October Previous disease reports can be seen on the RuVASA website Click on Disease Reports

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1 Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally reported by veterinarians belonging to the Ruminant Veterinary Association of South Africa (RuVASA), a group of the South African Veterinary Association October 2015 revious disease reports can be seen on the RuVASA website Click on Disease Reports The following practices and laboratories (119) submitted reports during October 2015: Mpumalanga (12) Balfour Dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Bethal Dr. Hardus ieters Delmas Dr. Johan Jooste Ermelo Drs. otgieter and Steinberg Grootvlei Dr. Neels van Wyk Karino (Nelspruit) Dr. Silke fitzer Lydenburg Drs. Trümpelmann and Steyn Nelspruit Dr. André Beytell Middelburg Drs. Fourie and Erasmus iet Retief - Drs. Niebuhr and Weber Standerton Dr. Kobie Kroon Volksrust Drs. Watson and Solomon Gauteng (5) Bapsfontein Drs. Engelbrecht, Olivier and Ribbens Bronkhorstspruit Drs. De Bruin, De Bruin, Rudolph and Slabber Nigel Dr. Cindy van der Westhuizen Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital roff. Annandale, rozesky, Shakespear, Holm and Drs. De Haast, Esposito, Gratwick, Hamman, Harmse and O Dell retoria Dr. Hanneke ienaar Limpopo (6) Lephalale (Ellisras) Dr. Brigitte Luck Makhado Dr. Freddie Harris Mokopane (otgietersrus) - Dr. Henk Visser olokwane (ietersburg) Drs. Watson, Viljoen, Jansen Van Vuuren, Van Rooyen, Snyman and Cremona Tzaneen Drs. Cordier and Du Toit Vaalwater - Dr. Hampie van Staden North West (10)

2 Brits Drs. Boshoff and Coertze Christiana - Dr. ieter Nel Klerksdorp Drs. Van den Berg and Theron Klerksdorp Drs. Coetzee and Venter Leeudoringstad - Dr. Ian Jonker Lichtenburg Dr. Nelmarie Krüger-Rall Lichtenburg Dr. Fritz Rass Stella - Dr. Magdaleen Vosser Ventersdorp/ Koster Drs. Marais and Benadé Vryburg Dr. Jurie Kritzinger Free State (24) Bethlehem Drs. Strydom and Strydom Bethlehem Dr. J.C. Du lessis Bloemfontein Dr. Stephan Wessels Bothaville Dr. Johann Blaauw Bultfontein Dr. Santjie ieterse Clocolan Dr. Liezel Wasserman Dewetsdorp Dr. Marike Badenhorst Ficksburg Drs.Kotze and Coetzer Frankfort - Drs. Lessing, Cilliers and Janse van Rensburg Harrismith - Drs.Thirion, retorius and Nel Hertzogville Dr. Nico Hendrikz Hoopstad - Dr. Kobus retorius Kroonstad Drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Ladybrand/Ecelsior - Drs. De Vos and Nel Memel Drs. Nion and Nion arys Drs. Wessels and Wessels hillipolis Dr. Stephan Vermeulen Reitz - Dr. Murray Smith Viljoenskroon - Dr. Johan Kahts Villiers Drs. Hattingh en Hauptfleisch Vrede Drs. Myburgh and Bester-Cloete Wesselsbron Dr. Johan Jacobs Winburg Drs. Albertyn and Albertyn Zastron Dr. hillip Brand KwaZulu-Natal (18) Bergville - Dr. Ariena Shepherd Bergville Dr. Jubie Muller Camperdown Dr. Anthony van Tonder Dundee - Dr. Tony Grace Dundee Drs. Marais and Fynn Eshowe Drs. ryke and Hoffman Estcourt Drs.Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Greytown Dr. Mike Caldicott

