The Stereological and Morphometrical Analysis of Metapodium in Tuj and Morkaraman Sheep

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1 ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Volume, Issue, July September 0, PP The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep Yasin Demiraslan, Iftar Gurbuz, Kadir Aslan, Yalcin Akbulut ; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary edicine, ehmet Akif Ersoy University 00, Burdur, Turkey. yasindemiraslan@hotmail.com Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary edicine, Kafkas University 600, Kars, Turkey. Kars College of Health, Kafkas University 600, Kars, Turkey. Abstract: This recent study aimed to evaluating metapodium as morphometrical and stereological in the orkaraman and Tuj sheep races. For this purpose, oneyear old 40 orkaraman (0 female, 0 male) and 40 Tuj (0 female, 0 male), in total metapodium of 80 sheep were used. Following maceration, 7 morphometrical and stereological, totally 0 measurements were obtained from each metapodium. The average maximum length of metacarpus and metatarsus of the female orkaraman sheep were determined as 7.98 mm and mm, respectively. In the male orkaraman sheep these values were found respectively as.76 mm and 4. mm, respectively. Besides, the average maximum length for the female and male metacarpus was determined as. and.80 mm respectively. Also, it was respectively found in their metatarsus as 4.87 ve 4. mm. Some statistically differences was investigated between metapodium in the analysis of gender and race. To sum up, it was detected that gender was more effective than race on metapodium morphometry of orkaraman and Tuj sheep. Furthermore, it was uncovered that more bone marrow can be obtained from metapodium of female than metapodium of male orkaraman and Tuj sheep. Keywords: etapodium, morphometry, stereoloji, sheep, gender.. INTRODUCTION orkaraman and Tuj sheep, which are raised as a combined race on the purpose of meat, milk and wool production, are the main breeds of Eastern Anatolia []. Bones of sheep, which are critical in the life of mankind, are widely encountered in archaeological excavations. In the literature, it has been asserted that the data can be determined on the history of the domestication of sheep and also, comments can be made about the population through fossils by analyzing cattle and sheep s metapodium [, ]. It has been reported that metapodium is used on the separation of the sheep and goat bones belonging to the Neotithis period [4]. Onar et al. (008) [] and Pazvant et al. (0) [6] have researched sheep and goats metapodium, which was obtained from the excavations in Istanbul and Eastern Anatolia, as osteometric. Bones are essential fat sources in animals. Fats in cavum medullare and substantia spongiosa generate fat tank in the animal bones. andibula and skeleton apendiculare are essential oil tanks. In the literature, it has been reported that medullar bone fat is more in animals which have less body fat and undernourish [7]. It is underlined that stated medullar and spongios fats will be used in the case of longterm starvation [80]. Consequently, in terms of bone fat, if an animal has healthy and good condition, cavum medullare of mandibula and long bones can preponderate from other animals, which are sick and have poor condition []. In the case of severe starvation, bone fat in Ungulata is the most recently used; for this reason, bone fat in Ungulata is a criterion in assessment of the body condition [0, ]. In the assessment of the amount of bone marrow in the bones, knowing the volume of the cavum medullare is of capital importance []. The stereological methods which are gold standard are often preferred for volume calculation. "Cavalieri principle" is the most preferred stereological method. Even if this principle is mostly used to estimate the volume of organs such as the brain and liver [4, ], it is also used in computed tomography and combined bone studies [6]. ARC Page

2 Yasin Demiraslan et al.. ATERIAS AND ETHODS In this recent study, oneyear old 40 orkaraman (0 female, 0 male) and 40 Tuj (0 female, 0 male), in total metacarpus and metatarsus of 80 sheep were used. Within the aim of providing similar nutritional conditions, metapodium was obtained from Kars Kardesler Town. Before the osteometric measurements, metapodium had been boiled for five hours and for to be free from fat, metapodium was maceration by had been waited for hours in 0% hydrogen peroxide [7]. Weight (W) of the metacarpus (C) and the metatarsus (T) was determined with digital precision scales (Precise Switzerland 0.000) by considering gender differences. After this process, 6 osteometric parameters were determined from all samples with the help of digital calipers (0.0, BTSUK), as set out below (Figure 4) [, 8, 9]. Fig. easurement point on metapodium Fig.easurement point on metapodium Fig.easurement point on metapodium ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page

