November Previous disease reports can be seen on the RuVASA website Click on Disease Reports

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1 Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally by veterinarians belonging to the Ruminant Veterinary Association of South Africa (RuVASA), a group of the South African Veterinary Association November 2016 Previous disease reports can be seen on the RuVASA website Click on Disease Reports The following practices and laboratories (121) submitted reports during November 2016: (11) Balfour Dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Bethal Dr. Hardus Pieters Bushbuckridge Dr. Martin Jansen Ermelo Drs. Potgieter and Steinberg Grootvlei Dr. Neels van Wyk Karino (Nelspruit) Dr. Silke Pfitzer Nelspruit Dr. André Beytell Middelburg Malan, Erasmus an Bernitz Piet Retief Drs. Niebuhr and Weber Standerton Dr. Kobie Kroon Volksrust Drs. Watson, Solomon and Scheepers Gauteng (6) Bronkhorstspruit Drs. De Bruin, De Bruin, Rudolph and Slabber Magaliesburg Dr. Ryan Jeffery Nigel Dr. Cindy van der huizen Pretoria Dr. Hanneke Pienaar Pretoria Dr. Rosaly Steyn Vanderbijlpark Dr. Kobus Kok Limpopo (9) Bela-Bela Dr. Nele Sabbe Bela-Bela Drs. Du Toit, Bester, Hansen and Herbst Lephalale Dr. Brigitte Luck Makhado (Louis Trichardt) Drs. Harris, Klopper and Jacos Modimolle Drs. Bredell, Barnard and Slabbert Mokopane (Potgietersrus) - Dr. Henk Visser

2 Polokwane (Pietersburg) Drs. Watson, Viljoen, Jansen Van Vuuren, Van Rooyen, Snyman and Cremona Vaalwater Dr. Hampie van Staden Vaalwater Dr. Annemieke van der Goot North (9) Brits Drs. Boshoff and Coertze Christiana - Dr. Pieter Nel Klerksdorp Drs. Van den Berg and Theron Leeudoringstad Dr. Ian Jonker Lichtenburg Dr. Nelmarie Kruger-Rall Rustenburg Drs. Grobler, Sparks, Van Egdom, Van Rooyen, Goosen and Van Rensburg Stella - Dr. Magdaleen Vosser Ventersdorp/ Koster Drs. Marais and Benadé Vryburg Dr. Jurie Kritzinger (23) Bethlehem Dr. J.C du Plessis Bethlehem Drs. Strydom and Strydom Bultfontein Dr. Santjie Pieterse Clocolan Dr. Liezel Wasserman Dewetsdorp Dr. Marike Badenhorst Ficksburg Drs. Kotze and Coetzer Frankfort - Drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Janse van Rensburg Gariep Dam Dr. Marni Strauss Harrismith Drs. Prtorius, Beste and Nel Hertzogville Dr. Nico Hndrikz Hoopstad Dr. Kobus Pretorius Kroonstad Drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Ladybrand/Excelsior - Drs. De Vos and Nel Memel Drs. Nixon and Nixon Parys Drs. Wessels, Wessels and Van Vuuren Reitz - Dr. Murray Smith Smithfield Dr. Nienke van Hasselt Viljoenskroon - Dr. Johan Kahts Villiers Drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Vrede Drs. Myburgh and Bester-Cloete Wesselsbron Dr. Johan Jacobs Winburg Drs. Albertyn and Albertyn Zastron Drs. Troskie and Strauss KwaZulu- (17) Bergville - Dr. Ariena Shepherd Bergville Dr. Jubie Muller Camperdown Dr. Anthony van Tonder

3 Dundee Drs. Marais and Fynn Eshowe Drs. Pryke and Hoffman Estcourt Drs.Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Greytown Dr. Mike Caldicott Howick Drs. Hughes, Lund, Gordon, Allison and Taylor Kokstad - Drs. Clowes and Shrives Mooi River - Drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallet Mtubatuba Dr. Trever Viljoen Newcastle Dr. Barry Rafferty Pietermaritzburg Dr. Phillip Kretzmann Pietermaritzburg Dr. Rick Mapham Pongola Dr. Heinz Kohrs Underberg - Drs. Collins, King and Delaney Vryheid Drs.Theron and Theron (14) Alexandria - Drs. Olivier and Dreyer Aliwal North/Zastron Drs. Troskie and Strauss Bathurst Dr. Jane Pistorius Cradock Dr. Frans Erasmus Graaff- Reinet - Dr. Roland Larson Graaff-Reinet Hobson, Strydom and Hennesy Humansdorp Drs. Van Niekerk and Janse Van Vuuren Jeffreys Bay Drs. Hoek, Lategan and McFarlane Kareedouw- Dr. Marten Bootsma Middelburg/Steynsburg Drs. Van Rooyen and Viljoen Queenstown - Drs. Du Preez, Godley, Klopper, Jansen van Vuuren, De Klerk and Catherine Stutterheim - Dr. Dave Waterman Uitenhage Drs. Mulder and Krüger Witelsbos Dr. Bernadine van den Berg (16) Beaufort - Drs. Pienaar and Grobler Caledon Drs. Retief, Coetzer, Conradie and Woudstra Darling Drs. Van der Merwe, Adam and Senekal George - Drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Heidelberg Dr. Albert van Zyl Malmesbury Dr. Otto Kriek Malmesbury Dr. Markus Fourie Montagu Dr. Trudie Prinsloo Oudtshoorn Dr. Glen Carlisle Oudtshoorn Dr. Adriaan Olivier Piketberg Dr. André van der Merwe Plettenberg Bay Dr. André Reitz Stellenbosch Dr. Alfred Kidd

4 Swellendam Drs. Malan and Venter Vredenburg Dr. Izak Rust Wellington Dr. William va Zyl (9) De Aar Dr. Donald Anderson Calvinia Dr. Bertus Nel Kathu Dr. Jan Vorster Kimberley Drs. Van Heerden and Swart Kuruman - Dr. Lea Shuda Kuruman Dr. Gerhard van der huizen Philipstown Dr. Stephan Vermeulen Postmasburg Dr. Boeta vd Merwe Upington Drs. Vorster and Visser Feedlots Drs. Morris and Du Preez Laboratory reports (6) Dr. Marijke Henton - Vetdiagnostix, Johannesburg Dr. Liza du Plessis Idexx SA Onderstepoort Dr. Lucy Lange Pathcare, Town Dr. Alan Fisher Queenstown Provincial laboratory Dr. Rick Last Vetdiagnostix, Pietermaritzburg Dr. Emily Lane National Zoological Gardens Key Message Visit the website of the National Animal Health Forum The website of the National Animal Health Forum (NAHF) is now operational. Read what the Forum is all about: This website will be the information centre of animal health in Southern Africa. On the toolbar click on Stakeholders and you will find links to producer organizations and other organizations who are participating in the NAHF Provincial Animal Health Forums have their own site click on Provinces