3 Howick Drs. Hughes, Lund, Gordon, Allison and Taylor Ingogo Dr. Trish Oglesby Kokstad- Drs. Clowes and Shrives Mooi River - Drs. Fowler, Hartley, Waterman and Mallet Mtubatuba Dr. Trever Viljoen Newcastle Dr. Barry Rafferty ietermaritzburg Dr. Rick Mapham ongola Dr. Heinz Kohrs Underberg - Drs. Collins, King and Delaney Vryheid Drs.Theron and Theron Eastern Cape (13) Aleandria - Drs. Olivier and Dreyer Aleandria Dr. Thys otgieter Aliwal North Drs. Troskie and Strauss Cradock Dr. Frans Erasmus Graaff- Reinet - Dr. Roland Larson Graaff Reinet Drs. Hobson, Strydom and Hennesy Humansdorp - Drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen Van Vuuren, Barker and Kotze Jeffreys Bay Drs. Hoek, Lategan and McFarlane Kareedouw- Dr. Marten Bootsma Middelburg, Steynsburg, Barkly East Drs. Van Rooyen and Viljoen ort Alfred Dr. Leon de Bruyn Stutterheim - Dr. Dave Waterman Uitenhage Drs. Mulder and Krüger Western Cape (15) Beaufort West - Drs. ienaar and Grobler Caledon Drs. Retief and Rissik Darling Drs. Van der Merwe, Adam and Senekal George - Drs. Strydom, Truter, and ettifer Heidelberg Dr. Albert van Zyl Malmesbury Dr. Otto Kriek Malmesbury Dr. Markus Fourie Oudtshoorn Dr. Glen Carlisle Oudtshoorn Dr. Adriaan Olivier iketberg Dr. André van der Merwe lettenberg Bay Dr. André Reitz Riversdale Drs. Du lessis, Taylor and De Bruyn Stellenbosch Dr. Alfred Kidd Swellendam Drs. Malan and Venter Vredenburg - Dr. Izak Rust Northern Cape (7) Calvinia Dr. Bertus Nel Colesberg Drs. Rous and Rous

4 De Aar Dr. Donald Anderson Jan Kempdorp Dr. Jan Brand Kathu Dr. Jan Vorster Kimberley Drs. Van Heerden and Swart Upington Drs. Vorster and Visser Feedlots (2) Drs. Morris and Du reez Dr. Andy Hentzen Laboratory reports (7) Dr. Mark Chimes - Deltamune laboratory Dr. Marijke Henton - Ide SA Johannesburg Dr. Annelize Jonker Stellenbosch rovincial Laboratory Dr. Liza du lessis Ide SA Onderstepoort Dr. Alan Fischer Queenstown rovincial laboratory Dr. Rick Last Vetdiagnosti, ietermaritzburg Dr. Emily Lane National Zoological Gardens For the complete report and previous reports go to and click on Disease reports. Summary of disease report for October Reports from veterinary practices and laboratories were received (Mpumalanga (M) 12; Gauteng (G) 5; Limpopo (L) 6; North West (NW) 10; Free State (FS) 24; KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) 18; Eastern Cape (EC) 13; Western Cape (WC) 15; Northern Cape (NC) 7; Feedlots (FL) 2 and Laboratories (Lab) 7). Reports were also received from practices regarding ostriches, horses and game. These reports as well as the feedlot and laboratory reports are to be seen below the Disease distribution report as reported by veterinarians. I received this newsletter from Barry Symons, retired cattle breeder and beef management consultant (Estcourt) and with his permission I would like to share it with you: B ARRY S N EWSLETTER S UMMER 2015 G l e n b e l l a F a r m B a r r y S y m o n s age 1 I know it is really tough out there and I have been searching my mind for something positive to tell you. It has taken me some time to pluck up enough courage to write to you, yet I must. What to do during this etended drought which looks as though it is not due to end too soon? Even if it rains today, for many of us there will not be green grass before about the end of November.

5 Make sure animals have roughage. If you are running short, split herds and open up paddock fences. You can t get smart about grazing systems now. You will be surprized what cattle can find to eat. If you have thorn trees, they will have green leaves and this is a valuable source of fodder. Remember clean water is paramount. Watch out for muddy dams and vleis. Fence off if possible and pipe water to troughs. Consider carting water if necessary. Keep up protein licks. Cows with calves need about g/d of crude protein, so try to fulfil as much of this as possible. If you can get a supply of chicken litter then do so and pay whatever they ask. I am not ashamed to tell you that my 50 odd cows are eating 3.5kg litter/day and if this drought lasts any longer then I will up that figure without feeling any guilt. (This topic might be controversial but may be life saving. Remember to vaccinate your animals against botulism at least twice before giving chicken litter! Faffa Malan) Leave your bulls in with the cows for as long as you think it needs to get them into calf. Getting cows in calf is your priority. Remain focused on conception because this year a late calf will be better than no calf. Don t get smart with shortened breeding seasons!! Offloading cattle and marketing. A good friend who knows his stuff advises: Sell any fat cow (C2) NOW. rices are good and supply tight, but that will end before mid- December. Do whatever it takes to get a cow fat, but don t sell her thin (C1). Feeder oen and heifers will be in demand in January again. Look long term and offload timeously. There are a lot of positive things that we perhaps need to take note of during this really awful time. Those of you who have real vleis, i.e. riverine grasslands, need to fence these off from the adjoining veld and use them as valuable sources of fodder in times of drought. Take note that just about the only green in our grasslands is kikuyu grass. Manage these areas separately if they are large enough. Where veld has not been grazed down too short during winter, Themeda triandra (i.e. Red grass) has flowered in spite of there being no rain. There is no tulip in our lands; only holes in the ground where the porcupines have been eating the bulbs. What a pleasure!! The aper bark thorn trees are in full flower and what a sight! Their roots go deep to find water. Like

