2.Human History. 10,000 years ago Hunting & Gathering. 5,000Years Ago Nomads and Farming. Meat Grain

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1 Introduction to Animal Genetic Resources 1 Atsushi Tajima Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Japanese as agricultural tribe: Harvest tin Autumn and eat stored dfood until next tharvest Saving is a virtue Sharp contrast with nomadic tribes Efficient use of soybean 2.Human History Distribution of Hunting and Gathering Tribes 10,000 years ago Hunting & Gathering 10,000 years ago 5,000Years Ago Nomads and Farming Meat Grain 5,000 years ago Istanbul 2004 One day at lunch What to eat has strong influence on cultural development Present 1

2 Why meat? Why grain? 年間平均気温 Annual Average Temperature 月間降水量 Monthly Precipitation 月 Period Place Human Relation Initial purpose Dog BC 10,000 Eurasia Scavenger Hunting/Meat Hunter Sheep 8,000 W. Asia Symbiotic Meat Nomad Goat 8,000 W. Asia Symbiotic Meat Nomad Cow 6,000 W. Asia Symbiotic Meat Farmer Pig 6,000 W. Asia Scavenger Meat Farmer Horse 3,000 SE Europe Meat Farmer Chicken Four 3,000 Major SE Asia Domestic Scavenger Animals Meat Farmer Water 2,500 India Meat Farmer Buffalo (Dictionary of Animal Science1979) 2

3 Summary Cow (Bos primigenius) 1. Only limited number of wild animals have been domesticated 2. Climatic condition affect the type of domestic animal to raise Sacred animal for Hindu Hump Dairy Draft Holstein Friesian (Dairy) European cattle (Bos taurus) Precipitation Temperature Grain production Dewlap (Dairy) Indian cattle (Bos indicus) Resistant to heat, disease Hereford (Meat) European Cattle (Bos taurus) Pig Sus scrofa Sheep (Ovis aries) Religious avoidance: Muslim Jew Lard Bacon Japanese wild pig Flock Resistant to dry Wool Meat Fat Merino: Wool Meishang pig Berkshire Suffolk: Meat Large tailed Han: (Tail fat) 3

4 Goat (Capra hircus) Dairy Hair Kashmir (Hair) Horse Equus caballus Race Milk draft Thoroughbred Saanen ザーネン (Dairy) ( 乳用 ) Poor man's Cow Percheron (Draft) Milk Kazakhstan 5,500 yr ago 馬耕 東京大学農学部附属牧場半世紀のあゆみ より Water buffalo (Bubalis arnee) Mozzarella Cheese Swamp type: Draft River type (Murrah): Milk 4

5 Chicken Gallus gallus Camel (Camelus ferus) Highly tolerant to dry Draft Dairy Meat Hair Arvana Dromedary Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus Turkmenistan Japanese long tailed fowl Siamese Kalmyk Bactrian Camels Camelus ferus Przhewalski, 1878 撮影田島 中国 Alxa Bactrian Camels 1901 オーストラリア クイーンズランドで大旱魃 年の間にウシ 150 万頭ヒツジ 310 万頭が死亡 Abu Dhabi, UAE (Emirate Palace Hotel) Camelait = Camel + Lait アフガニスタンからのラクダが生き残った (Queensland Museum 2001) 5

6 Milk per head per year (K Kg) 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 Genetic improvement + Husbandry technologies +120Kg / yr (Average of past 30 years) Hokkaido Other than Hokkaido Annual Improvement 3, Average milk production of Hostein / head in Japan ( ) 年 Annual increa ase(kg) n # of Eggs per hen Genetics: Breeding program Nutrition: Feeding Standard Management : Barn, light control etc Egg production / hen / year (Left Axis) Egg production and Price in USA ( ) Egg Price per dozen (Right Axis) Year Cent per dozen CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER NATURE CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION CHAPTER VIII INSTINCT CHAPTER IX HYBRIDISM CHAPTER X ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD CHAPTER XI ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS CHAPTER XII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Quantitative Trait Examples: Milk production, Qualities Growth rate, disease resistance Improvement Breeding 正規分布曲線 Frequency Low X 0 Milk X 1 High 6

7 Qualitative Trait Quantitative Trait Mendelian inheritance (Mendelian genetics) Major gene Breed Improvement Minor gene or Poly gene Agriculture: Manipulation of the frequency of minor gene 7