The Early Triassic of Svalbard - a new look at old bones. Prof. Jørn H. Hurum Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
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1 The Early Triassic of Svalbard - a new look at old bones Prof. Jørn H. Hurum Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
2 Spitsbergen Jurassic Research group, first focus on unknown Upper Jurassic faunas 2004-first dig 2006-mapping 2007-first monster dig 2008-second monster (Predator X) nearly complete plesiosaur and ichthyosaur 2010-two ichthyosaurs one plesiosaur 2011-six skeletons excavated 2012-last excavation in the Jurassic, six skeletons
3 Background: the Jurassic project, fieldwork Photo: Lene Liebe
4 Cryopterygius kristiansenae
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7 By the end of the 8 th field season we have collected partial and one complete ichthyosaur 24 partial and four almost complete plesiosaurs 2 fragmented pliosaurs = at least 10 new species!!! Stratigraphy, microfossils, invertebrates, methane seeps, oil...
8 65 Ma Diversity and temporal distribution 140 Ma 205 Ma Lagerstätte Lagerstätte? Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte? Lagerstätte Lagerstätte New plesiosaur taxa: Djupedalia engeri Spitrasaurus wensaasi Spitrasaurus larseni Pliosaurus funkei New ichthyosaur taxa: Cryopterygius kristiansenae Palvennia hoybergeti Janusaurus lundi Keilhauia nui New referral: Colymbosaurus svalbardensis Lagerstätte 250 Ma
9 : the best locality in the World! -icthyosaurs -plesiosaurs
10 Delsett et al. 2016
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12 Death and survival in the Early Triassic Svalbard revisited NHM: Jørn H. Hurum, Hans Arne Nakrem, Øyvind Hammer, Bitten Bolvig Hansen, Aubrey J. Roberts, Inghild Halvorsen Økland, Christina Prokriefke Ekeheien, Janne Bratvold, Ole Frederik Roaldset, Lene Delsett, NTNU: Atle Mørk, Victoria Engelschiøn Nash University of Alaska, Fairbanks: Patrick Druckenmiller University of Bonn: Martin Sander, Tanja Wintrich University of Basel: Achim Reisdorf
13 NOW: adding the Triassic to the largest and longest lasting research excavations in the Arctic ever! 2004-first dig 2006-mapping 2007-first monster dig 2008-second monster (Predator X) nearly complete plesiosaur and ichthyosaur 2010-two ichthyosaurs one plesiosaur 2011-six skeletons excavated 2012-last excavation in the Jurassic, six skeletons Triassic mapping of marine reptiles Triassic excavations, large ichthyopterygian, bonebed Triassic excavations, Grippia bonebed
14 Revisited!
15 Wiman 1910
16 96% anyone?? «the great terminal Permian extinction eliminated only about 81% of marine species, not the frequently quoted 90 96%»... Stanley, S.M. 2016: Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history. PNAS (42) E6325-E6334;
17 Atmospheric Carbon Injection Linked to End-Triassic Mass Extinction Micha Ruhl, Nina R. Bonis, Gert-Jan Reichart, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, and Wolfram M. Kürschner Science 22 July 2011: 333 (6041), [DOI: /science ]
18 Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo1475
19 Phylogenetic tree of ichthyosaurs plotted against geological time. Thorne P M et al. PNAS 2011;108: by National Academy of Sciences
20 Spitsbergen Mesozoic Research Group multidisiplinary studies of the Jurassic and Triassic deposits of Svalbard combining sedimentology, biostratigraphy, isotopestratigraphy, micropaleontology, invertebrate paleontology, geochemistry and vertebrate paleontology 4 main researchers (3 NHM,1 USA) 3 PhDs finished, 3 more PhDs under way 12 masters finished (all women), first male 2017 About 12 associated researchers from USA, Germany, Poland, England and Norway Svalbard Museum, NTNU and UNiS involved about 35 peer-reviewed internationally published scientific papers
21 The best studied recovery: China
22 253 ma. Pre-extinction marine benthic ecosystem in the latest Permian; low abundance, high diversity and dominated by brachiopods, corals, crinoids and fusulinid foraminifers. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo1475
23 Microbe-dominated ecosystem immediately after the EPME 251,5 ma; primary producers dominate. 241,5 m.a. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo ,9 m.a.
24 Opportunist-dominated ecosystem ma (Induan); high abundance, low diversity and dominated by disaster taxa (for example, the bivalve Claraia). 241,5 m.a. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo ,9 m.a.
25 Tracemaker-dominated ecosystem in Spathian (late Olenekian) ma, indicating recovery of tracemakers. 243 millioner år siden Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo ,9 m.a.