6 them, our roots need to stay deep in the Lord to find sustenance for the soul! salm 1 says: They are like trees beside a stream that bear fruit at the right time. Hou die blink kant bo! Best wishes, Barry Symons (Glenbella Nursery glenbella@florasymons.co.za ) Reports of protein, energy and trace mineral deficiencies are increasing. The drought will take its toll on all of us and RuVASA sends their best wishes to all stock farmers during this difficult time. Some areas received sufficient rain and we are thankful with those farmers. Internal parasites The following reports were received from practices regarding internal parasite infestations: Internal parasites M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C Roundworms X Resistant roundworms Wireworm X Brown stomach-worm Large-mouthed bowelworm Nodularworm Lungworm Tapeworms arafilaria Liver fluke Conical fluke Cysticercosis (measles) Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) Coccidiosis Be on the alert for signs indicating internal parasite infestation: anaemia, bottle jaw, weight loss and diarrhoea. Animals under stress are more susceptible to parasites. Discuss control and preventative measures with your veterinarian. Eternal parasites The following reports were received from practices regarding eternal parasite infestations: Eternal parasites M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C Blue ticks Resistant blue ticks Heartwater ticks NC

7 Brown ear-ticks Bont-legged ticks Red-legged ticks aralysis ticks Biting lice Sucking lice Itch mites Sheep scab Mange mites Nuisance flies Midges Blowflies Screw-worm Nasal bot Reports of an increase in tick numbers were received. Tick borne diseases The following tick borne diseases were reported by practices in the provinces: Tick borne diseases M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C African red water Asiatic red water Anaplasmosis Heartwater Lumpy skin disease Corridor disease NC Vaccines are available to control most of these diseases. Discuss preventative measures with your veterinarian. The following tick toicoses were reported by practices in the provinces: Tick toicosis M G L N FS KZ EC W W N C Sweating sickness NC Sweating sickness is caused by the toin secreted by the bont-legged tick. They like to attach in the tail switch and therefore this area should be treated as well. Insect transmittable diseases The following insect transmittable diseases were reported by practices in the provinces:

8 Insect transmittable diseases M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C Lumpy skin disease Ephemeral fever (Three day stiff sickness) Blue tongue Rift Valley Fever Wesselsbron NC First reports of insect transmittable diseases were received for the new season. The question to you is: Have you already ordered vaccines against these diseases and vaccinated your animals? Venerial diseases The following venereal diseases were reported by practices in the provinces: Venereal diseases M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C Trichomonosis Vibriosis izzle disease New cases of trichomonosis are reported every month and this disease is out of hand. Cattle study groups should discuss preventative and control measures with their veterinarians. Farmers are losing millions of Rand due to this disease! Be sure to test bulls regularly for these diseases. Beware when buying in or sharing bulls! Remember female animals may also be infected. Bacterial diseases The following bacterial diseases were reported by practices in the provinces: Bacterial diseases M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C Blackquarter Botulism ulpy kidney Lamb dysentery Swelled head Red gut (cattle) Blood gut (sheep) Tetanus Salmonellosis Bovine brucellosis Ovine brucellosis Actinobacillus seminis Bovine tuberculosis

9 Johne s Leptospirosis seudomonas Septicaemia E. coli Enzootic abortion Lumpy wool Uterine gangrene Wooden tongue Update your vaccination programme and order vaccines and booster doses in advance! To control and eradicate brucellosis is a top priority for all of us! Viral diseases The following viral diseases were reported by practices in the provinces: Viral diseases M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C BMC (snotsiekte) Rabies BVD IBR BRSV I3 Rotavirus / Coronavirus Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) Sheep leucosis Jaagsiekte Orf Warts There is no treatment for viral diseases with the result that animals have to be protected by vaccinations if they are available. Discuss vaccination programmes with your veterinarian. Fungal diseases The following fungal disease was reported by practices in the provinces: Fungal diseases M G L N FS KZ EC W W N C Ringworm NC

