articulation (Fig. 3-6) 3. Repenomamus A. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/repenomamus 4. Castorocauda lutrasimilis A. carnegiemnh.org/news/06-janmar/022306caud.htm Classification of Mammals Table 2-3 Mammaliaformes 1. Order Morganucodonta 2. Order Docodonta 3. Order Haramiyoidea 4. Class Mammalia A. Subclass Prototheria a. Order Monotremata B. Subclass Theria a. Infraclass Allotheria Order Multituberculata b. Infraclass Metatheria - 7 orders c. Infraclass Eutheria - 18 orders Multituberculata (Fig. 2-16) 1. late Jurassic to early Oligocene: 120 million years 2. Most are mouse size 3. Includes the one of the largest Mesozoic mammals (cat size) 4. First mammalian herbivores 7

8 Competitive replacement of rodent ecomorphs Rodents: Paleocene to present Multituberculates coexisted with placental mammals for over 70 million years. Tritylodont therapsid: (Triassic-Jurassic) Tribosphenic Teeth (Fig. 2-17, 3-21, 3-22) 1. First appeared in ancestors of placentals and marsupials in early Cretaceous 2. Eomaia, (early Cretaceous, 125 Ma), the first placental mammal Cenozoic Mammalian Radiation 1. Insects radiate with flowering plants in Cretaceous 2. Shortly before dinosaurs go extinct, placental mammals start to increase in diversity, followed by a rapid diversification in the Paleocene. 3. Bolide Impact and the end Cretaceous extinction 8

Differences between Reptiles and Mammals. Reptiles. Mammals. No milk. Milk. Small brain case Jaw contains more than one bone Simple teeth

Differences between Reptiles and Mammals. Reptiles. Mammals. No milk. Milk. Small brain case Jaw contains more than one bone Simple teeth Differences between Reptiles and Mammals Reptiles No milk Mammals Milk The Advantage of Being a Furball: Diversification of Mammals Small brain case Jaw contains more than one bone Simple teeth One ear

More information

Sample Questions: EXAMINATION I Form A Mammalogy -EEOB 625. Name Composite of previous Examinations

Sample Questions: EXAMINATION I Form A Mammalogy -EEOB 625. Name Composite of previous Examinations Sample Questions: EXAMINATION I Form A Mammalogy -EEOB 625 Name Composite of previous Examinations Part I. Define or describe only 5 of the following 6 words - 15 points (3 each). If you define all 6,

More information

THE EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN CHARACTERS

THE EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN CHARACTERS THE EVOLUTION OF MAMMALIAN CHARACTERS The Evolution of Characters D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack Illustrated by A. J. Lee CROOM HELM London & Sydney KAPITAN SZABO PUBLISHERS Washington DC 1984 Doris M.

More information

Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals & Monotremes

Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals & Monotremes Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals & Monotremes I. Early mammals There are several early groups known as Mesozoic mammals. There have been lots of groups discovered rather recently, and we ll only address

More information

9/29/08. SYNAPSIDS (Carboniferous - Recent) Age of Mammals. Age of Dinosaurs PELYCOSAURS SPHENACO- DONTIDS DICYNODONTS BIARMO- SUCHIANS

9/29/08. SYNAPSIDS (Carboniferous - Recent) Age of Mammals. Age of Dinosaurs PELYCOSAURS SPHENACO- DONTIDS DICYNODONTS BIARMO- SUCHIANS Age of Mammals Age of Dinosaurs SYNAPSIDS (Carboniferous - Recent) PELYCOSAURS VARANOPSEIDS/ OPHIACODONTIDS SPHENACO- DONTIDS DICYNODONTS BIARMO- SUCHIANS NON-MAMMAL CYNODONTS CASEIDS/ EOTHYRIDIDS EDAPHOSAURS

More information

Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals/Monotremes

Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals/Monotremes Mammalogy Lecture 3 - Early Mammals/Monotremes I. Early mammals - These groups are known as Mesozoic mammals, and there are several groups. Again, there have been lots of new groups discovered, and we

More information

Mammalogy IB 462. Instructors: Ed Heske Adam Ahlers

Mammalogy IB 462. Instructors: Ed Heske Adam Ahlers Mammalogy IB 462 Instructors: Ed Heske eheske@illinois.edu Adam Ahlers aahlers2@illinois.edu 28 Extant Orders Mammalian diversity 153 Families 1230+ Genera 5,500+ Species Wilson and Reeder 2006. Mammalian