5 Important is to study the Veterinary Strategy ( ) as it gives direction to where we are going with Animal Health in South Africa. Click on Info centre for more information on the war we have against Bovine Brucellosis. Please be up to date on the role all have to play to control this zoonotic disease. Information on other controlled diseases (Ovine Johne s Disease, Pest of small stock PPR, and African Horse Sickness)is available This link will continuously be updated. Information on antibiotic resistance is also available at this address: Better relationships are being built between the Veterinary departments and the private sector. For additional information on Brucellosis in Afrikaans go to the following website: Besoek ook Klik op Indeks van antwoorde Klik op Beeste Klik op Siektes Klik op Brusellose Klik op die verskillende antwoorde Summary of disease report for November Reports from veterinary practices and laboratories were received ( (MP) 11; Gauteng (G) 6; Limpopo (L) 9; North (NW) 9; (FS) 23; KwaZulu- (KZN) 17; (EC) 14; (WC) 16; (NC) 9; Feedlots (FL) 1 and Laboratories (Lab) 6). Internal parasites The following reports were received from practices regarding internal parasite infestations: Internal parasites MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Roundworms x x x x x x x x Resistant roundworms x x x x x Wireworm x x x x x x Brown stomach-worm x x x Large-mouthed bowelworm Nodularworm x Lungworm

6 Eyeworm Parafilaria x x x Tapeworms x x x x x x Liver fluke x x x x x Conical fluke x x x x Cysticercosis (measles) x x x Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) Coccidiosis x x x x x x x x Cryptosporidiosis x x x Parasites thrive when good rains have fallen! Internal parasite outbreaks with numerous mortalities, especially due to wireworm were. Clinical signs of parasitism are: anaemia (pale mucous membranes), bottle jaw, weight loss and diarrhoea. Visit for more information and videos on the FAMACHA and Five point check management systems. Contact your veterinarian regarding the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) to establish which dewormers can still be used effectively in your flock to control worms. External parasites The following reports were received from practices regarding external parasite infestations: External parasites MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Blue ticks x x x x x x x x Resistant blue ticks x x x Heartwater ticks x x x x x x Brown ear-ticks x x x x x x x Bont-legged ticks x x x x x x x Red-legged ticks x x x x x x x Paralysis ticks x x Tampans x Biting lice x Sucking lice x x Itch mites Sheep scab x x Mange mites x Nuisance flies x x x x x Midges x x x x x x Mosquitoes x Blowflies x x x x x Screw-worm x x x x Gedoelstia (uitpeuloogsiekte) x Nasal bot x x Summer rains means an increase in tick numbers. Ticks transmit diseases such as African and Asiatic red water, heartwater, anaplasmosis and lumpy skin disease.

7 Prevent losses by studying the life-cycle of the various tick species and vaccination programmes to prevent these diseases. The toxin injected into animals by bont legged-ticks cause sweating sickness and serious wounds which become infested with screw-worms. Blue tick resistance to drug groups is on the increase ask your veterinarian to assist you with information so as to minimize the chances of selecting blue ticks for resistance. Biosecurity is of utmost importance when buying in animals. Tick borne diseases The following tick borne diseases were by practices in the provinces: Tick borne diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC African red water x x x x x x Asiatic red water x x x x x x x x Anaplasmosis x x x x x x x x Heartwater x x x x x x Lumpy skin disease x x x x Corridor disease Theileriosis x The following tick toxicoses were by practices in the provinces: Tick toxicosis MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Sweating sickness x x x x Insect transmittable diseases The following insect transmittable diseases were by practices in the provinces: Insect transmittable diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Lumpy skin disease x x x x Ephemeral fever (Three day stiff sickness) x x x x x x x Blue tongue x x x x x Rift Valley Fever Wesselsbron Nagana Do not neglect vaccinating animals! Good rains have fallen in some areas and an increase in insects which are carriers of diseases have already been. Have you vaccinate your animals to prevent losses!? Venerial diseases The following venereal diseases were by practices in the provinces: Venereal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC

8 Trichomonosis x x x x x x x Vibriosis x x x x Pizzle disease x Actinobacillus seminis x New cases of trichomonosis are every month and this disease is out of control and as one veterinarian : It is spreading like a wild fire. Make sure that you buy bulls from farmers where biosecurity measures are in place! Make sure that fences are in tact and gates closed so that bulls cannot escape to neighbouring cows that may be infected with Tritrichomonas and become infected or nnfected neighbouring bulls are jumping fenes. Cattle study groups should discuss preventative and control measures with their veterinarians. Be sure to test bulls regularly for these diseases. Beware when buying in or sharing bulls! Remember female animals may also be infected. Bacterial diseases The following bacterial diseases were by practices in the provinces: Bacterial diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Anthrax Blackquarter x x x x x x x Botulism x x x x Pulpy kidney x x x x x x x Lamb dysentery x Swelled head x x x x Red gut (cattle) x x x x x Blood gut (sheep) x x x x x Tetanus x x x Salmonellosis x x x Bovine brucellosis x x x x x x x Ovine brucellosis( (Ram s disease) x x x Actinobacillus seminis Bovine tuberculosis Johne s x Leptospirosis x Listeriosis Pseudomonas Fusibacterium necrophorum Septicemia E. coli x x x x x x x x x Enzootic abortion x x Lumpy wool x Uterine gangrene x Bovine dermatophilosis (Senkobo disease) x x

9 Wooden tongue Lumpy jaw Viral diseases The following viral diseases were by practices in the provinces: Viral diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC BMC (snotsiekte) x x x x x Rabies (cattle) x x BVD x x x IBR x BRSV PI3 Maedi visna virus Rotavirus / Coronavirus Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) x x x Sheep leucosis Jaagsiekte x Orf x x x x x x x x Warts x x x x x x x There is no treatment for viral diseases with the result that animals have to be protected by vaccinations if they are available. There is not a vaccine available against snotsiekte. This deadly virus is associated with wildebeest but remember there is also a sheep associated strain. Wildebeest sheds the virus especially during the calving season, when calves are weaned and during the hunting season when they are stressed. A vaccine against snotsiekte is at present being tested. We will keep you updated on the progress. Discuss vaccination programmes and biosecurity measures with your veterinarian. Fungal diseases The following fungal disease was by practices in the provinces: Fungal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Ringworm x x x x x x x Protozoal diseases