3 The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep..orphometric easurements Fig4.easurement point on metapodium4 orphometric measurements were determined as the maximum length (G), the maximum width of the proximal end (Bp), the maximum depth of the metaphysis (Be), the maximum width of the metaphysis (De), the smallest width of the diaphysis (SD), the smallest depth of the diaphysis (DD), the width of the midpoint of the diaphysis (d),the depth of the midpoint of the diaphysis (e), the maximum width of the distal end (Bd), the depth of the distal end (Dd), the anteroposterior diameter of the internal trochlea of the condylus lateralis (DI), the anteroposterior diameter of the external trochlea of the condylus lateralis (DE), the anteroposterior diameter of the internal trochlea of the condylus medialis (DI), the anteroposterior diameter of the external trochlea of the condylus medialis (DE), the mediolateral width of the condylus lateralis () and the mediolateral width of the condylus medialis (). Besides, for the evaluation of the differences, metapodial slenderness index (SD / G 00) [9] and metapodial index (DE / dd 00) (allemand, 00; Guintard, 998) were calculated by benefiting from metapodial measurements...stereological measurements As stereological the cavum medullary (V) and bone volume (BV) was measured by using the Cavalieri principle. All metapodial volume (TV) has been reached by collecting these two values. The ten by samples were used according to male, female and breed for stereological measurements. For stereological measurements of metapodium, firstly, it was sliced as transversal, slice of 0. cm thickness, with the help of an electric saw machine [7]. Following the slicing process, each section was numbered consecutively. Sections were photographed by placing on a flat ground (Canon 600D). Photographs were separately processed to point counting on Image J program (Figure ). Fig.Pointcounting on sections ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 4

4 Yasin Demiraslan et al. After point counting process, not only medullar volume but also bone tissue volume was determined by using following formula [4]. V= t [((SU) d)/s] ΣP V: Volume, t: slice thickness (0. cm), SU: the represented length by the scale which shows to enlarge an image, d: distance between two points on the dotted field measurement ruler, S: the length of the scale in the image is measured with a ruler ΣP: total number of counted points. In order to challenge of the calculated volume, coefficient error (CE) was computed by using the following formulas.. Noise = (b/ a) n ΣP Noise: Complexity (Noise) value, b / a: Standard value, n: Number of the Sections, ΣP: the total number of the counted points.. Var SRS = ( (P i Noise) 4 P i P i + + P i x P i + )/ Var SRS : the total areea change, sections, Pi: the counted dots listed in n numbered sections. CE ( P) = : the total fields changes which are occured in n number Total variance = Noise + VarSRS P: Number of the points It was sure that the value of CE had been taken less than 0%, which is the reliability limit in the study...statistical Analysis t test (p 0.0), which is a parametric test in the SPSS statistical package program (version 6.0), was performed for analysis, identifier values of the measurements and calculations, which are obtained in the study (averagex, standard deviationsd),with regard to gender and orientation. Furthermore, the variation coefficient (% CV) of the data was calculated in the same program for Pearson s correlation coefficient and morphometric values.. RESUTS As a first step in the study, coefficient error and descriptive data of the morphometric data are shown in Tables and.according to this, Bd in metacarpus and De in matatarsus of the female orkaraman sheep; De in metacarpus and metatarsus of the male orkaraman sheep; Be in metacarpus and in metatarsus of the female Tuj sheep; and DI in metacarpus and DE in metatarsus of the male Tuj sheep had the highest variation coefficient. In the study, the descriptive data which was obtained from Tuj and orkaraman sheep s metapodium was shown in Table. In this recent study, metapodium was compared according to gender and race. It was seen that the gender differences, which were determined in metacarpus of orkaraman sheep W, G, Bp, d, SD, De, Be, Dd, DE, DI, DI, BV ve TV, and in metatarsus of it G, Bp, SD, DD, Bd, De, Be, Dd, DI, DI, ve parameters, were seen statistically significant (P< 0.0). In this study, the correlation analysis was done in order to determine the relation of metapodial parameters with each other and findings were presented in Table 47. According to this, when the obtained data was analyzed overall, in terms of P<0,0 and P<0,0, statistically significant results were reach in metacarpus of the female orkaraman sheep respectively as in the ratio of 4.7% and.%, and in their metatarsus as 7.89% and 9.47%. These values were in the ratio of 4.% and 4.% for the male orkaraman sheep metacarpus and.6% and.6% for their metatarsus. When viewed the metapodium correlation data of the Tuj sheep, according to P<0,0 and P<0,0, percentage values were diagnosed respectively as.0% and 7.89% for the female metacarpus and 0.% and 9.47% for the female metatarsus. Besides, these values were diagnosed in the male metacarpus as.% and 0.% and in the male metatarsus as.68% and.6%. ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page

