1.14 Infanticide by a male lion. Bad fathers in wild life
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1 1.14 Infanticide by a male lion Bad fathers in wild life
2 Proximate and Ultimate questions Finding phenomena Causal Question Hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Experiments
3 Proximate and Ultimate questions Good scientists make Good hypothesis -Testability -Simplicity -Scope -Fruitfulness -Conservatism
4 Causal question Causal question How to explain the infanticidal Hypothesis behaviors? 1. Cannibalism 2. Group selection (by Wynne-Edwards in 1962) 3. Quicker reproduction (by Sarah Hirdy)
5 Summary of Chapter-1 Evolution of Mating system: A Game Theory Males that want many females (Polygamous) Males with infanticidal mode (Bad father strategy) Females with promiscuity to protect babies Males that keep one female from other males (monogamous) Males with baby sitting behaviors (Good father emerging) Pampeupatal female? Adoption? Homosexuality? Burberry man?
6 Summary of Chapter-1 A Good father in KAIST
7 By proximate causes Genetic variation Behavioral variation By ultimate causes Natural selection
8 Summary of Chapter-1 Proximate cause : How question What mechanism trigger the behavior? (Genetic vs. Environmental) How the behavior is carried out? (Neural circuits) Problems regarding Input and output mechanism Ultimate cause : Why question Why did the animal evolve the mechanism for the behavior? What is the ultimate function or survival value of the behavior? Problems regarding Fitness and reproductive success
9 Chapter 2 Opener: Studies of bird song have relied heavily on male white-crowned sparrows Chapter 2 Understanding the Proximate An Ultimate Causes of bird song
10 Males sing a song to female Female pheromone from urine stimulate male vomeronasal organ USV Male pheromone in tears stimulate female vomeronasal organ
11 Short type syllable Strain X Strain Y Chevron type syllable
12 Chapter 2 Opener Why do males of the common yellowthroat sing similar but not identical versions of their species song? Proximate causes of Bird song Genetic vs. Environmental Social mechanism Developmental mechanism Physiological mechanism
13 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? Causal question Whistle trill Buzz W B T Try to make hypotheses
14 Video 2.1 White-crowned Sparrow Singing an Alaskan Dialect
15 Video 2.2 White-crowned Sparrow Singing a Washington Dialect
16 Video 2.3 Golden-crowned Sparrow Singing
17 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? Genetic vs. Environmental? Innate vs. Learning (social cause)?
18 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California Experiment based on learning hypothesis 10 ~50 days Marin male song 150 days Marin dialect Hand reared Male Marin Sparrow Bad singer Berkley male song Marin dialect
19 2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch Zebra finch Baby Adult
20 2.2 Hearing is critically important for song learning in the zebra finch
21 2.1 Song dialects in white-crowned sparrows from Marin, Berkeley, and Sunset Beach, California How they use different dialect? The cause was environmental and learning from father Another causal question raised When they learn the song? They can learn any song?
22 2.3 Song learning hypothesis based on laboratory experiments with white-crowned sparrows Developmental cause: A Critical period Hypotheses: 1) There may be a critical period 2) They can learn song any time song of another species Doesn t work (some genetic factor) Critical period
23 2.4 Social experience influences song development Song imitation (learning): tutor Student
24 2.6 Sonograms of contact calls of galahs and pink cockatoos reared under different conditions
25 I believe
26 2.5 Social effects on song learning An example of Song imitation (Lyrebird) Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing
27 2.5 Social effects on song learning The Starling learned Words from his family (Keiko izuka)
28 2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking each other
29 2.5 Social effects on song learning Talking with human
30 2.7 Changes in the song system of young male and female zebra finches A Genetic cause: Male vs. Female (ZZ vs. ZW) Male releases estrogen which cause development of song-related nuclei in the brain
31 2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Male Female Musician (Singer) Listener
32 2.12 Differences in the size of one nucleus of the song system Song vs. Language? Musician Non-musician Subtraction - = Language areas activated
33 2.8 The timing of gene activity in different components of the avian song control system in males Higher vocal center Neostratum Lateral magnocellular anterior nidopallium Robust nuclei of Acropallium Area X nxiits
34 2.9 Gene expression in a component of the zebra finch song system Expression of ZHENK genes in the RA region
35 2.9 Gene expression in a component of the zebra finch song system FoxP2 and song imitation
36 2.10 The song preferences of female starlings Sitting on a twig Singing : male > female Listening : Female < male
37 2.11 The song system of a typical songbird HVC: Song repertoire selection (varied size among individuals) lman: Song learning (Adult vs. Juvenile) RA: signal generation Male > Female Syrinx (sound control)
38 2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Role of HVC in song type selection A HVC neuron