10 Protozoal diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Besnoitiosis (olifantsvelsiekte) Toxicities The following toxicities were by practices in the provinces: Toxicities MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Cardiac glycoside x x Slangkop Crotularia Gifblaar x Gousiekte Cestrum (ink berry) x x Tulip x x x x Cynanchum (bobbejaantou) x Facial eczema x Lantana x x Prussic acid x x x Senecio x x Cotula nigellifolia (stagger wood) Geeldikkop (duwweltjies) x Vermeersiekte x Hertia pallens (nenta, krimpsiekte) x Solanum incanum (maldronksiekte) Gomphocarpus (Asclepias) fruticosus (milkweed) Bracken fern January bush (Gnidia polycephalatus) Chinkerenchee Kikuyu Ryegrass Ganskweek x Paspalum staggers Photosensitivity (Turknael, Erodium moschatum) Photosensitivity (Stellenbosch) Lusern Mycotoxicosis Diplodiosis x Lupins Harpuisbos Syringa berries Kraalbos Crotolaria Radish Carrot poisoning

11 Onion poisoning Bracken fern Pollen beetle ( Astylus atromaculatus) Water contamination x x Nitrate x Urea x x x Snake bite x x x Moth cocoons (impaction) Blue green algae Copper Selenium Zinc Fluoride Lead Paraquat Phosamine Organophosphate Zinc phosphide Pyrethroid Amitraz Levamisole Tilmicosin Ionophor Hypo Toxic plants are usually greener than the natural grazing and farmers should be aware of these plants and which clinical signs are seen when they are eaten. Tulp toxicities were the major causes of deaths. Beware when buying in animals as they are the animals which usually eat toxic plants such as tulp. For further information on treatment of tulp and other poisonings visit: Klik op Indeks van antwoorde Klik op Beeste of Skape Klik op Vergiftigings Klik op die Opskrifte Urea poisoning was on the increase which is due to a management problem. Before treating animals read the lable or packet insert and make sure of the dosage rate and warnings.

12 Chemical substances are recorded every month as being the cause of huge losses. Top of the list is urea poisoning. In October over 90 cows died as a result of zincphosphide poisoning! Nutritional deficiencies The following nutritional deficiencies were by practices in the provinces: Deficiencies MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Energy x x x x x x x Protein x x x x x x x Phosphate x x x Calcium x x x x Due to the severe drought conditions animals suffer on many farms from nutritinal deficiences. The results are poor conception rates, retained afterbirths, poor quality of colostrum and a decrease in the immune status of animals. Micro-nutritional deficiencies The following micro-nutritional deficiencies were by practices in the provinces: Deficiencies MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Iodine Copper x x x x x Zinc x x Selenium x x x x Magnesium x Manganese Vitamin A x x x x x x Vitamin B 1 x x There are antagonists such as calcium, iron and sulphur which hamper the uptake of microminerals. Have water and soil samples analysed to see what the levels of these antagonists are. Arrange with your veterinarian to have liver samples analysed to determine the status of these micro-minerals in your herd or flock. With the drought and lack of proper grazing, mineral deficiencies will increase. Beware of fluoride poisoning as borehole water levels fall. Supplement animals with vitamin A during drought conditions. Multifactorial diseases and other conditions The following conditions were by practices in the provinces Multifactorial diseases and other conditions MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Abortions x x x x x x x x x Stillbirths x x x x

13 Abscesses x x x x x x x x x Intestinal ulcers Bladder stones -urolithiasis x x Blindness x x x x Bloat x x x x x Blood gut (sheep) Blue udder x x x x Diarrhoea x x x x x x x x Epididymitis x Eye cancer x x x x Eye infections x x x x x x x x x Joint ill x x x x x x Lameness/foot problems x x x x x x x x Lung infection x x x x x x x x x Mastitis x x x x x x x Navel ill x x x x Red gut (sheep, torsion of gut) Rectal prolaps Trauma x Plastic bags (ingestion) Downer x x x x x Discuss the origin, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian Diarrhoea Numerous reports were received, especially from the, of lambs and calves dying and numerous animals with clinical signs of diarrhoea. Samples were sent away for diagnosis and rapid tests were used on the farm. It seems that Cryptosporidium spp., E.coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, clostridial spp (especially Clostridium perfringens type A) and Salmonella serotypes played a role in the disease complex. While not much is known about Cryptosporidium, the following is given: Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a protozoal parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium and is usually an inapparent infection (no clinical signs seen) in a wide range of animals, fish, reptiles and humans. Clinical cases may occur as a result of lesions in the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the organism. Clinical sign seen is a diarrhoea, especially in neonatal animals and in animals where the immune system is supressed. The infection is also a zoonosis which means that humans may become infected when in contact with infected animals. Cryptosporidium spp. is smaller in size compared to Coccidia and complete their life-cycle in the epithelial cells of the gastro-intestinal tract. In young animals the life-cycle is completed in 3 to 4 days which is a shorter period compared to coccidia. The OIE (World organization for animal health) has the following information on the web regarding cryptosporidiosis: Contact your veterinarian for advice. Kriptosporidiose word veroorsaak deur n protosoa van die genus Cryptosporidium en is gewoonlik n onopsigtelike infeksie in n groot verskeidenheid van diere, visse, reptiele en mense. Daar mag ook