10 Toicities The following toicities were reported by practices in the provinces: Toicities M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C Cardiac glycoside Gifblaar Gousiekte Cestrum (ink berry) Tulip Cynanchum (bobbejaantou) Facial eczema Lantana russic acid Senecio Geeldikkop (duwweltjies) Vermeersiekte Kikuyu Ryegrass Ganskweek Mycotoicosis Diplodiosis Harpuisbos Syringa berries Kraalbos Crotolaria Radish Bracken fern Water contamination Nitrate Urea Snake bite Blue green algae Copper Selenium Zinc araquat hosamine yrethroid Levamizole Fluoride

11 With the present dry conditions in many parts of the country the only green vegetation is tulip leaves. Young animals graze the leaves and are poisoned and many deaths were reported. The antidote is activated charcoal at 2 gram per kg body weight. Look for ink berry plants which are deadly if eaten by animals. This plant is spread by birds eating the fruits. Always be alert to prevent losses due to toicities. Carefully read labels and packet inserts before using drugs! Nutritional deficiencies The following nutritional deficiencies were reported by practices in the provinces: Deficiencies M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C Energy rotein hosphate Calcium NC Nutritional deficiencies were the most reported on during October. Micro-nutritional deficiencies The following micro-nutritional deficiencies were reported by practices in the provinces: Deficiencies M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C Iodine Copper Zinc Selenium Magnesium Manganese Vitamin A Vitamin B NC There are antagonists such as calcium, iron and sulphur which hamper the uptake of micro-minerals. Have water and soil samples analysed to see what the levels of these antagonists are. Arrange with your veterinarian to have liver samples analysed to determine the status of these micro-minerals in your herd or flock. Multifactorial diseases and other conditions The following conditions were reported by practices in the provinces

12 Multifactorial diseases and other M G L N FS KZ EC W NC conditions W N C Abortions Stillbirths Abscesses Bladder stones Blindness Bloat Blood gut (sheep) Blue udder Diarrhoea Epididymitis Eye cancer Eye infections Joint ill Lameness/foot problems Lung infection Mastitis Navel ill Red gut (sheep) Trauma Downer Other conditions: rectal prolapses Discuss the origin, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian Metabolic diseases The following diseases were reported by practices in the provinces: Metabolic diseases M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C NC Acidosis Displaced abomasum Ketosis Milk fever Due to a lack of energy many ewes with twins contract domsiekte. Discuss the etiology, treatment and prevention of these diseases with your veterinarian Reproductive diseases Reproductive diseases M G L N FS KZ EC W NC W N C Dystocia (difficult births) Endometritis

13 Metritis oor conception Retained afterbirth Sheath prolapse Uterine prolapse Vaginal prolapse Fertility of animals is one of the most important factors determining the success of farming. Discuss all issues with your veterinarian. Environmental conditions M G L N W FS KZ N EC W C Eposure to cold Heat stress Lightning Drought NC Comment: Other conditions: drug residues (G); predators (G, FS, KZN); theft and sabotage (FS,KZN). In the CODE OF CONDUCT of the RO the following standard operating procedures are documented. The local veterinarian should be your partner to help you achieve the necessary standards. RECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO SUORT BIO-SECURITY. recautionary measures are required to protect the herd against diseases acquired because of eternal contact. The following categories are of concern: 1. DIRECT LIVESTOCK URCHASES (and own animals returning): The following should be verified before importing new animals into the herd: How long animals have resided at the purchase or previous location? Have there been any recent disease outbreaks in the location? Do brand marks clearly confirm ownership? Was a vaccination program followed (need paper or veterinarian proof). What are the local prevalent eternal parasites and the routinely implemented control program? Is a veterinarian supported control program against transmittable diseases followed? Dates and sufficient number of tests for reproductive diseases of both male and female Dates and tests for zoonotic diseases The above should also be verified with the purchaser s own veterinarian. 2. URCHASES FROM SALES OR SECULATORS urchase only in areas which are not in close proimity to scheduled areas Visually inspect the animals before purchasing for: * brand marks * parasite infestation