More information

Mammalogy: Biology 5370 Syllabus for Fall 2005

Mammalogy: Biology 5370 Syllabus for Fall 2005 Mammalogy: Biology 5370 Syllabus for Fall 2005 Objective: This lecture course provides an overview of the evolution, diversity, structure and function and ecology of mammals. It will introduce you to the

More information

MAMMALS. Britannica Illustrated Science Library. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Chicago London New Delhi Paris Seoul Sydney Taipei Tokyo

MAMMALS. Britannica Illustrated Science Library. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Chicago London New Delhi Paris Seoul Sydney Taipei Tokyo MAMMALS Britannica Illustrated Science Library Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Chicago London New Delhi Paris Seoul Sydney Taipei Tokyo Contents Origin and Evolution Page 6 What They Are Like Page 18 Behavior

More information

Evolution of Tetrapods

Evolution of Tetrapods Evolution of Tetrapods Amphibian-like creatures: The earliest tracks of a four-legged animal were found in Poland in 2010; they are Middle Devonian in age. Amphibians arose from sarcopterygians sometime

More information

Life in the Paleozoic

Life in the Paleozoic Life in the Paleozoic Ocean Planet & The Great Migration Paleozoic Late Middle Early 543-248 Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Geologic Time Scale Era Period

More information

Mammalogy Lecture 8 - Evolution of Ear Ossicles

Mammalogy Lecture 8 - Evolution of Ear Ossicles Mammalogy Lecture 8 - Evolution of Ear Ossicles I. To begin, let s examine briefly the end point, that is, modern mammalian ears. Inner Ear The cochlea contains sensory cells for hearing and balance. -

More information

388 NOTES AND COMMENTS

388 NOTES AND COMMENTS 388 NOTES AND COMMENTS DIAGNOSIS OF THE CLASSES REPTILIA AND MAMMALIA GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON Museiun of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge The editor has asked me to comment on two papers

More information

Mammalogy Lab 1: Skull, Teeth, and Terms

Mammalogy Lab 1: Skull, Teeth, and Terms Mammalogy Lab 1: Skull, Teeth, and Terms Be able to: Goals of today s lab Locate all structures listed on handout Define all terms on handout what they are or what they look like Give examples of mammals

More information

Ch 34: Vertebrate Objective Questions & Diagrams

Ch 34: Vertebrate Objective Questions & Diagrams Ch 34: Vertebrate Objective Questions & Diagrams Invertebrate Chordates and the Origin of Vertebrates 1. Distinguish between the two subgroups of deuterostomes. 2. Describe the four unique characteristics

More information

Evolutionists claim that the fossil

Evolutionists claim that the fossil Volume 3, Number 5 September / October 1998 Reappraising the Crown Jewel by Ashby L. Camp, J.D., M.Div. Summary: The fossil evidence for the claim that reptiles evolved into mammals is weaker than many

More information

Fig. 5. (A) Scaling of brain vault size (width measured at the level of anterior squamosal/parietal suture) relative to skull size (measured at the

Fig. 5. (A) Scaling of brain vault size (width measured at the level of anterior squamosal/parietal suture) relative to skull size (measured at the Fig. 5. (A) Scaling of brain vault size (width measured at the level of anterior squamosal/parietal suture) relative to skull size (measured at the distance between the left versus right temporomandibular

More information

Biology 3315 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Skulls and Visceral Skeletons

Biology 3315 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Skulls and Visceral Skeletons Biology 3315 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Skulls and Visceral Skeletons 1. Head skeleton of lamprey Cyclostomes are highly specialized in both the construction of the chondrocranium and visceral skeleton.

More information

Chapter 28. Features. Mammals. History. Diversity. Therapsids Lineage. Cynodonts

Chapter 28. Features. Mammals. History. Diversity. Therapsids Lineage. Cynodonts Chapter 28 Mammals Features Hair is a critical sign of being a mammal. A few mammals, especially aquatic forms, may have very few hairs but they are still present. Hair serves many functions: protection,

More information

d a Name Vertebrate Evolution - Exam 2 1. (12) Fill in the blanks

d a Name Vertebrate Evolution - Exam 2 1. (12) Fill in the blanks Vertebrate Evolution - Exam 2 1. (12) Fill in the blanks 100 points Name f e c d a Identify the structures (for c and e, identify the entire structure, not the individual elements. b a. b. c. d. e. f.