14 kliniese gevalle voorkom deurdat letsels, veroorsaak deur die organisme, in die dermkanaal kan voorkom met gevolglike diarree. Hierdie besmetting kom veral voor in pasgebore diere en waar diere se immuunstelsel onderdruk is. Die besmetting is ook n soönose wat beteken dat die besmetting van diere na mense oorgedra kan word. Cryptosporidium spp. is kleiner as koksidia en voltooi hulle lewensiklus in die dermkanaal se epiteelselle. In jong diere word die lewensiklus in 3 tot 4 dae voltooi en is korter as die van koksidia. Epidemiologie In diere kom die infeksie die algemeenste in kalwers voor, maar word ook gevind in varke, lammers, bokkies en immuunonderdrukte vulletjies. Uitbreke van kliniese siekte kom meestal voor gedurende die een tot 4 weke ouderdom. Kalwers met diarree skei so veel as 10 miljoen oösiste (lyk soos baie klein eiertjies) per gram mis uit, wat die omgewing besmet. Hierdie oösiste word ook in die mis van diere wat subklinies (diere wys nie siektetekens nie) besmet is, gevind. Oösiste is baie weerstandig teen omgewingsfaktore, maar die oorlewingsperiode van die oösiste buite die gasheer is onbekend. Gechloriniseerde water het weinig effek op die organisme en kriptosporidiose is dan ook n groot publieke gesondheidsprobleem deurdat die parasiete wateroordraagbaar is. Onder eksperimentele toestande is die besmetlikheid verloor nadat water gestoor is vir 6 maande by 4 grade Celcius. Oordraging Oordraging geskied deur die inname van oösiste in besmette kos of water terwyl aërosoloordraging ook kan plaasvind. Lg. is bevestig deurdat lugweginfeksies ook gevind is. Diere wat genoegsame gamma globulien bevattende kolostrum ingeneem het, behoort minder vatbaar vir infeksie te wees. Herstel van diere met kriptosporidiose vind gewoonlik binne 30 dae plaas. Daar is gevalle gerapporteer waar Cryptosporidium die enigste oorsaak was waar diere n diarree gehad het, maar gewoonlik kom die parasiet saam met ander dermpatogene soos rotavrus, coronavirus, Salmonella serovars en E. coli voor. Hierdie gesamentlike infeksies verhoog die mortaliteitsyfer. Erge stresfaktore soos bv. koue mag die vrektesyfer verhoog. Waar die immuniteit van diere onderdruk word, is die kliniese tekens, wat deur Cryptosporidium veroorsaak word, ook hoër. Erge infeksies is gerapporteer in Arabierperdvullens wat gely het aan die immuniteittekortsindroom binne die eerste maand na geboorte. Mense kan die siekte opdoen deur kontak te maak met besmette mense en diere en is n algemene oorsaak van diarree wanneer gereis word. Dit is nog nie duidelik of besmette mense diere kan aansteek nie. Siekteverloop Cryptosporidium spesies het n aansienlike uitwerking op die membraangebonde verteringsensiemes wat veroorsaak dat daar swak vertering van voedsel plaasvind. Swak opname van voedingstowwe vind plaas omdat die villi van die derm se grootte afneem.

15 Behalwe in baie jong diere is die infeksie gewoonlik onopsigtelik of mild. Die inkubasieperiode na aanvanklike besmetting varieer gewoonlik twee tot sewe dae. Diarree kom voor tussen een en 4 weke oudedom en duur gewoonlik een tot 4 weke lank. Aantastingsyfer is gewoonlik hoog, maar vrektesyfer laag. Die aanvang van kliniese siekte is gewoonlik skielik en tekens is min of meer dieselfde in al die spesies. Diere is depressief en wil nie vreet nie waarna daar n erge geel waterige diarree voorkom met ontwatering van die dier. Parsing mag voorkom. Na n paar dae wat die siekte verloop het, kom diarree met tussenposes voor. Die konsistens van die mis is nog papperig vir tot 10 dae. Gewigsverlies is opmerklik. Terugslag mag ook na aanvanklike herstel voorkom. Varke mag opgooi. Meeste diere herstel spontaan behalwe waar komplikasies met ander besmettings soos reeds hierbo genoem gesamentlik voorkom. Erge kroniese besmetting kan in immuunonderdrukte diere voorkom. Diagnose en onderskeiding van ander siektes (differensiële diagnose) Diagnose word gemaak wanneer daar baie oösiste in die mis van jong diere met kliniese tekens gevind word. Smere van die mis word gemaak, gefikseer in metanol en gekleur met die gemodifiseerde Ziehl-Neelsen of safranienmetode. Monsters word van die dermkanaal geneem en na n laboratorium gestuur vir histologiese ondersoek. Dit is belangrik dat daar ook vir ander siekteveroorsakende oorsake gesoek word (E. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, salmonellose en koksidiose) wat saam met Cryptosporidium kan voorkom. Voorkoming en Beheer In meeste gevalle is die siekte selfbeperkend. Dit is belangrik om die besmetting simptomaties te behandel veral vir dehidrasie en elektrolietvervanging waar erge diarree voorkom. Probleme geskied veral waar infeksies soos bv. E. coli en Salmonella Tipes gelyktydig met Cryptosporidium voorkom. Daar is n publikasie waar decoquinate (Deccox 6%, Zoetis, G3282) vir die vermindering van oösiste in die mis van kalwers en lammers in die voer gebruik is teen n dosis van 2,5 mg/kg vir 3 weke. Voorkom en verminder die inname van oösiste deur jong diere in n skoon droë omgewing groot te maak. Mis moet gereeld verwyder word en diere met n diarree moet geїsoleer word. Oösiste is weerstandig teen baie ontsmettingsmiddels maar kan vernietig word deur blootstelling aan 5% ammoniakoplossing of 10% formalien. Geen geregistreerde entstof is tans beskikbaar nie. Vir foto s van Cryptosporidium in herkouers besoek: osporidium+in+ruminants&oq=cryptosporidium+in+ruminants&gs_l=img c.1.64.img TPJS5bmIY7w Lees ook: Bronne:

16 J.A.W. Coetzer and R.C. Tustin Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Oxford Universitiy Press. ISBN Bremner, B and Richard, A. Practical uses of decoquinate to control cryptosporidiosis infection in sucked calves by medicating the cow diets pre and post calving in Scotland. Proceedings XXVI World Biuarics Congress Chile: p 312 Geskryf deur: dr. Faffa Malan, Veeartskonsultant (dokfaffa@nashuaisp.co.za) For Afrikaans speaking listeners, the following podcast is available on OFM radio: Metabolic diseases The following diseases were by practices in the provinces: Metabolic diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Acidosis x x x Displaced abomasums x x x Ketosis (Domsiekte) x x Milk fever x x x Make sure that you adapt animals to feed containing concentrates. Discuss the etiology, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian. Reproductive diseases Reproductive diseases MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Dystocia (difficult births) x x x x x x x x x Endometritis x Metritis x x x x x x Poor conception x x x x x x x x Retained afterbirth x x x x x x x x Sheath prolaps x x Uterine prolaps x x x x x x Vaginal prolaps x x x x x Penis injury The present and past drought conditions play a huge role in fertility. Fertility of animals is one of the most important factors determining the success of farming. Discuss all issues with your veterinarian.