5 The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep In the study, metapodial slenderness index was found as follows: for the orkaraman metacarpus as0.48 and for the metatarsus as The metapodial index was 0.0 for the Tuj sheep metacarpus and 9.08 for metatarsus. The metapodial index was determined as following: for the orkaraman metacarpus as 7.8 and for the metatarsus as 7.9. Furthermore, these values were respectively 74.9 and 7.0 for Tuj metacarpus and metatarsus. Table.orphometric coefficient error of the metapodium of the Tuj and orkaraman sheep orkaraman Female ale Female ale Parametre C T C T C T C T G,6,8,6,06, 6, 4,6,99 Bp,0,9,6,88,0,0 4,8, D,64 7,48,4,9,9 6, 4,0,07 E 4,7,9,4 4,66,0 4,,6 4,00 SD,6 6,76,64,7 6,,7,,7 DD 7,,46 4,0,9,9 4,9,08,49 Bd,9 4,6,0,6 4,90 4,88,98,86 De 8,7 0, 9,7 6,0 0,89,98 9,7 4,8 Be 4, 4,8,6,6,67 4,80 4,87,7 Dd 9,7 7,,6,7 8, 8,08 4,4,90 DE 4, 6,08,66,69 4, 4,, 9,0 DI,47,8,4,47 4,,0,8 4,98 DE,08 6,0,9,8, 4,8,97 4,47 DI,06,8,8,7,,0 4, 4,,99,8 4,49,0,8,69 7,00,86, 4,9,9,7 4,80 4,94 7,6,64 Table.The data of the metapodium of the orkaraman and Tuj sheep (W: g, BV, V, TV: cm, The others values: mm) Tuj orkaraman Tuj Female ale Female ale C T C T C T C T ean sd ean sd ean sd ean sd ean sd ean sd ean sd ean sd W (g) G (mm) Bp (mm) d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 6

6 Yasin Demiraslan et al. Table.The data according to general and gender of the metapodium of the orkaraman and Tuj sheep, : P<0.0 (W: g, BV, V, TV: cm, The others values: mm) orkaraman Tuj C T C T C T ork. Tuj ork. Tuj Female ale Female ale Female ale Female ale W G Bp D E SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV Table 4.The correlation data of the metapodium of the female orkaraman sheep, : P<0.0, : P<0.0 C T W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 7

7 The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep BV V TV Table. The correlation data of the metapodium of the male orkaraman sheep, : P<0.0, : P<0.0 C T W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV Table 6. The correlation data of the metapodium of the female Tuj sheep, : P<0.0, : P<0.0 C T W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 8

8 Yasin Demiraslan et al. V TV Table 7. The correlation data of the metapodium of the male Tuj sheep, : P<0.0, : P< C T W G Bp d e SD DD Bd W G Bp d e SD DD Bd De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV De Be Dd DE DI DE DI BV V TV DISCUSSION The variation coefficients of morphometric data were calculated in this recent study. Obtained data was presented in Table VIII and IX as comparatively with the knowledge in the literature. According to this, CV% values were seen to be changed as follows, in the orkaraman female sheep s metacarpus between.06 and.9 and in metatarsus between.8 and 4.8. In the male orkaraman sheep s CV% values were diagnosed as between.0 and 9.7 in metacarpus and between.7 and 6.0 in metatarsus. 89 When the female Tuj sheep was analyzed, CV% values were determined to be changed as follows: in metacarpus between.9 and.67, and in metatarsus between 4. and.69. In the male Tuj sheep CV% values were specified to be changed as: in metacarpus between.6 and 4., and in metatarsus between. and 9.0. When the comparison has been done with the literature, it was observed that the obtained data was less than the data which was stated by Bacınoğlu (006) [7], allemand (00) [], Guintard and allemand (00) [], Pazvant et al. (0) [6]. Furthermore, the obtained data had a similar average with the data which was remarked by Davis (996) [4] and Onar et al. (008) []. Onar et al. (008) [] made an osteometric study on adult sheep and goats metapodium which was obtained from archeological excavations. In their study, Onar et al. (008) [] stated that in the adult sheep metacarpus the highest and lowest CV% values were respectively belong to De and Bd, in the metatarsus DD and Bd. In the same study, it has been reported that in adult goats metacarpus the highest and lowest CV values were respectively G and Bd, in metatarsus these values were belonged to e and Bd. In their study, Pazvant et al. (0) [6] reported that for the sheep the highest and lowest CV% values were belonged to DD and Dp (this value was not measured in our study) with Dd in metacarpus and DD and Bd in metatarsus. In the same study, CV% values belonged to Bd and in the goat metacarpus and De and DI in the metatarsus. In this recent study, it was analyzed that the 0.8 ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 9