More information

First reptile appeared in the Carboniferous

First reptile appeared in the Carboniferous 1 2 Tetrapod four-legged vertebrate Reptile tetrapod with scaly skin that reproduces with an amniotic egg Thus can lay eggs on land More solid vertebrate and more powerful limbs than amphibians Biggest

More information

V. Vertebrates. A. Archetypal Vertebrate.

V. Vertebrates. A. Archetypal Vertebrate. History of Life 18 V. Vertebrates. A. Archetypal Vertebrate. 1. Active swimmers; bilaterally symmetric. a. Segmented trunk muscles run the length of the animal contract one side at a time. b. Notochord

More information

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at The Evolution of the Mammalian Jaw Author(s): A. W. Crompton Source: Evolution, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1963), pp. 431-439 Published by: Society for the Study of Evolution Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2407093

More information

The Triassic Transition

The Triassic Transition The Triassic Transition The Age of Reptiles Begins As the Paleozoic drew to a close through the Carboniferous and Permian several important processes were at work. Assembly of Pangea Evolutionary radiation

More information

d. Wrist bones. Pacific salmon life cycle. Atlantic salmon (different genus) can spawn more than once.

d. Wrist bones. Pacific salmon life cycle. Atlantic salmon (different genus) can spawn more than once. Lecture III.5b Answers to HW 1. (2 pts). Tiktaalik bridges the gap between fish and tetrapods by virtue of possessing which of the following? a. Humerus. b. Radius. c. Ulna. d. Wrist bones. 2. (2 pts)

More information

Mammalogy Laboratory 1 - Mammalian Anatomy

Mammalogy Laboratory 1 - Mammalian Anatomy Mammalogy Laboratory 1 - Mammalian Anatomy I. The Goal. The goal of the lab is to teach you skeletal anatomy of mammals. We will emphasize the skull because many of the taxonomically important characters

More information

8/19/2013. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. The geological time scale. The geological time scale.

8/19/2013. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods. The geological time scale. The geological time scale. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods Next two lectures will deal with: Origin of Tetrapods, transition from water to land. Origin of Amniotes, transition to dry habitats. Topic 4: The Origin of Tetrapods What

More information

Classification systems help us to understand where humans fit into the history of life on earth Organizing the great diversity of life into

Classification systems help us to understand where humans fit into the history of life on earth Organizing the great diversity of life into You are here Classification systems help us to understand where humans fit into the history of life on earth Organizing the great diversity of life into categories (groups based on shared characteristics)

More information

Animal Evolution The Chordates. Chapter 26 Part 2

Animal Evolution The Chordates. Chapter 26 Part 2 Animal Evolution The Chordates Chapter 26 Part 2 26.10 Birds The Feathered Ones Birds are the only animals with feathers Descendants of flying dinosaurs in which scales became modified as feathers Long

More information

Reptilia (Reptiles) Basic Design. Introductory article. Michael J Benton, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Reptilia (Reptiles) Basic Design. Introductory article. Michael J Benton, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 004126:a0001 Michael J Benton, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Reptiles are a diverse group of vertebrates, including turtles, crocodiles, lizards and snakes, as well as the extinct dinosaurs, pterosaurs,

More information

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN THEROMORPHA

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN THEROMORPHA A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN THEROMORPHA MYCTEROSAURUS LONGICEPS S. W. WILLISTON University of Chicago The past summer, Mr. Herman Douthitt, of the University of Chicago paleontological expedition,

More information

Section 4 Professor Donald McFarlane

Section 4 Professor Donald McFarlane A A R 3/31/2011 Craniates Vertebrates Gnathostomes Lobe fins Tetrapods Amniotes Reptilia Section 4 Professor Donald McFarlane Myxini (hagfish) Petro omyzontida (lampreys) (cartilaginous fishes) Chondrichthyes

More information

A short look at the early mammals will follow, before examining the demise of the dinosaurs in the K-T Event.