17 Environmental conditions MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Exposure to cold Frozen to death Heat stress x Lightning x x x x x x Drought x x x x Other conditions MP G L NW FS KZN EC WC NC Drug residues (milk, meat, liver, kidney etc) Preditors x x x x Theft x x Traumatic pericarditis (wire in fore stomachs) Trauma (fractures etc) x x In the CODE OF CONDUCT of the RPO the following standard operating procedures are documented. The local veterinarian should be your partner to help you achieve the necessary standards. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO SUPPORT BIO-SECURITY. Precautionary measures are required to protect the herd against diseases acquired because of external contact. The following categories are of concern: 1. DIRECT LIVESTOCK PURCHASES (and own animals returning): The following should be verified before importing new animals into the herd: How long animals have resided at the purchase or previous location? Have there been any recent disease outbreaks in the location? Do brand marks clearly confirm ownership? Was a vaccination program followed (need paper or veterinarian proof). What are the local prevalent external parasites and the routinely implemented control program? Is a veterinarian supported control program against transmittable diseases followed? Dates and sufficient number of tests for reproductive diseases of both male and female Dates and tests for zoonotic diseases The above should also be verified with the purchaser s own veterinarian. 2. PURCHASES FROM SALES OR SPECULATORS Purchase only in areas which are not in close proximity to scheduled areas Visually inspect the animals before purchasing for: * brand marks * parasite infestation 3. TRANSPORT TO THE FARM Use only reputable transporters Has the truck been cleaned and disinfected?

18 Truck to follow the shortest uninterrupted route Truck to take the shortest route to the handling facilities Do not allow the truck personnel to get in contact with the farm herd 4. ARRIVAL ON THE FARM Off-load the livestock to limit stress and to be visually evaluated for any unnatural conditions. Isolate them from the farm herd and shared facilities for at least 21 days (quarantine) Retest for diseases of concern if needed, before mixing with the rest of the herd Process new arrivals within 24 hrs after arrival (unique ID tag brand, dip, dose, vaccinate) Inspect regularly 5. FEED PURCHASES Ensure bales of hay are sourced from areas that are not bordering scheduled areas Purchase feed from reputable dealers only Avoid buying feed in second hand bags Ensure feed trucks are also disinfected and cleaned, especially if also used to transport animals to abattoirs 6. VISITORS Do not allow strangers or their vehicles amongst the livestock Ensure fences are well maintained and preferably jackal and warthog proof 7. EMPLOYEES Do not allow the employees to eat in feed stores Supply employees with sufficient ablution facilities Regularly arrange to let employees be medicated for tape worm and have health check-ups Keep record of all employee livestock on the property Treat employee livestock with separate but dedicated health programs Ensure employees understand the reason behind the implemented bio-security measures to help ensure compliance. GENERAL AND REPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Record keeping: All animals are individually identified and recorded. To prove ownership: All animals are marked with the registered brand mark according to the Animal Identification Act, No 6 of A defined breeding season is the basis of effective management: The breeding season coincides with the rainy season, i.e. the period when nutritive value of the pasture is at its best. Sufficient energy reserves in the herd as measured by condition scoring are vital, especially for effective breeding, and when inadequate the herd is supplemented in consultation with a nutritionist: Condition scoring of bulls and cows are regularly done, particularly at the onset of the breeding season and supplemented if necessary. Bull - cow ratios are maintained: A ratio of 1 to 25 is maintained in every separate herd. Fertility of breeding bulls: All breeding bulls are tested for mating ability and semen quality before the breeding season. Sexually transferable diseases: Sheath washes or scrapes on bulls are performed annually. Diseases that can cause poor conception, abortion or weak calves: Cows are vaccinated against such diseases in consultation with the veterinarian. Breeding success monitored by a veterinarian: Rectal pregnancy or scan diagnosis is done by the veterinarian 8 weeks after the breeding season.

19 Twenty percent of cows or more not pregnant: Further tests are done to determine cause of low pregnancy rate. Culling of non-pregnant cows: Non-pregnant cows are removed from the herd and considered a necessary bonus to supporting herd income. HERD HEALTH AND BIO-SECURITY Maintenance of herd health is key to a successful enterprise: A veterinarian should visit the farm biannually at least. Calf mortality before 3 months of age is an important reason for poor weaning percentage: Good management practices are applied to limit early calf deaths. Some diseases and parasites (internal and external) are more often encountered in specific areas: Annual vaccinations and a parasite control program should be applied according to regional requirements and in liaison with the veterinarian. Farmers selling weaned calves to feedlots may want to have a market advantage compared to others: A specific vaccination program is applied before weaning for that purpose. Herds may be at risk of being exposed to CA and TB: The herd is tested annually for CA and all heifers are vaccinated against CA between 4 and 8 months of age with an efficient, approved remedy. The herd is tested at least every 5 years for TB Precautionary measures are required to prevent diseases being imported into the herd: A quarantine program to keep incoming animals separate is followed. All incoming animals have a suitable certificate of negative test results or are of a certified clean, closed herd. Stock remedies and medicines should be registered, correctly stored and used before the transpire date: All medicines and stock remedies are registered, stored and applied according to prescription. Prescribed medicines with a specific application are under the control of the veterinary profession: All prescription medicines are obtained and applied under prescription from a veterinarian. Practices that had nothing to report Bela-Bela Dr. Nele Sabbe Greytown Dr. Mike Caldicott Lephalale Dr. Brigitte Luck Nigel Dr. Cindy van der Wethuizen Pietermaritzburg Dr. Rick Mapham Vanberbijlpark Dr. Kobus Kok Ostriches Oudtshoorn Ostrimed Condition Midges and nuisance flies Clostridium species Comments Hot weather with flood irrigation allocation has seen an explosion, dry hot weather forces insects to search for moisture? Heat wave days result in lowered food intake, moderate weather following result in increase/over intake of highly fermentable

20 Diarrhoea Cold/Heat exposure and digestable nutrients. Overgrowth of Clostridium = rooiderm= enterotoxaemia Extreme heat days or over heating followed by ooler days result in a trigger for diarrhoea. Severe tiflocolitis normal entero flora overgrowth notably by Clostridium group. Peracute to acute condition. If preliminary antibiotics (oxytetracyclines or macrolides) are not effective, mortalitiy rate of 80% is to be expected. 2nd and 3rd generation antibiotics or quinolones have little to no effect. Hot weather followed by poor very cold day or evenings. Notably older chicks which are not fully protected suffer most. Show poor intake, negative metabolic rate and long tail of mortalities Equines Middelburg Retained placenta 1 Limpopo Bela-Bela Lameness - tick associated Bethlehem Colic 2 Tetanus 1 Hertzogville Biliary 1 Diarrhoea utbreak in horse stud, 3 foals died. Witelsbos Eqine herpes virus 1 and 4-1 Postmasburg Tetanus - 1 Alpaca