14 3. TRANSORT TO THE FARM Use only reputable transporters Has the truck been cleaned and disinfected? Truck to follow the shortest uninterrupted route Truck to take the shortest route to the handling facilities Do not allow the truck personnel to get in contact with the farm herd 4. ARRIVAL ON THE FARM Off-load the livestock to limit stress and to be visually evaluated for any unnatural conditions Isolate them from the farm herd and shared facilities for at least 21 days (quarantine) Retest for diseases of concern if needed, before miing with the rest of the herd rocess new arrivals within 24 hrs after arrival (unique ID tag brand, dip, dose, vaccinate) Inspect regularly 5. FEED URCHASES Ensure bales of hay are sourced from areas that are not bordering scheduled areas urchase feed from reputable dealers only Avoid buying feed in second hand bags Ensure feed trucks are also disinfected and cleaned, especially if also used to transport animals to abattoirs 6. VISITORS Do not allow strangers or their vehicles amongst the livestock Ensure fences are well maintained and preferably jackal and warthog proof 7. EMLOYEES Do not allow the employees to eat in feed stores Supply employees with sufficient ablution facilities Regularly arrange to let employees be medicated for tape worm and have health check-ups Keep record of all employee livestock on the property Treat employee livestock with separate but dedicated health programs Ensure employees understand the reason behind the implemented bio-security measures to help ensure compliance. GENERAL AND RERODUCTION MANAGEMENT Record keeping: All animals are individually identified and recorded. To prove ownership: All animals are marked with the registered brand mark according to the Animal Identification Act, No 6 of A defined breeding season is the basis of effective management: The breeding season coincides with the rainy season, i.e. the period when nutritive value of the pasture is at its best. Sufficient energy reserves in the herd as measured by condition scoring are vital, especially for effective breeding, and when inadequate the herd is supplemented in consultation with a nutritionist: Condition scoring of bulls and cows are regularly done, particularly at the onset of the breeding season and supplemented if necessary. Bull - cow ratios are maintained: A ratio of 1 to 25 is maintained in every separate herd.

15 Fertility of breeding bulls: All breeding bulls are tested for mating ability and semen quality before the breeding season. Seually transferable diseases: Sheath washes or scrapes on bulls are performed annually. Diseases that can cause poor conception, abortion or weak calves: Cows are vaccinated against such diseases in consultation with the veterinarian. Breeding success monitored by a veterinarian: Rectal pregnancy or scan diagnosis is done by the veterinarian 8 weeks after the breeding season. Twenty percent of cows or more not pregnant: Further tests are done to determine cause of low pregnancy rate. Culling of non-pregnant cows: Non-pregnant cows are removed from the herd and considered a necessary bonus to supporting herd income. HERD HEALTH AND BIO-SECURITY Maintenance of herd health is key to a successful enterprise: A veterinarian should visit the farm bi-annually at least. Calf mortality before 3 months of age is an important reason for poor weaning percentage: Good management practices are applied to limit early calf deaths. Some diseases and parasites (internal and eternal) are more often encountered in specific areas: Annual vaccinations and a parasite control program should be applied according to regional requirements and in liaison with the veterinarian. Farmers selling weaned calves to feedlots may want to have a market advantage compared to others: A specific vaccination program is applied before weaning for that purpose. Herds may be at risk of being eposed to CA and TB: The herd is tested annually for CA and all heifers are vaccinated against CA between 4 and 8 months of age with an efficient, approved remedy. The herd is tested at least every 5 years for TB recautionary measures are required to prevent diseases being imported into the herd: A quarantine program to keep incoming animals separate is followed. All incoming animals have a suitable certificate of negative test results or are of a certified clean, closed herd. Stock remedies and medicines should be registered, correctly stored and used before the transpire date: All medicines and stock remedies are registered, stored and applied according to prescription. rescribed medicines with a specific application are under the control of the veterinary profession: All prescription medicines are obtained and applied under prescription from a veterinarian. Reports were also received from practices regarding ostriches, horses and game. These reports as well as the feedlot and laboratory reports are to be seen below the Disease distribution report as reported by veterinarians. Ostriches Western Cape Oudtshoorn Ostrimed Bont-legged ticks Condition Comments 3 - Very high tick numbers due to an increase in temperature and increased humidity.

16 Nuisance flies 3 - Wet areas for breeding places and increased day temp. Midges 2 - Wet areas for breeding places and increased day temp. neumonia 1 Diarrhoea Heatstroke Climatic changes with heat and high humidity triggers to dysbacterosis. Together with by pass of carbohydrates and protein leads to overgrowth of Clostridia and E. coli. Treatment is difficut due to resistance. Standard reaction to antibiotics is unpredictable. Equines Mpumalanga Balfour Balfour Dierekliniek Tetanus (1) Lydenburg Lydenburg Dierespreekkamer Retained afterbirth (1) Opthalmia (2) Makhado Blouberg African horse sickness (2) 4 cases North West Vryburg - Vryburgdierehospitaal Babesiosis (2) Free-State Bethlehem - Bethlehemdierehospitaal Colic (2) Memel Memel Veterinary Clinic Nuisance flies (1) Eastern Cape ort Alfred - ort Alfred Veterinary clinic Biliary (2) 2 cases (Bathurst and Fish River) Rain scald (2) 5 cases in Bathurst Swine

