Exceptional fossil preservation demonstrates a new mode of axial skeleton elongation in early ray-finned fishes

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1 Supplementary Information Exceptional fossil preservation demonstrates a new mode of axial skeleton elongation in early ray-finned fishes Erin E. Maxwell, Heinz Furrer, Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra Supplementary Figure S1. Horizontal septum and flanking multilayer in Saurichthys curionii. Anteriormost preserved abdominal myosepta of PIMUZ T 5806; anterior is to the right 1

2 Supplementary Note 1. List of morphological characters coded for phylogenetic analysis. Cranial 1. Skull fineness (ordered): ratio of the length of the antorbital segment to the height of the maxilla + preoperculum in lateral view 0-0-1; 1-2-9; 2- greater than Supraorbital bone: 0-present; 1-absent (modified from 32 ) 3. Orbits: 0-opening dorsally, such that the interorbital distance is approximately half as wide as the width of the skull roof immediately posterior to the orbits; 1-interorbital constriction of frontals minimal 4. Parietals: 0-paired; 1-fused (modified from 32 ) 5. Posterior margin of dermopterotic: 0- U-shaped; 1- V-shaped 6. Posterior margin of dermopterotic: 0- distance between posterior projections less than anterior-posterior length along midline; 1- distance between posterior projections greater than anterior- posterior length along midline 7. Post-temporal bone: 0-present; 1-absent Ratio of the length of the postorbital segment to maximum height of postorbital segment, measured between the dorsal margin of the preoperculum and the ventral margin of maxilla (ordered): 0-1.2; ; 2-2=2 10. Robust marginal dentition: 0- subnarial; 1- beginning anterior to external nares 11. Maxilla: 0- bearing robust marginal dentition; 1- maxilla edentulous or only bearing denticles 12. Preopercle: 0- with anterolateral exposure greater than 1/3 height of maxilla; 1- reduced 13. Operculum: 0-higher than long; 1-longer than high 14. Operculum: 0-straight anterior margin; 1-anterior edge angular 15. Operculum: 0-posterior margin angular, giving the element a triangular outline; 1- posterior margin rounded, giving the element a D-shaped outline 16. Angular: 0- excluded from lateral view posterior to the orbital margin; 1- visible in lateral view ventral to the orbit 17. Mandibular rami: lateral shelf reducing space between rami 0- present; 1- absent 18. Length of mandibular symphysis as a proportion of total mandibular length (ordered): 0-0.2; Jaws: with crypts for opposing tooth 0- present; 1- absent Vertebral Column 20. Neural spines: 0- rectangular and flattened in cross-section; 1- thin and rounded in crosssection 21. Prezygapophyses anterior to the median fins: 0- absent, 1- present and elongate (modified from 32 ) 22. Neural arches + spines immediately posterior to the skull: 0- approximately half the height of neural arches and spines between the pelvic and anal fins; 1- little change in the height of neural spines along the length of the column. 23. Anterior abdominal neural arches: 0- neural spine present; 1- box-like 24. Neural spines in region of the abdominal-caudal transition: 0- approximately twice the height of the neural arches; 1- much shorter 25. Interdorsals: 0- resembling neural arches; 1- small, poorly ossified 26. Interventrals: 0- resembling haemal arches; 1- significantly distinct from haemal arches 2