21 Plettenberg Bay Dystocia - 1 Game Gauteng Magaliesburg Opthalmia 3 All hooved game Pretoria Blue ticks 3 Bont ticks 2 Brown ear ticks 2 Abortions - 2 Gousiekte 1 Nyala lamb moved from Dinokeng to Bela-Bela. Suspect also Nenta poisoning (krimpsiekte) in tihs area as well as tulip. I this area there are very thin poor looking impala of which occur every now and then. Dystocias -2 A nyala ewe, died a few days after calving (very thin, uterus pussy). She walked a few days with an arched backand straining. Lamb died and afterbirth was contained, was removed. Ewe treated with antibiotics and for pain and she recovered. Lungs 1 Opthalmia 3 Abscesses- 2 Limpopo Bela-Bela Abscesses - Eland Opthalmia Nyala Makhado Clostridial enterotoxaemia 2 Sable Coccidiosis - 2 Mokopane Blue ticks 1 Bont ticks 2 Brown ear tick -1 Screw-worm -2 Abscesses - 1 Modimolle Verminosis in game on the increase Polokwane Protein deficiency 3 Energy deficiency 3 Abscesses 1 Retained afterbirth G 2 Vaalwater BMC (snotsiekte) 2 Buffalo Lightning 1 Rhino bull North Klerksdorp

22 Blue ticks 1 Bont-legged ticks - 2 Red-legged ticks 2 Dystocia -3 Opthalmia - 1 Magaliesburg Eye infections (opthalmia) Lots of Moraxella infections in wildlife KwaZulu- Pongola Midges 3 Good rains in October Protein deficiency 1 Energy deficiency 1 Hertzogville Wireworm 2 Sable Opthalmia 2 Sable Uitenhage BMC (snotsiekte) Buffalo Witelsbos Internal parasites 1 Impala and wildebeest Pneumonia 1 Buffalo Montagu Liver 1 Black springbuck necrobacillosis of the liver macroscopical lesioms and on histology, heart failure Drought Eland 3, more than 10 died Predation Bontebok lamb Lameness - Springbok (suspect ticks) Kimberley Botulism Gemsbok 2 mortalities suspected botulism Veminosis Sable 3 severe anaemia and hypoproteinaemia, suspected wireworm Eye problems 1 keratokonjunctivitis Sable paraphimosis Swine North Lichtenburg E.coli - 2

23 Monthly report on Livestock and Wildlife isolations for November 2016 from Vetdiagnostix Microbiology Laboratory, supplied by dr. Marijke Henton A combination of Cryptosporidium and E. coli, causing enteritis in young ruminants, was one of the most common conditions this month [bovine 3, sheep 3]. The sharp increase in cases of Cryptosporidium is most likely allied to the drought and the deteriorating quality of water. E. coli was also associated with enteritis alone [bovine 2, sheep 3, goat 1] and septicaemia [bovine 5, sheep 1 and goat 1]. One of the bovine isolates was ESBL positive [Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase] which means that it is resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins. E. coli enteritis was also common in pigs [7], and one of those isolates was also ESBL positive. Septicaemia in a calf was due to Salmonella Dublin, and in pigs Salmonella Typhimurium and Streptococcus suis, in addition to two E. coli cases. Streptococcus porcinus caused a joint infection in a pig. There was only one case of a bovine respiratory tract infection which was due to Mannheimia haemolytica. Trueperella pyogenes caused a joint infection in a bovine, an abscess in another, and oral cavity infections in a flock of sheep. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis caused abscessation in goats. Necrotic myositis was due to a combination of Clostridium chauvoei and C. sordellii in cattle and C. novyi in sheep and a sable. Klebsiella pneumoniae was associated with respiratory tract infections in 3 horses and a post operative wound where the isolate was ESBL positive. It was also the cause of a respiratory tract infection in a pet pig. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi [strangles] was isolated from the respiratory tract of a horse in Gauteng. Strangles is now notifiable, but not controlled. A foal had Sleepy Foal Disease [Actinobacillus equuli]. Equine purulent infections were caused by Staphylococcus aureus in 3 cases, and Staphylococcus epidermidis [a methicillin resistant strain] in an infected tendon sheath. Skin nodules over the hock joint were caused by Sporothrix schenkii. A buffalo with persistent conjunctivitis yielded Mycoplasma.. Monthly report on Livestock and Wildlife isolations for November 2016 from IDEXX Laboratories supplied by dr. Liza du Plessis (Liza-DuPlessis@idexx.com) Condition Comments and Specie Intestinal roundworms G 1 Tapeworms G 1 Cysticercosis B 1 Heartwater tick B, G 2

24 Brown ear tick G 1 Heartwater G 1 Theileriosis G 1 Swelled head G 1 Pulpy kidney O 1 Enzootic abortion B 1 Protein deficiency G 1 Zinc Toxicity G 1 Selenium deficiency G1 Abortion B 2, G 1 Lungs B,G 2 Tulip toxicity O 1 Inkberry toxicity/seneciosis B 2 Cardiotoxicity B 1 Hepatotoxicity B 1 Feedlot report received from Dr. Shaun Morris and Dr. Eben du Preez for November (edupreez1@telkomsa.net) Sheep Feedlots: In general the health in the feedlots is good at this stage. Several cases of the following conditions occurred: Pneumonia Coccidiosis Blowfly attacks Nasal bot Pulpy kidney Blood gut Orf Urolithiasis Rectal prolapse Energy and Protein deficiency Vitamin A deficiency associated with eye infections E.coli diarrhea

25 Resistant roundworm infection 58 out of a group of 200 sheep from the South had severe Haemonchus worm burdens with a few mortalities in spite of dosing with a Benzimidazole and Macrocyclic lactone. Cattle Feedlots: Animals arriving from the part of the country where grazing is still deficient, arrive in poor condition and losses during transport have occurred. These animals mostly also suffer from micro element deficiencies and they have a poorly developed immune system which leads to higher morbidity and mortalities. In a recent trial it was found that cows suffering from stress during the early stage of pregnancy produce calves that also have a compromised immune system which has a permanent effect on these animals. The drought and heat stress that was experienced earlier this year and before might have a permanent effect on the calves that were born this year. That might also have contributed to the higher morbidities and mortalities we have experienced this year. Other conditions that occurred: Acute Interstitial Pneumonia ssociated with the dusty conditions and heat stress. Ticks are more abundant and brown-ear ticks have caused several severe infections. Several cases of red water, heartwater, and anaplasmosis. Few cases of lumpy skin disease, black quarter, warts, ring worm, eye Infections, foot rot and injuries. Losses due to dystocia and abortions. Acidosis associated with red gut, vitamin B1 deficiency and bloat. At the abattoirs cases of Parafilaria, andlliver fluke were seen. Lung lesions were common and was expected as the dusty conditions in the feedlots during the winter are always a contributing factor. Monthly report for November 2016 from Dr R D Last (BVSc; M.Med.Vet(Path); MRCVS) Specialist Veterinary Pathologist, Vetdiagnostix - Veterinary Pathology Services Contributors Mr Butch Bosch, Ms Ntando Magoso, Mrs Beverley Williams, Ms Nicole Genga, Dr Rick Last LIVESTOCK SPECIES LIVESTOCK DISEASE SURVEILANCE NO. DISEASE AGENT CASES LOCATION Bovine, Calf Cryptosporidiosis and E.coli 1 Howick, KZN Bovine, Yearling Bull Kikuyu poisoning 1 Vryheid, KZN