17 Gauteng Nigel Welgelegen Dierekliniek E. coli (2) Eastern Cape Uitenhage Uitenhage Dierehospitaal E. coli (2) Game Gauteng retoria Anima Veterinary Consulting Rooms Vitamin B1 deficiency (1) Limpopo Mokopane Dr. Henk Visser Intestinal roundworms (1) Bont ticks (2) Brown ear-ticks (1) Screw-worm (2) Blackquarter (1) Swelled head (1) Abortion (1) Abortion (1) Abscesses (2) Makhado Blouberg Heartwater (2) Springbok Red gut (2) Buffalo cows olokwane - ietersburg Veterinary Clinic Bont-legged ticks (3) ulpy kidney (1) Coccidiosis (1) Trauma (1) North West Klerksdorp Intestinal roundworms (2) - Nyalas Coccidiosis (1) Nyalas Klerksdorp - Buffeldoorndierekliniek

18 Bont-legged tick (2) Lameness (1) Capture myopathy (3) Bontebok moved from Karoo to Nort West, 5 out of 15 died from suspected capture myopathy. Lichtenburg Silvercrossvets Intestinal roundworms (2) Blue ticks (3) rotein deficiency (2) - sable Abscesses (3) sable Capture myopathy (1) springbok Trauma (2) - nyala Free State Memel Memel Veterinary Clinic Blackquarter (1) arys - arysdierehospitaal Opthalmia (3) Winburg Winburgdierekliniek Mortalities due to drought Nyala, Gemsbok, Springbok and Oribi Capture myopathy KwaZulu Natal ongola - ongola animal clinic Internal roundworms (2) Bont ticks (3) rotein deficiency (3) Energy deficiency (3) hosphate deficiency (2) Calcium deficiency (2) Drought conditions (3) Game dying like flies. Disaster and those that can afford feed are feeding at great epense. Eastern Cape Aleandria Thys otgieter Dystocia (1) Buffalo posterior presentation ort Alfred - ort Alfred Veterinary clinic Diarrhoea (1) E. coli in buffalo Humansdorp Humansdorp Veterinary Clinic Intestinal roundworms immature sable Abscess kudu cow Abscess giraffe with abscess caused by bont tick bite

19 Blind springbok blind in both eyes Northern Cape Upington Dr. Ian Vorster Mortalities Two rhinos. Rhinos were transported in a truck with fine water spray causing a high humidity. First rhino died 3 days later due to stasis of the intestinal tract (ileus) and infection. Second rhino died one week later of pneumonia. Wildlife athology Research rogramme National Zoological Gardens. Information supplied by Dr. Emily Lane ( Emily@nzg.ac.za ) 28 August 2015 to 23 October 2015 WILDLIFE ATHOLOGY RESEARCH ROGRAMME NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS O BOX 754 RETORIA BOOM ST RETORIA HONE: X106, 228, 176 FAX: Emily@nzg.ac.za; The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa is a proud facility of the National Research Foundation Member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) an African Association of Zoological Gardens. Aquaria and Botanic Gardens (AAZAB) 23 Oct 2015 DAFF Import/Eport olicy Unit Subdirectorate Monthly report: Cases sent to referring veterinarians between 28 th August and 23 rd October 2015 Cases from State vet Skukuza or Orpen Cases imported with master permit and CITES permits (none) MDate Species Final M No 01-Jun-15 Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin Meningitis and trauma 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah Feline anleukopaenia virus infection 15Z Jun-15 African Black Footed Cat Mucous bronchopneumonia, glomerulopathy, oalate nephrosis 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah Feline anleukopaenia virus infection 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah None possible (autolysis) 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah Salmonella septicaemia, suspected Feline anleukopaenia virus infection 15Z Jun-15 Lappet-faced Vulture Suspected complications of severe air sac haemorrhage 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah Suspected FLV 15Z Jun-15 Honey Badger Blunt trauma 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah FLV 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah presumed FLV 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah No necropsy done 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah FLV 15Z111