3 27. Haemal arches anterior and dorsal to anal fin: 0- box-like; 1- bearing elongate haemal spines; 2- unossified 28. Haemal arches posterior to anal fin but anterior to caudal fin: 0-box-like; 1- bearing short haemal spines; 2- unossified 29. Abdominal-caudal osteological transition: 0- corresponding to location of pelvic fins, 1- anterior to pelvic fins. Dorsal and anal fins 30. Fringing fulcra: 0- present; 1- absent Segmentation of the lepidotrichia in the dorsal and anal fins (ordered): segments; segments; 2- unsegmented. 32. Number of dorsal axonosts (ordered): 0-15; ; Dorsal fin axonosts: 0- located mostly anterior to fin position; 1- ventral to fin position 34. First dorsal axonost: 0- massively expanded; 1- not differentiated from succeeding axonosts. 35. Anal fin, anterior axonosts: 0- almost half the length of the fin; 1- short relative to the fin. Caudal Fin 36. Segmentation of the lepidotrichia in the caudal fin (ordered): 0-10; 1-2-6; 2- unsegmented 37. Caudal radials: 0- clearly differentiated; 1- reduced or absent 38. Caudal fin: 0- clearly bifurcated (v-shaped); 1- essentially triangular 39. Caudal fin: 0- body axis extending into dorsal lobe of fin; 1- body axis straight Paired fins 40. Cleithrum: 0- with posterior process straight; 1- with posterior process descending; 2- with flat posterior margin 41. Cleithrum: 0- with dorsal process curving anteriorly; 1- with dorsal process straight or posteriorly inclined 42. Pelvic fins: 0-located closer to the anal fin than half the length of the tail stock, 1- located further anteriorly than half length of tail stock 43. Pelvic fin: 0- well-ossified radials present; 1- absent 44. Segmentation of the lepidotrichia in the pelvic fin: 0- present; 1- absent Squamation 45. Squamation (ordered): 0- complete, 1- six rows; 2- four rows; 3- three rows; 4- two rows; 5-0 rows. Coded such that only one side of the fish is taken into account (modified from 32 ) 46. Mid-dorsal and mid-ventral scales, abdominal region (ordered): 0- laterally broad; 1- elongate, but still relatively wide; 2- needle-like 47. Mid-dorsal scales anterior to median fins: 0- tubercular ornamentation on mid dorsal scales present; 1- absent. 48. Approximate relationship between the abdominal scales of the lateral row the dorsal scales of the medial row: 0-1:1 1-1:2 or more 49. Mid-lateral scales anterior to median fins: 0- tubercular ornamentation present; 1- absent 3

4 50. Mid-lateral scales, abdominal region (ordered): 0- dorsoventrally high and rectangular; 1- dorsoventrally high and tapering; 2- rib-like; 3- taller than long, but very reduced in height; 4- small and rounded. 51. Ventrolateral scales: 0- dorsoventrally higher than mid-lateral scales; 1-reduced. If both lateral scale rows are absent anterior to the median fins, this character is coded as unknown. 52. Anal loop scales: 0- not significantly differentiated from the ventral scale row; 1- at least one highly modified scale present 53. Tail stock: 0- reinforced by highly modified scutes; 1- no sudden divergence from the caudal squamation immediately posterior to the dorsal fin 4

5 Supplementary Note 2. Character matrix used in phylogenetic analysis. #NEXUS Begin data; dimensions ntax=17 nchar=52; format missing=? symbols= 0~5 ; MATRIX Australosomus 0110??000000?01??? ?1 Birgeria ???????? S._paucitrichus 20??1?1111?001??? ? ?0 S._costasquamosus ? ? S._krambergi 1?????? ??001000??22? ?14110 S._striolatus 201????1?1?1011??1?0?11??22?12????2111??111321?14110 S._dawaziensis 10???? ??001? ?0? ? S._curionii ? S._macrocephalus ?? ?01111? Si._longipectoralis?1?00000?110111?1001? Si._longimedialis ??101?? ?01210? Si._minuta ?1???????10? ? Saurorhynchus_brevirostris ? ?? ? ?????0 S._madagascariensis??001001?110000???01??0000??001?11????????? ?? S._ornatus? ???01??0000??0?????????0?? ? S._orientalis????????11?010????01?????????1????????0???? ? S._calcaratus?0????01?11101???????????00?12?00121?1011?1311??41?0 ; end; ctype ord: ; begin trees; tree tnt_1 = [&U] (1,(2,(16,((((3,4),(9,(8,(13,(5,(6,17)))))),(10,(11,12))),(14,(7,15)))))); end; 5

ONLINE APPENDIX 1. Morphological phylogenetic characters scored in this paper. See Poe (2004) for

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