A short look at the early mammals will follow, before examining the demise of the dinosaurs in the K-T Event. We will now look at the aftermath of the P-T Extinction on terrestrial vertebrate life, in other words look at what the vertebrates of the Mesozoic were like. The most famous representatives are, of course,

More information

Anatomy. Name Section. The Vertebrate Skeleton

Anatomy. Name Section. The Vertebrate Skeleton Name Section Anatomy The Vertebrate Skeleton Vertebrate paleontologists get most of their knowledge about past organisms from skeletal remains. Skeletons are useful for gleaning information about an organism

More information

From Slime to Scales: Evolution of Reptiles. Review: Disadvantages of Being an Amphibian

From Slime to Scales: Evolution of Reptiles. Review: Disadvantages of Being an Amphibian From Slime to Scales: Evolution of Reptiles Review: Disadvantages of Being an Amphibian Gelatinous eggs of amphibians cannot survive out of water, so amphibians are limited in terms of the environments

More information

In North America 1. the Triassic is represented by the thick Newark Group along the east coast, 2. by widespread red-bed and fluvial sediments in the

In North America 1. the Triassic is represented by the thick Newark Group along the east coast, 2. by widespread red-bed and fluvial sediments in the The Triassic System The name Triassic derives from the three parts into which the Triassic is divided on the European platform: 3. Keuper (highest) 2. Muschelkalk 1. Bunter (lowest) In North America 1.

More information

Outline 17: Reptiles and Dinosaurs

Outline 17: Reptiles and Dinosaurs Outline 17: Reptiles and Dinosaurs Evolution of Reptiles The first reptiles appeared in the Mississippian. They evolved from amphibians, which first appeared in the Devonian. The evolutionary jump was

More information

Tuesday, December 6, 11. Mesozoic Life

Tuesday, December 6, 11. Mesozoic Life Mesozoic Life Review of Paleozoic Transgression/regressions and Mountain building events during the paleoozoic act as driving force of evolution. regression of seas and continental uplift create variety

More information

FOR PROOFREADING ONLY

FOR PROOFREADING ONLY Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2002 ( C 2002) The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution Olav T. Oftedal 1 INTRODUCTION A variety of theories have been

More information

8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote?

8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote? Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes Where do amniotes fall out on the vertebrate phylogeny? What are some stem Amniotes? What is an Amniote? What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats?

More information

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Resources. Visual Concepts. Chapter Presentation. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Introduction to Vertebrates Table of Contents Section 1 Vertebrates in the Sea and on Land Section 2 Terrestrial Vertebrates Section

More information

Chapter 20: Mammals Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata. Class: Mammalia (~4800 spp.) Subclass: 2 Order: 17

Chapter 20: Mammals Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata. Class: Mammalia (~4800 spp.) Subclass: 2 Order: 17 Chapter 20: Mammals Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia (~4800 spp.) Subclass: 2 Order: 17 most highly differentiated group in animal kingdom Mammals Key mammalian characteristics hair

More information

The Fossil Record of Vertebrate Transitions

The Fossil Record of Vertebrate Transitions The Fossil Record of Vertebrate Transitions The Fossil Evidence of Evolution 1. Fossils show a pattern of change through geologic time of new species appearing in the fossil record that are similar to

More information

Game Ranging / Field Guiding Course. Mammals

Game Ranging / Field Guiding Course. Mammals 1 2 Module # 7 Component # 1 Introduction to Origin of This topic was one of the most debated and controversial subjects in the whole of biological science for centuries. The main reasons for this are

More information

B D. C D) Devonian E F. A) Cambrian. B) Ordovician. C) Silurian. E) Carboniferous. F) Permian. Paleozoic Era

B D. C D) Devonian E F. A) Cambrian. B) Ordovician. C) Silurian. E) Carboniferous. F) Permian. Paleozoic Era Paleozoic Era A) Cambrian A B) Ordovician B D C) Silurian C D) Devonian E) Carboniferous F) Permian E F The Cambrian explosion refers to the sudden appearance of many species of animals in the fossil record.