26 Ovine, Adult Ewe Gousiekte 1 Newcastle, KZN Goat, Aborted Fetus Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) 1 Harare, Zimbabwe Ovine, Adult Ewe Copper poisoning 1 Kokstad, KZN Equine, Adult Mare Nasal rhinosporidiosis 1 Wemmershoek, Equine, Foal Actinobacillus equilli - sleepy foal disease 1 Thabazimbi, Limpopo Ovine, Lambs Cryptosporidiosis 1 Heilbron, Ovine, Lambs Cryptosporidiosis 1 Bethlehem, Bovine, Calves Cryptosporidiosis 1 Greytown, KZN Bovine, Calves Calf paratyphoid 1 Estcourt, KZN Bovine, Calves Cryptosporidiosis 1 Potchefstroom, North Equine, Adult Mare Cutaneous habronemiasis 1 Midrand, Gauteng Ovine, Aborted fetus Chlamydia pecorum abortion 1 Brits, Gauteng LIVESTOCK DISEASE SURVEILANCE WILDLIFE SPECIES DISEASE AGENT NO. CASES LOCATION Sable, Cow Mycotic rumenitis and red-gut 1 Thabazimbi, Limpopo Sable, Heifer Immune mediated skin disease with follicular arrest 1 Naboomspruit, Limpopo Sable, Cow Transport tetany 1 Thabazimbi, Limpopo Sable, Calf Theileriosis 1 Ellisras, Limpopo Monthly report for November 2016 from Queenstown Provincial Veterinary Laboratory as supplied by Dr. A.D. Fisher (alan.fisher@drdar.gov.za) Condition Area Comments and Specie Intestinal roundworms B,O 3 Blood gut O 1 Brucellosis B 2 Maclear (8 out of 169) Lusikisiki (1 out of 50) Coccidiosis O 3 BMC (snotsiekte) B 1 (sheep associated) Cofimvaba BVD B1 Cofimvaba Rabies Cofimvaba Dutywa Elliot Nyandeni Tsolo Tsomo Canine 4, B 4, O 3 cases B 3 cases Canine 1 O 3 cases Canine 1 case Canine 1 case Prussic aid O 1 Carbamate poisoning Baited meat

27 B bovine; O ovine; C caprine; P pigs; G game 1 = one case; 2 = 2 to 9 cases; 3 = more than 10 cases Monthly report for November 2016 from Dr. Lucy Lange: PathCare Vetlab (lange@pathcare.co.za) Disease condition Pneumonia/Pasteurella Campylobacter Tritrichomonas BMC - Snotsiekte Malnutrition Intra-uterine babesiosis Necrotic placentitis Sarcoid Squamous cell carcinoma of sheath Malnutrition Meningitis (inner ear infection) FSE Septicemia Pasteurella mastitis Johne s Pulpy kidney Bacterial pneumonia Malnutrition Enterotoxaemia Game: Necrobacillosis Lymphoarcoma Bronchiolar carcinoma Muscle necrosis, capture myopathy Ulcerative gastritis (BVD ) Specie Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Cattle Horses Horses Horses Horses Sheep Sheep Sheep Sheep Sheep Sheep Sheep Boer goats Boer goats Boer goats Springbok Vervet monkey Bontebok Bontebok Buffalo Fewer production animals and game samples received during November Report from Dr. Emily Lane Wildlife Pathology Research Programme

28 DISEASE DISTRIBUTION REPORT AS REPORTED BY VETERINARIANS Table of Contents Internal Parasites Roundworms in general, Resistant Round Worms, Wireworm, Brown stomach-worm, Nodular worm, Tape Worms, Parafilaria, Liver fluke, Conical Flukes, Cysticercosis, Other

29 External Parasites Tick-borne Diseases Insect Transmittable Diseases Venereal Diseases Bacterial Disease (other) Protozoal diseases (other) Fungal diseases Viral Diseases (other) Poisonings (Plant) and Fungal Poisonings Macro Nutritional Problems Micro Nutritional Problems Multi-factorial Disease Conditions Metabolic Diseases Reproductive diseases Climatical Cause Non specific diseases Blue ticks, Resistant blue Ticks, Heartwater (Bont) ticks, Brown earticks, Bont-legged ticks, Red-legged ticks, Paralysis ticks, Biting lice (red lice), Sucking lice (blue lice), Scab mites, Mange Mites, Nuisance Flies, Blowflies, Screw-worm, Nasal bot larvae, Midges, Mosquitoes, Tampans, Other African red water, Asiatic red water, Anaplasmosis, Heartwater, Sweating Sickness Lumpy skin disease, Three-day-stiffsickness, Blue tongue Actinobacillus seminis, Trichomonosis, Vibriosis, Pizzle disease Blackquarter, Botulism, Pulpy Kidney, Lamb dysentry, Swelled head disease, Redgut (cattle), Blood gut (Sheep), Tetanus, Salmonellosis, Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, Johne`s disease, Leptospirosis, E.coli, Enzootic Abortion, Dermatophilosis (Lumpy Wool), Intrauterine Gangrene, Bovine Dermatophilosis (Senkobo disease), Other Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidium Ringworm BMC, Rabies, BVD (Bovine viral diarrhoea), IBR (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), Enzootic Bovine Leucosis (EBL), Jaagsiekte, Orf, Warts Cardiac glycoside poisoning, Cestrum, Cynanchum poisoning, Facial eczema, Geeldikkop/Dikoor, Gifblaar, Lantana, Nenta poisoning (Krimpsiekte), Nitrate poisoning, Prussic acid poisoning, Seneciosis, Tulip Poisoning, Vermeersiekte (Gaigeria spp.), Diplodiosis, Other Water contamination, Urea Poisoning, Snake Bite, Other Energy deficiency, Protein deficiency, Phosphate deficiency, Calcium deficiency Copper deficiency, Zinc deficiency, Selenium deficiency, Magnesium deficiency, Vitamin A deficiency, Vitamin B deficiency Abortions, Stillbirths, Abscesses, Abscesses in general, Bladder stones, Blindness, Bloat, Blue udder, Diarrhoea, Epididymitis, Eye Cancer, Eye infections, Joint Ill, Lameness/Foot Problems, Lung infection, Mastitis in general, Navel Ill, Trauma, Downer, Other Acidosis, Displaced abomasum, Ketosis, Milk Fever Dystocia (Difficult Births), Endometritis, Metritis, Poor conception, Retained afterbirth, Sheath Prolaps, Uterus prolaps, Vaginal (Cervical) prolaps Drought, Heat stress, Lightning Preditors, Sabotation - Theft, Trauma Internal Parasites