20 29-Jun-15 Cheetah FLV 15Z Jun-15 Cheetah Gastritis monitoring 15Z113B 30-Jun-15 Cheetah FLV 15Z Jun-15 Spotted Dikkop Blunt trauma 15Z Jul-15 African Wild Dog Complications of nasal neuroendocrine tumour 15Z Jul-15 Red eyed Dove Blunt trauma 15Z Jul-15 orcupine Septicaemia 15Z Jul-15 Aolotl Unknown (no lesions) 15Z Jul-15 Lion Bite wounds 15Z Jul-15 Leopard Rabies 15Z Jul-15 Crested Barbet Fractured left leg 15Z Jul-15 Cichlid kribensis Suspected cutaneous fibrosarcoma 15Z127B 10-Jul-15 Egyptian Goose Fractured spine 15Z Jul-15 Cheetah Gastritis monitoring 15Z131B 20-Jul-15 Okapi Myocardial necrosis, cacheia 15Z Jul-15 Rosy Flamingo Amyloidosis 15Z Jul-15 Chacma baboon None possible (autolysis) 15Z Jul-15 Chacma baboon Healthy (problem) animal 15Z Jul-15 African enguin Suspected maladaptation to new enclosure 15Z Jul-15 White Rhino Suspected starvation, possible ovarian disease 15Z Jul-15 Cheetah Gastritis monitoring 15Z138B 23-Jul-15 Cheetah Euthanasia (aggression) 15Z Jul-15 Cheetah Euthanasia (aggression) 15Z Jul-15 Cheetah Suspected leopard attack (fractured spine) 15Z Jul-15 Cheetah Limb and pelvic fractures 15Z Aug-15 African Wild Dog Bacterial pneumonia and gastritis 15Z Aug-15 Black Gibbon Ductus deferens biopsy 15143B 13-Aug-15 African Rock ython Aeromonas septicaemia 15Z Aug-15 Caracal Canine parvoviral infection 15Z Aug-15 Lion Septicaemia 15Z Aug-15 Red anda Chronic renal failure 15Z Aug-15 African Wild Dog Suspected complications of canine distemper virus infection 15Z Aug-15 Nyala Ruptured abdomen 15Z Aug-15 Lion Suspected trauma 15Z Aug-15 Babirussa Metastatic pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma 15Z Aug-15 African enguin Suspected bacterial enteritis 15Z Aug-15 Rock Dassie Encephalitis 15Z Aug-15 Laughing Dove Bacterial stomatitis, possible igeon aramyovirus 15Z156 Also see laboratory reports Monthly report on Livestock and Wildlife isolations for September 2015 from IDEXX Laboratories supplied by dr. Marijke Henton ( marijke-henton@idesa.net ) Moraella bovis was isolated from the eyes of cattle. There are three different Moraella species involved in IBK [Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis], and Moraella bovis is the most important. Moraella bovoculi can also cause it, but it is of low virulence, as is Moraella ovis which is usually

21 isolated from sheep. The vaccine only protects against Moraella bovis. IBK is eacerbated by dust and dry winds, both of which were, and are still prevalent. Blue udder in sheep was caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica. Udder abscesses in a goat were caused by Trueperella pyogenes, as was a pig abscess, a bovine abortion and three cases of pneumonia in cattle. Other causes of bovine pneumonia were Mannheimia haemolytica and Staphylococcus aureus. neumonia in a pig was associated with asteurella multocida, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae caused arthritis in another pig. Salmonella Typhimurium caused enteritis in adult cows, and Salmonella Dublin caused septicaemia in a calf. All the other cases were associated with E. coli ; enteritis in ostriches [2], enteritis, pleuritis, pneumonia and septicaemia in pigs, enteritis in calves [6], enteritis in a lamb, enteritis and bumblefoot in chickens and mastitis in a cow. The only case of interest in wildlife was Cryptococcus in a chronically affected cheetah. Molecular tests will establish whether it is Cryptococcus neoformans or C. gattii. Ordinary biochemical tests are not reliable in this regard. Feedlot report received from Dr. Shaun Morris and Dr. Eben du reez for October 2015 ( edupreez1@telkomsa.net ) Sheep feedlots Dusty conditions again contributed to the incidence of pneumonia in feedlots. Salmonella Typhimurium infection caused some losses. The drought and poor nutrition were the cause of poor and weak lambs arriving at feedlots and they had adaptation problems. Vitamin A and trace element deficiencies in sheep contributed to the presence of eye infections. Wireworm infestations was still at a low level. Acidosis and blood gut occurred in a group of lambs that had been on creep feed. The rumens of these sheep were severely damaged with the result that losses occurred and growth was retarded. Creep feed rations should be formulated with the help of a nutritionist. Circumstances of each farm is unique and must be taken into consideration when this system is used on a farm.

