Mesozoic Geology. Beginning of the Modern World

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1 Mesozoic Geology Beginning of the Modern World

2 Mesozoic Myr P r e c a m b r i a n Eon P h a n e r o z o i c Proterozoic Archean Hadean Era Period Age (Myrs) Epoch C e n o z o i c M e s o z o i c P a l e o z o i c Geologic Time Scale Tertiary Quaternary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordivician Cambrian Neogene Paleocene Age of the Earth 4600 Myrs (4.6 Byrs) Source: Geological Society of America (1999) Holocene Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene

3 Highlights of Mesozoic Geology 1. Pangea was breaking up to form the modern continents 2. East Coast of NA rifted to become a passive margin, while the West Coast became active 3. Sea level went from a Phanerozoic low in the Triassic to a Phanerozoic high in the Cretaceaous 4. Dominated by warm climate (no ice ages)

4 Mostly Oceanic Deposits Mostly Orogenic Rocks Mostly Rift Rocks Mesozoic Rock

5 The Breakup of Pangea 1. Rifting of Laurasia and Gondwana to expand the Tethys Sea 2. Rifting of Gondwana to form Indian Ocean 3. Rifting of South America & Africa forming southern Atlantic 4. Rifting of North America and Europe to form North Atlantic 5. Rifting of Australia & Antarctica

6 Beginning of the Triassic

7 Late Triassic

8 1 Jurassic

9 Early Cretaceous 2

10 Middle Cretaceous 3 4

11 Late Cretaceous 5

12 What s Happening in the West? Orogenies

13

14

15 Mesozoic Batholiths

16

17 Convergent Boundary: Subduction Melting Produces More Felsic Magma Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crust

18 West Coast

19 Divergent Boundary Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust

20 Terrane Accretion & the Growth of North America

21

22 The Aleutian Island Chain

23 As Plates Move - Islands Accrete to Form Larger Islands

24 High Mesozoic Seas Low Transgression Regression

25 Sedimentary Sequences of NA Blue = No deposition

26 Cretaceous Seaway

27

28 Mesozoic Climate - Hot Times Triassic: Arid and Warm Why? Largely continental Cretaceous: Warm and Wet Why? Break up of Pangaea and rising seas means more ocean and less continental

29 Evidence - Triassic/Jurassic Fossils Dunes Redbeds Evaporites

30 Evidence - Cretaceous Arctic Dinosaurs Arctic leaves Arctic Coal

31 What Led to Cretaceous Climate? 1. High Sea Level Holds more solar energy, moderate temperatures, change latitudinal exchange of heat 2. Increased Carbon Dioxide - Greenhouse Effect; possibly 10X present concentration Increased Sea Floor Spreading Superplumes?

32

33 Superplumes & Large Igneous Provinces (LIPS) Several Oceanic Plateaus formed around 125 Myrs

34 Mesozoic Extinctions

35 Mesozoic Extinctions When (End of ) Species Loss** Major Loses to Triassic 80 ± 4% Most synapsids Cretaceous 76 ± 5% Dinosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonites Triassic Extinction led to Dominance of Dinosaurs

36 Mesozoic Life Highlights Oceans repopulated with Modern Fauna Dominant land animals - Dinosaurs First Flowering Plants & Social Insects First Mammals First Birds Two Mass Extinctions (end-triassic and end-cretaceous)

37 Phytoplankton Erupt

38 Coccolithophores: calcareous phytoplankton (photosynthetic/autotrophs)

39 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs

40 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs

41 Foramifera: calcareous (CaCO 3 ) heterotrophs

42 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/autotrophs)

43 Diatoms: siliceous (SiO 2 ) phytoplankton (photosynthetic/au totrophs)

44 Radiolarians: siliceous (SiO 2 ) heterotrophs

45 Radiolarians

46 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Rugosa & Tabulata Corals Hexacorals

47 Reefs - Hexacorals

48 Reefs - Rudists

49 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Brachiopods Bivalves & Gastropods

50 Inoceramids

51 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Crinoids Echinoids (Sea Urchins)

52 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Trilobites Crustaceans

53 Life was Adapting to Major Marine Predators

54 Ammanoids - Parapuzosia

55 Bony Fish - Xiphactinus

56 Marine Reptiles

57 Placodonts

58 Plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus

59 Kronosaurus

60 Ichthyosaurus

61 Largest- 150 ft long! Mosasaurus

62 Marine Reptile Relations

63 Giant Sea Turtles

64 The Green Report Flower Power Add Color to the Earth

65 Angiosperms

66 First Flowers Cretaceous Flower Magnolia What are the advantages to being a flower?

67 Are there advantages to co-evolution? Flowers and Insects Cretaceous

68 Paleozoic vs. Mesozoic Large Amphibians Frogs and Salamanders Paracyclotosaurus

69 Triassic Frogs

70 Mesozoic Reptiles Crocodiles Pterosaurs Dinosaurs & Birds Synapsids (Mammals) Anapsids (Turtles) Marine Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Archosaurs Diapsids

71 The Amniotes Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles)

72 Anapsids & Diapsids (True Reptiles) Early Permian - Labidosaurus

73 Early Synapsids (Mammal-Like Reptiles)

74 Archosaurs: Early Diapsids

75 Big Dinosaur Questions Why were Dinosaurs so successful? What do we know about Dinosaur behavior? Where dinosaurs warm-blooded (endotherms) or cold-blooded (ectotherms)? Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? What caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?