30 Roundworms in general Average 1.6 (7) (3) (3) 2.2 (6) 2.1 (17) 2.5 (4) 3.0 Beef 1.8 (6) Sheep 1.8 (4) 2.2 (5) 2.3 (8) 2.3 (3) 3.0 Goat (3) 3.0 Balfour, Balfour Dierekliniek,, Goat: 1 Middelburg, Middelburg Dierehospitaal, Goat: 2 Standerton, Econovet Volksrust, Cross Volksrust Dierehospitaal Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit, Kerkstraat Dierekliniek Pretoria, Anima Veterinary Consulting Rooms Limpopo Modimolle, Kranskop Dierekliniek Polokwane, Pietersburg Veterinary Clinic, Goat: 2 North Klerksdorp, Klerksdorp Dierehospitaal, Lichtenburg, Dr CM Kruger-Rall Clocolan, Clocolan Dierekliniek Frankfort, Frankfort Dierekliniek Kroonstad, Kroonstad Dierehospitaal Villiers, Wilgepoort Dierekliniek Vennootskap Sheep: 3 Vrede, Vrede Dierehospitaal, Bergville, Tugela Vet Clinic, Camperdown, Camperdown Vet Clinic Dundee, Endumeni Herd health

31 , Eshowe, Eshowe Veterinary Hospital Sheep: 3 Estcourt, Estcourt Vet Clinic, Goat: 2 Howick, Howick Veterinary Clinic, Sheep: 3 Kokstad, E.G.Veterinary Services Mooi River, Mooirivier Vet Clinic, Mtubatuba, Mtubatuba Animal Clinic, Goat: 2 Pietermaritzburg, Richmond Veterinay Clinic Sheep: 3, Goat: 3 Aliwal North, Hertzogbrug Dierekliniek Graaff-Reinet, Graaff Reinet Veterinary Clinic Sheep: 3, Goat: 3 Queenstown, Queenstown Veterinary clinic George, George Animal Hospital Sheep: 3 Resistant Round Worms Average Sheep Middelburg, Middelburg Dierehospitaal Nelspruit, Nelspruit Animal Hospital Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit, Kerkstraat Dierekliniek Pretoria, Anima Veterinary Consulting Rooms Graaff-Reinet, Graaff Reinet Veterinary Clinic Caledon, Overberg Veterinary Hospital Wireworm

32 Average 3.0 (4) 1.8 (9) 2.4 (7) 3.0 Beef 3.0 Sheep (9) 2.6 (5) 3.0 Goat 3.0 Gauteng Bronkhorstspruit, Kerkstraat Dierekliniek Limpopo Bela-Bela, Warmbad Dierekliniek Sheep: 3 Makhado, Blouberg Dierekliniek, Sheep: 3, Goat: 3 Bethlehem, Bethlehem Animal Hospital Clocolan, Clocolan Dierekliniek Frankfort, Frankfort Dierekliniek Gariepdam, Gariep Dierekliniek Sheep: 3 Merino lambs in Philipollis area Hertzogville, Hertzogville Dierekliniek Memel, Memel Veterinary Clinic Reitz, Riemland Dierehospitaal Villiers, Wilgepoort Dierekliniek Vennootskap Sheep: 3 Wesselsbron, Wesselsbron Dierekliniek Camperdown, Camperdown Vet Clinic Sheep: 3, Goat: 2 Estcourt, Estcourt Vet Clinic, Goat: 2 Howick, Howick Veterinary Clinic Sheep: 3 Kokstad, E.G.Veterinary Services Pietermaritzburg, Richmond Veterinay Clinic Sheep: 3 Cradock, Cradock Veterinary Clinic George, George Animal Hospital Sheep: 3 Brown stomach-worm

33 Average 3.0 Beef 3.0 Sheep Howick, Howick Veterinary Clinic Cradock, Cradock Veterinary Clinic Nodular worm Average Sheep Kuruman, Kuruman Dierekliniek Kuruman, Lea Shuda CSS Vet Tape Worms Average 1.6 (7) 1.6 (5) Beef Sheep 1.7 (6) (3) Goat Standerton, Econovet North Ventersdorp, Buffelsvlei Dierekliniek

34 Clocolan, Clocolan Dierekliniek Frankfort, Frankfort Dierekliniek Ladybrand, Ladybrand / Excelsior Dierekliniek Reitz, Riemland Dierehospitaal Villiers, Wilgepoort Dierekliniek Vennootskap Vrede, Vrede Dierehospitaal, Camperdown, Camperdown Vet Clinic Dundee, Endumeni Herd health, Kokstad, E.G.Veterinary Services, Graaff-Reinet, Graaff Reinet Veterinary Clinic Goat: 2 Kuruman, Lea Shuda CSS Vet, Goat: 2 Parafilaria Average (3) Beef 2.5 Limpopo Mokopane, Potgietersrus Dierekliniek Polokwane, Pietersburg Veterinary Clinic North Ventersdorp, Buffelsvlei Dierekliniek Estcourt, Estcourt Vet Clinic Mtubatuba, Mtubatuba Animal Clinic Pongola, Pongola Animal Clinic 1.7 (3) Liver fluke

35 Average 1.4 (5) 2.3 (3) (3) 1.5 Beef (4) Dairy 3.0 Sheep Balfour, Balfour Dierekliniek Middelburg, Middelburg Dierehospitaal Frankfort, Frankfort Dierekliniek Hoopstad, Hoopstad Dierekliniek Memel, Memel Veterinary Clinic, Vrede, Vrede Dierehospitaal Bergville, Tugela Vet Clinic Howick, Howick Veterinary Clinic, Dairy: 3 Cradock, Cradock Veterinary Clinic Caledon, Overberg Veterinary Hospital George, George Animal Hospital Dairy: 2, Conical Flukes Average 2.3 (4) Beef Balfour, Balfour Dierekliniek Clocolan, Clocolan Dierekliniek 2.3 (4)