More information

Chapter 26: The Vertebrates

Chapter 26: The Vertebrates Chapter 26: The Vertebrates Fig. 26-2, p.434 Chordate Features Deuterostomes All share four features: Notochord supports body Nervous system develops from dorsal nerve cord Embryos have pharynx with slits

More information

Biology 204 Summer Session 2005

Biology 204 Summer Session 2005 Biology 204 Summer Session 2005 Mid-Term Exam 7 pages ANSWER KEY ***** This is exam is worth 10% of your final grade****** The class average was 54% Time to start studying for your final exam!!! The answer

More information

Vertebrate Evolution

Vertebrate Evolution Vertebrate Evolution Torsten Bernhardt Redpath Museum, McGill University This teaching resource was made possible with funding from the PromoScience programme of NSERC. McGill University 2010 History of

More information

Animal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014

Animal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014 Animal Diversity wrap-up Lecture 9 Winter 2014 1 Animal phylogeny based on morphology & development Fig. 32.10 2 Animal phylogeny based on molecular data Fig. 32.11 New Clades 3 Lophotrochozoa Lophophore:

More information

1 Describe the anatomy and function of the turtle shell. 2 Describe respiration in turtles. How does the shell affect respiration?

1 Describe the anatomy and function of the turtle shell. 2 Describe respiration in turtles. How does the shell affect respiration? GVZ 2017 Practice Questions Set 1 Test 3 1 Describe the anatomy and function of the turtle shell. 2 Describe respiration in turtles. How does the shell affect respiration? 3 According to the most recent

More information

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos Main Points 1) Mammalian Characteristics: Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics: -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Scandentia through Cetacea 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance

More information

Phylogenetics. Phylogenetic Trees. 1. Represent presumed patterns. 2. Analogous to family trees.

Phylogenetics. Phylogenetic Trees. 1. Represent presumed patterns. 2. Analogous to family trees. Phylogenetics. Phylogenetic Trees. 1. Represent presumed patterns of descent. 2. Analogous to family trees. 3. Resolve taxa, e.g., species, into clades each of which includes an ancestral taxon and all

More information

Biology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 2 Dr. Stuart Sumida. Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of Development.

Biology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 2 Dr. Stuart Sumida. Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of Development. Biology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 2 Dr. Stuart Sumida Phylogenetic Perspective and the Evolution of Development Evo-Devo So, what is all the fuss about phylogeny? PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS allows

More information

photosynthesis Invertebrates arthropods

photosynthesis Invertebrates arthropods Evidence indicates that all living things descended from a single common ancestor through a branching of lineages. The important thing to remember is that life started as relatively simple cells in an

More information

Red Eared Slider Secrets. Although Most Red-Eared Sliders Can Live Up to Years, Most WILL NOT Survive Two Years!

Red Eared Slider Secrets. Although Most Red-Eared Sliders Can Live Up to Years, Most WILL NOT Survive Two Years! Although Most Red-Eared Sliders Can Live Up to 45-60 Years, Most WILL NOT Survive Two Years! Chris Johnson 2014 2 Red Eared Slider Secrets Although Most Red-Eared Sliders Can Live Up to 45-60 Years, Most

More information

Origin and Evolution of Birds. Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics

Origin and Evolution of Birds. Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics Origin and Evolution of Birds Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics Review of Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Aves Characteristics: wings,

More information

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by

AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 782 THE AmzRICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Feb. 20, 1935 New York City 56.81, 7 G (68) A NOTE ON THE CYNODONT, GLOCHINODONTOIDES GRACILIS HAUGHTON BY LIEUWE

More information

CHAPTER 26. Animal Evolution The Vertebrates

CHAPTER 26. Animal Evolution The Vertebrates CHAPTER 26 Animal Evolution The Vertebrates Impacts, Issues: Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Past No one was around to witness the transitions in the history of life Fossils allow us glimpses into

More information

FIRST 25 QUESTIONS: FROM FIRST TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLASS

FIRST 25 QUESTIONS: FROM FIRST TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLASS EART 65: Natural History of Dinosaurs - Final Exam: Version A This test has 75 questions, each worth 2 points. You may use your two page "cheat sheet". No electronics. Turn in your scantron and this question

More information

Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews (5 genera) Genus to know: Tupaia Diurnal frugivores or insectivores, live in forests in Southeastern Asia

Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews (5 genera) Genus to know: Tupaia Diurnal frugivores or insectivores, live in forests in Southeastern Asia Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews (5 genera) Genus to know: Tupaia Diurnal frugivores or insectivores, live in forests in Southeastern Asia Diagnosis: Looks like a squirrel with elongated snout, dilambodont

More information

Bio. Sci. 112 Dr. Gardner 2004

Bio. Sci. 112 Dr. Gardner 2004 The final exam is not comprehensive it will cover all the material since the second test. Finish Birds today and start mammals on Wed.. Scott will be back on Friday Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

More information

AMERICAN NATURALIST T H E THE ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALIA.'