26 Mid Anisian (Middle Triassic) 243ma, benthic ecosystem; low abundance, high diversity and dominated by brachiopods and crinoids. 241,5 m.a. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo ,9 m.a.
27 Mid late Anisian, 242ma, ecosystem; dominated by marine fishes and reptiles, marking the rebuilding of top-predator trophic structure 241,5 m.a. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo ,9 m.a.
28 How well does this compare to Svalbard? Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo1475
29 Three summers in Flowerdalen
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32 four Upper saurian niveau ca 235 m.a. layers with bones! Lower saurian niveau 247 m.a. Grippia niveau?248 m.a. Fish niveau?249 m.a. Vigran et al Extinction 251,9 m.a.
33 Venomdalen mb. Kapp Starostin fm Vindodden Fish layer Grippia bonebed Lower saurian niveau Upper saurian Botneheia fm.
34 Grippia bonebed
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38 Teeth of Hybodus sasseniensis Stensiö, 1918 Bratvold et al. to be submitted soon...
39 Teeth of Polyacrodus sp. Jaekel, 1889 Bratvold et al. to be submitted soon...
40 Teeth of Hybodus rapax Stensiö, 1921 Bratvold et al. to be submitted soon...
41 antall slekter C. Romano, M. B. Koot, I. Kogan, A. Brayard, A. V. Minikh, W. Brinkmann, H. Bucher, J. Kriwet, Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes). Diversity dynamics and body size evolution. Biological Reviews, November xx, S doi: /brv
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45 Omphalosaurus Ekeheien et al. to be submitted soon...
46 ?
47 ???
48 Lower saurian niveau -oldest large ichthyosaurs in the World
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50 Upper saurian: Phalarodon + Mixosaurus Wiman 1910
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55 Økland et al. to be submitted soon...
56 Økland et al. to be submitted soon...
57 Økland et al. to be submitted soon...
58 Oil in Botneheia fm.
59 Preliminary results
60 How well does China compare to Svalbard? China: at about 243 m.a. Svalbard: earlier than 247 m.a. Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo1475
61 Fish niveau Grippia niveau Upper saurian niveau Michael J. Benton, Qiyue Zhang, Shixue Hu, Zhong-Qiang Chen, Wen Wen, Jun Liu, Jinyuan Huang, Changyong Z... Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 125, 2013, Lower saurian niveau
62 Research multidisiplinary studies of the Jurassic and Triassic deposits of Svalbard combining sedimentology, biostratigraphy, isotopestratigraphy, micropaleontology, invertebrate paleontology, geochemistry and vertebrate paleontology 4 main researchers (3 NHM,1 USA) 3 PhDs, 2 more PhDs under way 13 masters finished (12 women, one male) About 12 associated researchers from USA, Germany, Poland, England and Norway Svalbard Museum, NTNU and UNiS involved more than 35 peer-reviewed internationally published scientific papers
63 Collections of fossils The largest Mesozoic fossil collection from Svalbard in the World: 60 skeletons of marine reptiles from the Late Jurassic about 20 skeletons of marine reptiles from the Middle Triassic approx. ten thousand disarticulated bones and teeth from bonebeds in the Early Triassic thousands of invertebrate fossils, microfossils and rock samples a unique research collection for the future a revitalization for old polar fossil collections at the Natural History museum in Oslo
64 Take home messages - Triassic Previous work on Triassic marine reptiles from Svalbard demonstrates that they are crucial in understanding the evolution of the marine reptiles globally. no major field-based research program has been conducted on Triassic marine reptiles in Svalbard for a century. we will within a few years contribute largely to the understanding of the recovery of the marine biota after the (still) biggest extinction of them all the Permian-Triassic extinction. the evolution of large marine reptiles were much earlier north of Pangea compared to equatorial areas (China)
65 Spitsbergen Mesozoic Research Group thank our sponsors and supporters ! Norwegian Polar Institute, Norwegian Ministry of Education, Norwegian Research Foundation, Brian Snyder, Precitech; equipment from Bautas and Helsport Volunteers : T. Wensaas, Ø. Enger, S. Larsen, L. Kristiansen, M. Høyberget, B. Funke and M-L.Funke
66 Thank you for li
67 predatory fishes and reptiles (P 2 predatory invertebrates (P 1 ), such as gastropods reef-building meso-consumers (Rb meso-consumers (MC 2 ), such as benthos meso-consumers (MC 1 ), such as endo-faunal trace-markers primary consumers (PC), such as foraminifers primary producers (PP), mainly microbes Zhong-Qiang Chen & Michael J. Benton 2012: The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-permian mass extinction. Nature Geoscience 5, (2012) doi: /ngeo1475
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