22 Cattle feed lots Dust contributed to the increase in lung diseases which caused mortalities. Wind contributed to nutritional disturbances, bloat, acidosis and red gut cases occurred. Blackquarter caused sporadic deaths inspite of good vaccination programmes. Lumpy skin disease broke out in feedlots in the Limpopo province and in other feedlots this disease was seen sporadically. At abattoirs a large percentage of lungs were seen with chronic lesions and adhesions and this was due to unfavourable weather conditions. The severe heat conditionscaused stress which depressed the immunity of aspecially the lighter calves but also cattle that had been standing in feedlots for some time Monthly Feedlot report for October 2015 from Dr. Andy Hentzen ( andyvet@mweb.co.za ) Conditions Species Intestinal roundworms O 1 Tapeworms B 2 Liver fluke B 3 Conical fluke B 3 Blue ticks B 2 Biting lice B 3 Sucking lice B 3 Nuisance flies B 2 Midges B,O,C 3 African red water B 2 Asiatic redwater B 2 Anaplasmosis B 2 Vibriosis B 1 Leptospirosis B 1 Blackleg B 2 Red gut B 3 BVD B 2 IBR B 3 Warts B 3 rotein deficiency B 3 Energy deficiency B 3 Vitamin A deficiency B 2 Copper deficiency B 2 Zinc deficiency B 2 Selenium deficiency B 2

23 Abortion B 2 Lameness B 3 Lung B 3 Diarrhoea B 3 Abscesses C 3 Eye problems B 3 Abscesses Dystocia B 2 Metritis B 2 Retained afterbirth B 2 Tulip poisoning B 3 Water contamination B 2 Due to very dry conditions cows lack protein and energy due to malnutrition, reserves depleted and therefore cows have little or no milk. B bovine; O ovine; C caprine; pigs; G game 1 = one case; 2 = 2 to 9 cases; 3 = more than 10 cases Monthly report for October 2015 from Dr R D Last (BVSc; M.Med.Vet(ath); MRCVS) Specialist Veterinary athologist, Vetdiagnosti - Veterinary athology Services Contributors Mr Butch Bosch Ms Ntando Magoso Mrs Beverley Williams Ms Nicole Gengan Dr Rick Last LIVESTOCK DISEASE SURVEILANCE LIVESTOCK SECIES NO. DISEASE AGENT CASES LOCATION Ovine, Ewe Ovine Johnes Disease 1 Humansdorp, E.Cape Caprine, Doe Rumen acidosis with free gas bloat 1 ietermaritzburg, KZN Bovine Cow MCF Widebeest Associated 1 ongola KZN Bovine Cow MCF Widebeest Associated 1 ongola KZN Ovine, Ewe Chlamydophila abortus 1 Vryheid KZN Bovine Cow MCF Widebeest Associated 1 Ficksberg OFS Bovine Cow MCF Widebeest Associated 1 Estcourt KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 2 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 3 Bergville KZN

24 Bovine Bull Trichomonas 1 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 1 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 5 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 4 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 1 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 2 Vryheid KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 13 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 1 Bergville KZN Bovine Bull Trichomonas 3 Bethal OFS Bovine Bull Trichomonas 6 Bergville KZN Monthly report for October 2015 from IDEXX laboratories (Onderstepoort) supplied by dr. Liza du lessis Disease or condition Specie and numbers Heartwater G 1 Theileriosis G 2 Johne s disease O 1 E. coli 1 Bovine malignant catarrh B 1 rotein / Energy deficiency B,C,G 2 Abortion B,C,G 2 Lungs B,O,G 2 Diarrhoea B,G 2 Capture myopathy G 1 B bovine; O ovine; C caprine; pigs; G game 1 = one case; 2 = 2 to 9 cases; 3 = more than 10 cases Monthly report for October 2015 from Queenstown rovincial Veterinary Laboratory as supplied by Dr. A.D. Fischer ( alan.fischer@drdar.gov.za ) Condition Area Comments and Specie Intestinal roundworms Mqanduli B 1 Anaplasmosis Queenstown B 1 Vibriosis Queenstown; Dordrecht; 12 cases (24 positive bulls) Cathcart; Adelaide; Aliwal North; Elliot; Lady Grey; Indwe Blood gut Whittlesea O 1 Brucella ovis Queenstown O 3 Coccidiosis Cofimvaba O 3 Rabies Cofimvaba B 1

25 Chlamydophila Queenstown; Mthatha B,O,C 3 Continue to see abortions, stillbirths, peri natal deaths and mismothered weak lambs positive for Chlamydophila (enzootic abortion) various districts Tulip poisoning Nqcobo B 3 Ink berry Lady Frere B 2 Slangkop Queenstown C 1 Cotula ( Matricaria ) nigelifolia Mqandula B 2 (stootsiektebossie) Abortion ( Brucella abortus ) Queenstown B 1 Frothy bloat Cathcart; Queenstown; Whittlesea O 3 B bovine; O ovine; C caprine; pigs; G game 1 = one case; 2 = 2 to 9 cases; 3 = more than 10 cases