AMERICAN NATURALIST T H E THE ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALIA.' T H E AMERICAN NATURALIST VOL. XXXII. May, 1898. No. 377. THE ORIGIN OF THE MAMMALIA.' HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. THE most important problems in vertebrate morphology at -the present time are the connections

More information

The Discovery of a Tritylodont from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region

The Discovery of a Tritylodont from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region The Discovery of a Tritylodont from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region Ailing Sun and Guihai Cui (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica) Vertebrata PalAsiatica Volume XXVII,

More information

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos Main Points 1) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Scandentia through Cetacea 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range

More information

Historical Geology Exam III

Historical Geology Exam III Historical Geology Exam III 1. What land animals joined fishes as marine predators during the Early Mesozoic? a) Dinosaurs b) Reptiles c) Amphibians d) Mammals 2. What are some of the organisms that became

More information

Mammals are an important group for understanding

Mammals are an important group for understanding Vol 450j13 December 2007jdoi:10.1038/nature06277 Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution Zhe-Xi Luo 1 Evolution of the earliest mammals shows successive episodes of diversification.

More information

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Modern Evolutionary Classification

Modern Evolutionary Classification. Lesson Overview. Lesson Overview Modern Evolutionary Classification Lesson Overview 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification THINK ABOUT IT Darwin s ideas about a tree of life suggested a new way to classify organisms not just based on similarities and differences, but

More information

Overall structure is similar to humans, but again there are differences. Some features that are unique to mammals: Found in eutherian mammals.

Overall structure is similar to humans, but again there are differences. Some features that are unique to mammals: Found in eutherian mammals. Mammalian anatomy and physiology (part II): Nervous system: Brain: Sensory input: Overall structure is similar to humans, but again there are differences. Some features that are unique to mammals: Smell:

More information

Vertebrate History and Evolution

Vertebrate History and Evolution Vertebrate History and Evolution Spring, 2003 Bio/Geol 405: Final Exam Name: Date: Time Begun: Time Ended: Write Your People Soft (Not Social Security) Number on the Scantron Card Lynn S. Fichter James

More information

Origin and Evolution of Birds. Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics

Origin and Evolution of Birds. Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics Origin and Evolution of Birds Read: Chapters 1-3 in Gill but limited review of systematics Review of Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Aves Characteristics: wings,

More information

Lesson 16. References: Chapter 9: Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 9:

Lesson 16. References: Chapter 9: Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 9: Lesson 16 Lesson Outline: Phylogeny of Skulls, and Feeding Mechanisms in Fish o Agnatha o Chondrichthyes o Osteichthyes (Teleosts) Phylogeny of Skulls and Feeding Mechanisms in Tetrapods o Temporal Fenestrations

More information

Primates. BIOL 111 Announcements. BIOL 111 Organismal Biology. Which statement is not TRUE regarding mammal evolution?

Primates. BIOL 111 Announcements. BIOL 111 Organismal Biology. Which statement is not TRUE regarding mammal evolution? BIOL 111 Announcements Final lab exam, Monday November 23, 6:30-7:30pm CORRECTION: Vertebrate hearts: amphibians + Flip-flop atria and ventricle(s) lungs body Clicker participation: 25 lectures + 2 (maybe

More information

Module # 1 Component # 7. Mammal Questions. FGASA Exam Prep Course. Copyright. Mammal Questions

Module # 1 Component # 7. Mammal Questions. FGASA Exam Prep Course. Copyright. Mammal Questions 1 Module # 1 Component # 7 2 Introduction to Mammals QUESTION 1 Which species has the more varied diet (Aardvark or Pangolin)? QUESTION 2 For how many years have mammals been the dominant animal life forms.

More information

Supporting Online Material

Supporting Online Material Supporting Online Material Supporting Text: Rapprochement in dating the early branching of modern mammals It is important to distinguish the meaning of nodes in the tree (Fig. S1): successive branching

More information

Isabella Brooklyn Illustrated by Haude Levesque

Isabella Brooklyn Illustrated by Haude Levesque Isabella Brooklyn Illustrated by Haude Levesque A Charlesbridge Imprint Text copyright 2010 by Sudipta Bardham Quallen Illustrations copyright 2010 by Haude Levesque All rights reserved, including the

More information

The Primitive Cynodont Procynosuchus: Functional Anatomy of the Skull and Relationships

The Primitive Cynodont Procynosuchus: Functional Anatomy of the Skull and Relationships The Primitive Cynodont Procynosuchus: Functional Anatomy of the Skull and Relationships T. S. Kemp Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 285, No.