9 The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep highest and lowest CV% values were De and Bp in orkaraman sheep metacarpus and Be and DI in metatarsus. In Tuj sheep, the highest and lowest CV% values were specified as De and DD for the metacarpus and as and Bp for the metatarsus. In the study, data was analyzed by gender and race in order to the significance control. In the analysis, especially in terms of the gender, it was concluded the differences in the most of metapodium parameters were statistically significant. Besides, it was seen that the gender had more effects on morphometry then the race. In their study, Onar et al. (008) [] reported that the slenderness index of sheep metacarpus and metatarsus were respectively.06 and 9.8. Furthermore, the slenderness index of goat metacarpus and metatarsus were respectively.0 and.7. In their study, Pazvant et al. (0) [6] stated that the metapodial slenderness index values were reported in sheep metacarpus and metatarsus as respectively.70 and 9.4 and in goat metacarpus and metatarsus these values were respectively 4.89 and.. In this recent study, in orkaraman sheep metacarpus and metatarsus the slenderness index was respectively 0.48 and Also, in Tuj sheep metacarpus and metatarsus the slenderness index was found as 0.0 and The correlation analysis was performed in order to determine the relationship degree of the obtained data in the study with each other. In his study, which was done on Kivircik sheep metapodium, Bacinoglu (006) [7] reported that G value had a high correlation with other parameters. In the same study, the researcher highlighted that in the female Kivircik sheep, other correlations were statistically significant except the correlation between DE and SD. At the same time, Bacinoglu (006) [7] mentioned about statistically meaningless correlation only in SD and d parameters in the male Kivircik sheep metapodium between the depth and width dimensions. According to findings which were obtained in this recent study, the abovementioned general correlation evaluation was unable to be done in orkaraman and Tuj sheep metapodium. In this recent study, the bone tissue and cavum medullare volume of the metapodium was calculated by using Cavalieri Principle, is a stereological method for calculating the volume. When viewed proportionally, Bacinoglu (006) [7] reported the H/TH value as.9% and.7% in the female Kivircik sheep metacarpus and metatarsus, also as 6.9% and.8% in the make Kivircik sheep. In this study, these values were determined in the female orkaraman metacarpus and metatarsus as 8.49% and 9.%, and for the male sheep as 8.7% and 8.9%. Besides, V/TV values were found as 9.86% and 9.0% for the female Tuj sheep and as 7.% and 8.4% for the male sheep. In this case, it can be stated that the orkaraman and Tuj sheep breeds metapodium has more bone marrow than the Kivircik sheep breeds. Furthermore, in his study, Bacinoglu (006) [7] stated that the ratio of V/TV was higher in the male Kivircik sheep than in the female Kivircik sheep. In this recent study, it was found that for both sheep breeds, the ratio of H/TH was higher in the female members than the males. As a result, Turkey in Eastern Anatolia ovine livestock in a place found it orkaraman and Tuj sheep breed in metapodium of evaluated, by introducing the mean value of what was going on, the reference values were obtained. Consequently, orkaraman and Tuj breeds have a place in ovine livestock in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. orphometric and stereological aspects of metapodium in orkaraman and Tuj sheep were evaluated. Also, the reference values were obtained by introducing the average values. etapodial data was evaluated in terms of gender and racial factors and the importance control was made. In addition, the variation coefficients of the data were calculated and the degree of changes was determined based on the impact factors. Results were compared with other sheep breeds in the literature. All these evaluations have shown that the fender is more effective than the race on the orkaraman and Tuj sheep metapodium morphometry. Besides, in this recent study, it is concluded that more bone marrow can be obtained from the female sheep metapodium than the male sheep metapodium. It is expected that the study contributes to the literature with these state conclusions. ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page 0

