Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins. Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes
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1 Chapter 2 Mammalian Origins Fig. 2-2 Temporal Openings in the Amniotes 1
2 Synapsida 1. monophyletic group 2. Single temporal opening below postorbital and squamosal 3. Dominant terrestrial vertebrate group Pennsylvanian-early Triassic; Cenozoic Major groups of Synapsids Mammals THERAPSIDS Pelycosaurs Order Pelycosauria 1. paraphyletic group 2. reptile-like skull, lower jaw, dentition, posture (Figs. 3-5) 3. some with sail-like fin 4. lower Pennsylvanian-upper Permian 5. dominant terrestrial vertebrate in the Pennsylvanian to middle Permian 2
3 Dimetrodon Ophiacodon, a pelycosaur with no fin Order Therapsida 1. middle Permian late Jurassic 2. Paraphyletic 3. Dominant late Permian to the early Triassic 4. Suborder Cynodontia A. Advanced therapsids a. Thrinaxodon, b. Eucynodonts (e.g. Probaignognathus) c. are ancestral to mammals Contrast between pelcosaurs and therapsids 1. Temporal opening 2. Sagittal crest and zygomatic arches 3. Upper canines 4. Posture 3
4 Development of Mammalian Characteristics 1. Masseteric fossa on dentary. 2. Zygomatic arches flare laterally 3. Masseter and temporal muscles 4. Partial secondary palate 5. Two occipital condyles Fig 2-4: Dimetrodon (A), a pelycosaur and Cynognathus (B), a therapsid. n = internal nares) Fig 3-5B: Thrinaxodon, a therapsid with some very mammalian features Fig. 2-3Therapsid to Mammal 4
5 Development of mammalian characteristics 4 1. Increase in size of dentary at expense of other jaw bones [Fig. 2-8] 2. dentary-squamosal jaw articulation Evolution of Mammalian Characteristics A. Reptiles and primitive synapsids have an articular-quadrate jaw articulation. B. Some cynodonts and primitive mammals have double articulation C. Mammals have a dentary squamosal jaw articulation.. D. Advantages of the change in articulation 5
6 Evolution of middle ear [Fig. 2.8] 1. stapes present in most tetrapods 2. quadrate becomes incus 3. articular becomes malleus 4. angular becomes tympanic 5. FIGURE 2-9: Stages in the development of the lower jaw and ear region in a young opossum Other Transformations in Therapsids 1. More complex cusps on molars 2. Secondary palate 3. Parasagittal movement of limbs 4. Endothermy A. Hair, nasal turbinals, bone histology Stem mammals 1. Originated 210 Ma in Late Triassic 2. Small size 3. Large brain 4. Mainly nocturnal, arboreal, insectivores 5. Heterodont, double-rooted diphyodont, precise occlusion. 6
7 Fig 3-12 Mesozoic Mammalian Radiations 1. Almost all Mesozoic mammaliaform clades are relatively short-lived 2. Sinoconodontidae & Morganucodontidae A. Mainly dentary squamosal jaw articulation (Fig. 3-6) 3. Repenomamus A. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/repenomamus 4. Castorocauda lutrasimilis A. carnegiemnh.org/news/06-janmar/022306caud.htm Classification of Mammals Table 2-3 Mammaliaformes 1. Order Morganucodonta 2. Order Docodonta 3. Order Haramiyoidea 4. Class Mammalia A. Subclass Prototheria a. Order Monotremata B. Subclass Theria a. Infraclass Allotheria Order Multituberculata b. Infraclass Metatheria - 7 orders c. Infraclass Eutheria - 18 orders Multituberculata (Fig. 2-16) 1. late Jurassic to early Oligocene: 120 million years 2. Most are mouse size 3. Includes the one of the largest Mesozoic mammals (cat size) 4. First mammalian herbivores 7
8 Competitive replacement of rodent ecomorphs Rodents: Paleocene to present Multituberculates coexisted with placental mammals for over 70 million years. Tritylodont therapsid: (Triassic-Jurassic) Tribosphenic Teeth (Fig. 2-17, 3-21, 3-22) 1. First appeared in ancestors of placentals and marsupials in early Cretaceous 2. Eomaia, (early Cretaceous, 125 Ma), the first placental mammal Cenozoic Mammalian Radiation 1. Insects radiate with flowering plants in Cretaceous 2. Shortly before dinosaurs go extinct, placental mammals start to increase in diversity, followed by a rapid diversification in the Paleocene. 3. Bolide Impact and the end Cretaceous extinction 8
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