More information

Burgess Shale ~530 Ma. Eukaryotic Organisms. Pikaia gracilens. Chordates. first chordate? Vertebrates

Burgess Shale ~530 Ma. Eukaryotic Organisms. Pikaia gracilens. Chordates. first chordate? Vertebrates Eukaryotic Organisms Burgess Shale ~530 Ma evolved ~1.7 bya have nucleus and internal chambers called organelles w/ specific functions unicellular, colonial or multicellular Introduction of Sexual Reproduction!

More information

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos

Main Points. 2) The Great American Interchange -- dispersal versus vicariance -- example: recent range expansion of nine-banded armadillos Main Points 1) Diversity, Phylogeny, and Systematics -- Infraclass Metatheria continued -- Orders Diprotodontia and Peramelina -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Orders Lagomorpha through Cetacea 2) The Great American

More information

UNIT III A. Descent with Modification(Ch19) B. Phylogeny (Ch20) C. Evolution of Populations (Ch21) D. Origin of Species or Speciation (Ch22)

UNIT III A. Descent with Modification(Ch19) B. Phylogeny (Ch20) C. Evolution of Populations (Ch21) D. Origin of Species or Speciation (Ch22) UNIT III A. Descent with Modification(Ch9) B. Phylogeny (Ch2) C. Evolution of Populations (Ch2) D. Origin of Species or Speciation (Ch22) Classification in broad term simply means putting things in classes

More information

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY. science of classification and naming of organisms

TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY. science of classification and naming of organisms TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY Taxonomy - science of classification and naming of organisms Taxonomic Level Kingdom Phylum subphylum Class subclass superorder Order Family Genus Species Example Animalae Chordata

More information

Evolution of Biodiversity

Evolution of Biodiversity Long term patterns Evolution of Biodiversity Chapter 7 Changes in biodiversity caused by originations and extinctions of taxa over geologic time Analyses of diversity in the fossil record requires procedures

More information

Lab 2 Skeletons and Locomotion

Lab 2 Skeletons and Locomotion Lab 2 Skeletons and Locomotion Objectives The objectives of this and next week's labs are to introduce you to the comparative skeletal anatomy of vertebrates. As you examine the skeleton of each lineage,

More information

Characteristics Of Animals

Characteristics Of Animals Characteristics Of Animals 1 / 6 2 / 6 3 / 6 Characteristics Of Animals Reptiles are cold blooded animals and are ectodermic vertebrates. They have the capacity to regulate their body temperature according

More information

Lab exercise 9: Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals General Zoology Laborarory. Matt Nelson

Lab exercise 9: Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals General Zoology Laborarory. Matt Nelson Lab exercise 9: Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals General Zoology Laborarory. Matt Nelson clade Amniota This taxon represents a monophyletic group including the mammals, reptiles, birds, and their extinct relatives.

More information

Review of the monotreme fossil record and comparison of palaeontological and molecular data

Review of the monotreme fossil record and comparison of palaeontological and molecular data Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 136 (2003) 927 942 Review Review of the monotreme fossil record and comparison of palaeontological and molecular data A.M. Musser* School of Biological Science,

More information

DIMETRODON INTRODUCTION. (di-meh-tro-don) Two Measures of Teeth CLASSIFICATION FOSSIL LOCATION WEIGHT SIZE LIFESPAN DIET TIME PERIOD

DIMETRODON INTRODUCTION. (di-meh-tro-don) Two Measures of Teeth CLASSIFICATION FOSSIL LOCATION WEIGHT SIZE LIFESPAN DIET TIME PERIOD DIMETRODON (di-meh-tro-don) Two Measures of Teeth FOSSIL LOCATION Eastern Europe (Russia); North America (Oklahoma, Texas) SIZE Length 2.5-3 m (8-10 ft) Height 1 m (3.2 ft) DIET Carnivore CLASSIFICATION

More information

Monotremes (Prototheria)

Monotremes (Prototheria) Monotremes (Prototheria) Mark S. Springer a, * and Carey W. Krajewski b a Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; b Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University,

