Back to basics - Accommodating birds in the laboratory setting

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1 Back to basics - Accommodating birds in the laboratory setting Penny Hawkins Research Animals Department, RSPCA, UK Helping animals through welfare science

2 Aim: to provide practical information on refining husbandry and procedures

3 JWGR membership Scientific welfare organisations Scientists using animals Animal technologists Veterinarians Animal behaviour scientists Home Office Inspectors

4 JWGR reports Bird husbandry and procedures Administration of substances Telemetry procedures Housing for animals on telemetry studies GM mouse creation, management and care Dog husbandry and procedures Primate husbandry and procedures Welfare assessment Three Rs in vaccine batch potency testing

5 Basics about birds Over 9000 species - currently Extremely diverse range of adaptations for locomotion and feeding Most range over large, 3-D areas by flying, walking, running, swimming, diving; while foraging and migrating Can be very difficult to meet birds needs in the laboratory

6 Basics - senses Complex retina; excellent colour vision and acuity Many can see UV light Some can perceive magnetic fields Probably cannot hear ultrasound, some may hear infrasound Taste and smell at least similar to humans Nociceptors have been found all over the avian body

7 Basics - cognition Categorisation: pigeons Object permanence: parrots, domestic fowl Social learning: blue tits Tool use: thrushes, vultures Play: parrots, corvids

8 Good bird housing should: Identify behavioural requirements Simulate appropriate wild conditions Include compatible conspecifics (for social individuals) Allow space for exercise Provide good quality space Encourage foraging behaviour Promote good health

9 Species included in JWGR Seabirds Ducks and geese Birds of prey Domestic fowl Domestic turkey Quail Pigeon Psittacines Tits and chickadees Corvids Starlings Finches

10 Domestic fowl Animal behaviour and welfare literature Ecology and behaviour of Jungle fowl ground living, ample overhead cover usually one male, up to four females up to 75 % of time foraging much time preening, dustbathing chicks stay with hen for six to eight weeks

11 Fowl - flooring and foraging Solid floor with loose litter for foraging and dust bathing If scientific justification for cages, provide solid area with litter over at least a third of floor space Reduce feather pecking with objects such as string, turf or pecking blocks

12 Fowl - perching Highly motivated to perch Good for bone strength, foot and plumage condition At least 15 cm per bird, flat top 3 to 4 cm wide Ideally range of heights to allow expression of dominance behaviour

13

14 Fowl - nesting and cover Very highly motivated to lay in nest boxes Frustration and stereotypies if denied access At least one nest box each from 16 weeks old, with nesting materials Natural or artificial cover reduces stress

15 Fowl - group sizes Highly social, forms stable hierarchies in groups of 5 to 20 birds Prefer familiar birds to empty cage Male:female ratio around 1:5 Plenty of structured space to reduce aggression

16 Pigeons (Columba livia) Animal behaviour and welfare literature Ecology and behaviour of rock doves Nests and roosts on cliffs or gorges, in caves Pairs to large flocks Very territorial Mates in monogamous pairs Eats wide range of grains, fruits, invertebrates

17 Pigeons Sufficient area for flight - or access to flight rooms Adequate perching space, e.g. box perches located in blocks If cages must be used, try rabbit cages Solid floor with litter for foraging Mixed social groups - with adequate space and monitoring

18 Zebra finch Animal behaviour literature Ecology and behaviour of wild finches Highly social; live in flocks of up to several hundred Range over wide areas Roost in nests outside breeding season Breeding triggered by rains grass seeds Long term, monogamous pair bonds

19 Zebra finch Perches and swings - natural or dowelling Variety of levels to allow gradual descent Ground foraging and Panicum millet, fruit, insects Group housing Sufficient nest sites if breeding required

20 RSPCA housing and care sheets

21 European guidelines JWGR was basis for revised standards for birds in European convention These are Annex to current Directive Should be Annex to new Directive

22 Example - domestic fowl Body mass (g) Min enclosure size (m 2 ) Min area per bird (m 2 ) Min height (cm) Min feed trough (cm) Up to Over 200 to Over 300 to Over 600 to Over 1200 to Over 1800 to Over

23 Example - pigeon Group size Min enclosure Min height Min food Min perch size (m 2 ) (cm) trough (cm) (cm) Up to From 7 to Each additional bird Current UK Home Office guidance: m 2 in groups and m 2 singly, min height 35 cm. This is a cube with a side of 35 cm for a singly housed pigeon!

24 Reducing the conflict New thinking about birds, their capabilities and their needs Forget poor husbandry in farmed and companion situations Go back to the basics and put the birds s requirements first Good welfare = good science

25 Thank you for listening!

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