10 Yasin Demiraslan et al. Table 8. Comparison of knowledge of the study with literature metacarpus CV%, a: Bacinoglu 006, b: Pazvant ve ark. 04, c: Onar ve ark. 008 orkaraman Tuj Kvırcık a Guintard ve allemand Davis allemand Yenikapı b Anzaf Kalesi c Female ale Female ale Female ale Female ale Female ale Female Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %C Order %CV Order %CV Order %C Order %C Order %CV V V V V V V V V V V.9.6 Bd De 9.7 Be DI SD 7.77 SD 8. d d d.04 d 9.6 DE.8 DD De Dd De De 9.7 DE 7. e 7.9 SD SD SD 4. SD 8.8 DE.4 SD DD De 8.7 DD 4.0 Dd Dd 7. DD 7.84 Bp e Bp 0.79 e.4 SD DE 0.7 SD DD 7. DE.9 SD d 7.07 d 7.68 G 9.6 DD G 9.6 DD 4. DI 4.9 DE 0. e SD.6 SD.64 G. DE. De 7.0 Be 6.7 e 9. Bp e 9. Bp.76 DI 4.7 d Dd e 4.7 Be.6 DI. SD. DI 7.0 DI. DD 9.7 Dp DD 9.7 Dp. Bp.9 e G 6.6 DE 4. Dd.6 DE. DD.08 DE 6.9 De.48 Be Be G.8 De Be Be 4. e.4 e.0 Be 4.87 DI 6.8 DI.4 Dp 8.6 Be Dp 8.6 Be.98.6 Bp 0 Bp.6 8 d.64 DI.4 d.9 Bp 4.8 Bp 6.6 DE. 8.4 DE DE Dp.. DI.8 Bp.0 G DE DE.08 DE.66 Bd 4.90 Dd De 8. DE G d 4.0 Be 6.04 DE 4.96 DE 8.4 Bd 6 G.6.9 DI 4. Bd.98 DD 6.0 Bp DI.7 DI.47 Bp.6 DE 4. DE.97 Bd 6 Bd 4.7 Bd 7.79 DI.7 4 Bp.0 d.4..8 DI.8 e.66 Dd 4.9 Dd 7.7 G 8. DI.06 Bd.0 DD.9 e.6 G.4 G.97 DI 7.6 De 4 DE Bd De 8. DE. DI 9.4 DE 8.4 Bd.96 Bd DI.7 DI 9.06 Bd 7.97 DI.74 Be 8.9 Dd 7.7 G.8 G 8.84 DI 7.6 De.4 Dd 8.69 DI 7.8 Dd 9.97 DI 7.8 Dd 9.97 Dp Bd 4. Tablo 9. Comparison of knowledge of the study with literature metatarsus CV%, a: Bacinoglu 006, b: Pazvant ve ark. 04, c: Onar ve ark. 008 orkaraman Tuj Kvırcık a allemand 00 Guintard ve allemand 00 Female ale Female ale Female ale Female ale Female ale Female Davis 996 Yenikapı b Anzaf Kalesi c Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Ord %C Orde %C Orde %C Ord %C Ord %C Orde %C er V er V er V er V er V er V er V er V r V r V er V er V r V 4.8 Be De DE DE e 8.8 d d d d SD. DD 8.49 DD De e 4.66 Dd d 7.84 d 7.69 SD SD SD SD DI 4.9 d 8. SD DE DE 6.8 d 7.48 DE.8 G 6. DI 4.98 DI 7.7 DD 7.47 e e DI 4.4 De 8. e Dd 7. DI.7 d 6. De 4.8 De 7.67 SD 7.9 G e G e G 4. SD 8.0 Dp SD 6.76 DE.7 De.98 DE 4.47 SD 7. De DE 6. DE 0. DE 6. Bd. G 7.89 De 7.86 DE 6. DE Dd.7 SD.7 DI Be.86 DE 0. DD 0. DD e 7.86 G DE DE 6.0 Be.6 Bp.0 e 4.00 Dd 7.09 DE.8 DD Bp. DD Bp Be e.9 DD.9 DI.0 G.99 DE 6.97 DI.6 Dp Dp Dp Dp DD.46 d.9 DI.0 Dd.90 DI 6.88 Dd DI DI DE 4.9 Bp.88 DD 4.9 Bd G 9.96 G Bd 4.6 Bd Be.7 Bp 6. DI. Bp Bp Bd DD Be 9. DI Be 9. DI Bp.9 G.06 Be 4.80 d.07 Be 6. Bp.0 Dd 9.44 De Dd 9.44 De 9 9 DE G.8.69 DE 4.8 SD.7 e 6. Bd.0 De 9.7 Be De 9.7 Be DI.8 DI.47 e 4. DD.49 Bd Bd Bd 8.9 DE.7.7 DI.8 SD.7 4. Bp. G. G 4. DI 8. Bd DI 8. Bd.9.9 DI 8. Dd DI 8. Dd DE 7.8 Bp.9 Dd 7. Dd.8 Dp 6.98 Bd.4 Bp 6.78 Be 6.64 DI 6.7 DI Bd.9 ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page