76 Dinosaurs vs. Reptiles 1. Upright posture Legs beneath the body rather than to the side 2. Unique arrangement of ankle hinge (and other skeletal differences)

77 The 2 Major Lines of Dinosaurs

78

79 Russel Gooday & John Hughes Critters Gallery critters.pixel-shack.com

80 Ornithischia Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Stegosaurs 2. Hadrosaurs 3. Ankylosaurs 4. Pachycephalosaurs 5. Ceratopsids All Herbivores Less mobile, pubis facing backward, horny toothless beak, powerful grinding teeth, lattice of bony tendons reinforce the spine, largely four-legged, dominated Late Mesozoic.

81 Hadrosaurs - Duck-billed Dinosaurs Ouranosaurus

82 Hadrosaurs Parasauralophus

83

84 Hadrosaurs Maiasaurus

85 Laellynasaura

86 Stegosaurs Stegosaurus

87 Ankylosaurids - Natures Tanks Euoplocephalus

88 Ankylosaurids ankylosaurus

89 Pachycephalosaurs - Bone Heads Pachycephalosaurus

90 One of the last to evolve, became quite numerous. Like many dinosaurs became larger over time. Ceratopsids Horned Dinos Torosaurus

91 Triceratops Ceratopsids

92 Saurischia Reptile-Hipped Dinosaurs 1. Sauropods (Herbivores) 2. Theropods and Coelurosaurs (Carnosaurs) Aves (Birds) Herbivores and Carnivores Generally more mobile, pubis facing forward teeth on the rims of the jaws, two-legged and four-legged, dominated Early Mesozoic

93 Sauropods Seismosaurus X 20 Up to 90 feet long and 10 tons, lizardfeet (five toes like a reptile, nostrils sometimes on top, small brain (size of a kitten s), used gastroliths for digestion, herding animals

94 Barapasaurus Sauropods

95 apatosaurus Sauropods

96 Theropods Tyrannosaurus: up to 30 feet in length, several tons, size of a large elephant, Slow rambling gait?, large mouth for swallowing

97 Theropods Velociraptor

98 allosaurus Theropods

99 Small Theropods: coelurosaurs Compsognathus

100 How do we know about Dinosaur Behavior?

101 Dino Nests

102 Dinosaur Trackways

103 How do we know about Dinosaur Color and Soft Stuff?

104 Skin Imprints Triceratops

105 Feathers

106 Brain Casts & Gizzard Stones Emphasizes smell and senses, not planning gastroliths

107 Ceratosaurus Color?

108 Horner (2001) Dinosaurs under the Big Sky

109 Warm vs. Cold Blood (Endotherms vs. Ectotherms)

110 Predator/Prey Ratios What limits how many animals can exist on a patch of ground or seafloor?

111 Upright Posture & Fast Speeds

112 Problems - Food & Heat Loss & blood pressure

113 Fossilized dinosaur heart 4-chambered

114 Bone Structure

115 Bottom Line Some dinosaurs were endotherms (small theropods) and others were ectotherms (large sauropods)

116 Adapting to the Skies

117 First in Flight - Pennsylvanian Cretaceous dragonfly

118 Meganeura monyi (roughly to scale) The largest insect in history

119 Pterosaurs Winged Reptiles Pterosaurs Actually predated dinosaurs offshoot of archosaurs skin membrane for wings Criorhynchus

120 Therapsids (Mammals) Synapsids Anapsids (Turtles) Marine Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Crocodiles Pterosaurs Archosaurs Diapsids Dinosaurs & Birds

121 Pterodactyl Winged Fingers Pterosaurs Pteranodon

122 Pterosaurs: Pterodaustro

123 Third - First Birds (Aves); Jurassic Descended from Saurischians!!! Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight. These have their own identity and are not just randomly distributed. Some species have a crest of feathers on their heads. Although feathers are light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton, since many bones are hollow and contain air sacs. Color patterns serve as camouflage against predators evolved from the scales of reptiles

124 archaeopteryx

125 Share Characteristics with Theropods Deinonychus

126 ( Tail feather") is an early genus of peacock-sized theropod dinosaurs that lived in the early Cretaceous Period (about 127 million years ago). They were feathered and remarkably birdlike in their overall appearance Caudipteryx

127 Feathered Dinosaurs Dilong paradoxus Dilong paradoxus is one of the earliest (Early Cretaceous) and most primitive known tyrannosaurids and had a covering of simple feathers

128 Last Mammals (Cenozoic) Bats

129 Mesozoic Mammals Therapsids (Mammals) Synapsids Anapsids (Turtles) Marine Reptiles Lizards & Snakes Crocodiles Pterosaurs Archosaurs Diapsids Dinosaurs & Birds

130 The Amniotes Diapsids (Includes lizards, dinosaurs & birds)) Classified based on skull structure Synapsids (Includes mammals) Anapsids (Includes turtles)

131 Triassic - Lystrosaurus Shovel reptile (synapsid) Dominated the land in the Early Triassic: 90% of land animals

132 Mammals vs. Reptiles 1. Development of jaw and ear bones 2. Secondary palate 3. Teeth differentiate 4. Evidence for warm-blood

133 Mesozoic Mammal Teeth Develop complexity within a single mouth and between species, e.g. grazing and predation.

134 Cynodonts (Triassic) One of the first common mammal-like reptiles. Name means dog teeth Differentiated teeth, more upright, bulging braincase, BUT it laid eggs!

135 Small Insectivores First mammals

136 Mesozoic Mammals: Bigger than previously thought Repenomamus More with the Cenozoic

137 Endothermy (warm-blooded) Internally heated High metabolic rate Can hunt at night and in cold climates Have to eat/breathe constantly Ectothermy (cold-blooded) Externally heated Low metabolic rate Can t hunt at night or live in cold climates Eat (and breathe) when you can Requires some anatomical changes: bones, mouth, lungs Lots of implications for lifestyles

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