More information

Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 11 (March 19, 2010), Insights from the Fossil Record and Evo-Devo

Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 11 (March 19, 2010), Insights from the Fossil Record and Evo-Devo Biology 1B Evolution Lecture 11 (March 19, 2010), Insights from the Fossil Record and Evo-Devo Extinction Important points on extinction rates: Background rate of extinctions per million species per year:

More information

ANTHR 1L Biological Anthropology Lab

ANTHR 1L Biological Anthropology Lab ANTHR 1L Biological Anthropology Lab Name: DEFINING THE ORDER PRIMATES Humans belong to the zoological Order Primates, which is one of the 18 Orders of the Class Mammalia. Today we will review some of

More information

Class Reptilia. Lecture 19: Animal Classification. Adaptations for life on land

Class Reptilia. Lecture 19: Animal Classification. Adaptations for life on land Lecture 19: Animal Classification Class Reptilia Adaptations for life on land بيض جنيني egg. Amniotic Water-tight scales. One occipital condyle one point of attachement of the skull with the vertebral

More information

VERTEBRATE READING. Fishes

VERTEBRATE READING. Fishes VERTEBRATE READING Fishes The first vertebrates to become a widespread, predominant life form on earth were fishes. Prior to this, only invertebrates, such as mollusks, worms and squid-like animals, would

More information

REPTILES. Scientific Classification of Reptiles To creep. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia

REPTILES. Scientific Classification of Reptiles To creep. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia Scientific Classification of Reptiles To creep Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Reptilia REPTILES tetrapods - 4 legs adapted for land, hip/girdle Amniotes - animals whose

More information

1. Hair 2. Mammary glands produce milk 3. Specialized teeth 4. 3 inner ear bones 5. Endothermic 6. Diaphragm 7. Sweat, oil and scent glands 8.

1. Hair 2. Mammary glands produce milk 3. Specialized teeth 4. 3 inner ear bones 5. Endothermic 6. Diaphragm 7. Sweat, oil and scent glands 8. Class Mammalia The Mammals Key Characteristics of Mammals 1. Hair 2. Mammary glands produce milk 3. Specialized teeth 4. 3 inner ear bones 5. Endothermic 6. Diaphragm 7. Sweat, oil and scent glands 8.

More information

Biology Slide 1 of 50

Biology Slide 1 of 50 Biology 1 of 50 2 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What are the characteristics of reptiles? 3 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What Is a Reptile? A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial

More information

A phylogeny of amniotes Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg. Reptiles

A phylogeny of amniotes Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg. Reptiles Mammals A phylogeny of amniotes Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the amniotic egg Parareptiles Turtles Crocodilians Pterosaurs Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs

More information

Mesozoic Geology. Beginning of the Modern World

Mesozoic Geology. Beginning of the Modern World Mesozoic Geology Beginning of the Modern World Mesozoic 248-65 Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Era Period Age (Myrs) Epoch C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c

More information

GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Smithsonian Assignment I: Life on Land before the Dinosaurs, and the Dinosaurs Themselves!

GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Smithsonian Assignment I: Life on Land before the Dinosaurs, and the Dinosaurs Themselves! GEOL 104 Dinosaurs: A Natural History Smithsonian Assignment I: Life on Land before the Dinosaurs, and the Dinosaurs Themselves! DUE: October 27 Every man is a valuable member of society who by his observations,

More information

Non-Dinosaurians of the Mesozoic

Non-Dinosaurians of the Mesozoic Non-Dinosaurians of the Mesozoic Calling the Mesozoic the Age of Dinosaurs is actually not quite correct Not all reptiles of the Mesozoic were dinosaurs. Many reptiles (and other amniotes) have returned

More information

What is the body structure of a sponge? Do they have specialized cells? Describe the process of reproduction in sponges.

What is the body structure of a sponge? Do they have specialized cells? Describe the process of reproduction in sponges. 11.2 Sponges and Cnidarians What are the main characteristics of Sponges? Where are sponges found? What is the body structure of a sponge? Do they have specialized cells? Do sponges have separate sexes?

More information

A history of life on earth Chapter 5

A history of life on earth Chapter 5 A history of life on earth Chapter 5 Important patterns in the history of life Climates and land masses have changed over time Taxonomic composition has changed There are periods of mass extinction High

More information