39 2.13 Single cells and song learning in the swamp sparrow Gene-Environment interactions Behavioral Plasticity Environment (Physical, Seasonal, Social) Neural & Synaptic Plasticity (Physiological mechanism) Development of neural circuits Genome Gene expression
40 Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1) Independent evolution vs. common ancestor hypothesis 2) Reproductive benefit of song learning
41 2.15 The song of a vocal non-learner, the eastern phoebe Eastern phoebe -Small individual variance -Deaf males can sing a complete song
42 2.5 Social effects on song learning An example of song learning (Lyrebird) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Menurae Genus/name Menura novaehollandiae Many bird songs, Car, Camera, Sawing
43 Figure 2.16 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class Aves Orders - 23 Parrots Humming birds Song birds Chicken, Turkey Magpie Herons Pigeon, Dove
44 2.14 The phylogeny of song learning in birds Taxonomy Kingdom: Phylum : Class : Order : Animalia > Planta + Protista + Fungi + Monera Chordata (vertebrata+2), Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Echnoderma, Nemartoda, Platyhelminthes, Cniaria, Porifera Fishes (3 classes), Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves Rodentia, Primates, Chiroptera, Insectivora (moles, 두더쥐 ), Carnivora Family : Genus/Species: Carnidae (dogs), Felidae (Cats), Ursidae (Bears), Hyernidae, Mustelidae Flis catus (cats), Panthera leo (lion), Panthera tigris (tiger), Canis lupus familiaris (Dogs), Canis lupus (wolf) Homo sapiens
45 2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 1) Two hypotheses: 1)Independent evolution 2)A common ancestor How to prove?
46 2.16 The song control systems of parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine songbirds (Part 2) Brain location of song pathway markers Supporting the common ancestor hypothesis
47 Home work: Think about Ultimate causes of Song learning 1. Independent evolution vs. the common ancestor hypothesis 2. Reproductive benefits of song learning Learning song costs time, energy, etc Then why?
48 2.17 Does bird song repel territorial intruders? The species identity announcement hypothesis Removal Play back of song To protect territories from new comers
49 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect Come loser to the speaker! Females like the same dialect of the areas What does it mean?
50 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-1 Learners can go farther! since they can acquire a dialect effective in that habitat Non-learner from A Learner from A A B C Learning increase the fitness
51 2.19 Advantage of song learning to overcome sound interference Dense areas Open areas
52 2.19 Advantage of song learning to overcome sound interference
53 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-2 Why they try to learn neighbor s song? 1) The late acquisition hypothesis: Tutor is just changing from father to neighbors 2) The selective attrition hypothesis: They can memorize a number of dialect version song and matches the dialect of neighbors
54 2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 1) 1) The late acquisition hypothesis? 2) The selective attrition hypothesis?
55 2.20 Dialect selection by male white-crowned sparrows (Part 2) Two hypotheses 1) The late acquisition hypothesis 2) The selective attrition hypothesis
56 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of learning dialect-2 Males can compete each other without direct fighting Which one is more costeffective? Vs Males should be fine tuning their song even after settling on an initial version relatively in early in life
57 2.18 White-crowned sparrow females are attracted to the songs of male white-crowned sparrows The Benefits of bad words Wow, the weather is sick! 빵꾸똥구
58 2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 1) Type matching (aggressive) Repertoire matching (intermediate) Repertoire matching (intermediate)
59 2.21 Song type matching in the song sparrow (Part 2) Non-matching (back-off)
60 Figure 2.26 Song matching and communication of aggressive intent in the song sparrow
61 Figure 2.27 Evidence that male Cassin s finches direct their songs at females Female choice hypothesis Male song is FOR CALLING females?
62 Figure 2.28 Nutritional stress early in life has large effects brain development and song learning Stressed Stressed
63 Figure 2.29 Mean number of precopulatory displays given by female song sparrows in response to playback of the songs of males
64 Figure 2.30 Stress influences song structure in the zebra finch
65 2.5 Social effects on song learning Song and language Clothe Four corners Green
66 2.26 What causes differences among individuals? (Part 1)
67 2.26 Discussion -Different species of birds sing different songs, and even within a single species -Some birds learn their species song -Proximate causes focusing on how the mechanisms of behaviors are assembled during development -Ultimate causes of behavior on two level: 1) Evolutional history 2) Contribution to natural selection in the present
68 2.26 Discussion What is shared features between The bird song and human speech Proximate causes Ultimate causes - - -
69 2.7 Discussion questions What is the ultimate causes of speech ability in human? Good speech Good job Money Happy Good education Money Rich parents
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