11 The Stereological and orphometrical Analysis of etapodium in Tuj and orkaraman Sheep ACKNOWEDGEENTS This study was supported by Coordinatorship of Scientific Research Projects of Kafkas Univesity with 04VF project number. REFERENCES []. Akcapinar, H. Sheep Farming.. ed., Ismat Publishing, Ankara, (000) []. allemand,. Etude Osteometrique de etapodes de outon (Ovis aries ). Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Nantes, PhD Thesis: Nantes, (00). []. Guintard, C., allemand,. Osteometric study of metapodial bones in sheep. Ann, Anat., 8: 78, (00). [4]. RowleyConwy, P. Improved separation of Neolithic metapodials of sheep (ovis) and goats (capra). from Arene Candide cave. iguria Italy, J. Archaeol. Sci., : 8, (998). []. Onar, V., Pazvant, G., Belli, O. Osteometric examination of metapodial bones in sheep (Ovis aries.) and goat (Capra hircus.). unearthed from the Upper Anzaf Castle in Eastern Anatolia. Revue, ed. Vet., 9: 08, (008). [6]. Pazvant, G., Onar, V., Alpak, H., Gezer Ince, N., Kahvecioglu, K.O., Armutak, A., Kızıltan, Z. Osteometric Examination of etapodial Bones in Sheep (Ovis aries.) and Goat (Capra hircus.) Unearthed from the Yenikapı etro and armaray Excavations in Istanbul. Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., : 47, (0). [7]. Outram, A.K. evels of substince stres amongst norse settlers in Iceland and Greenland using evels of bone fat exploitation as an indicator. Enviromental Archaeol., 8: 98, (00). [8]. Brokees, P.., Hanks, J., udbrook, J.V. Bone marrow as a index of condition in African ungulates. S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res., 7: 666, (977). [9]. Peterson, R.O., Allen, D.., Dietz, J.. Depletion of bone marrow fat in moose and a correlation for dehydration. J. Wildl. Res., 46: 47 (98). [0]. Davis, J.., Valkenburg, P., Reed, D.J. Correlations and depletion patterns of marrow fat in caribon bones. J. Wildl. anage., : 8687, (987). []. Currey, J.D. Bone structure and mechanics. Princeton:; Princeton Universty Press. (00). []. Nieminen,., aitinen,. Bone marrow and kidney fats as indicators of condition in reindeer. Rangifer Special Issue, : 96, (986). []. Outram, A.K. Bone fracture and within bone nutrients: an experimentally based method for investigating levels of marrow extraction. In iracle P. and ilner N. editors. Consuming passions and patterns of consumption. Chapter 6, acdonald Institata onographs Series, pp. 6, (00). [4]. Avendano, C., Roda, J.., Carceller, F., DiezTejedor, E. orphometric study of focal cerebral ishemia in rats: a stereological evaluation. Brain Res., 67: 89, (99). []. GarciaFinana,., CruzOrive,.., ackay, C.E., Pakkenberg, B., Roberts, N. Comparison of R imaging against physical sectioning to estimate the volume of human cerebral compartments. Neuro Image, 8: 06. (00). [6]. Odaci, E., Sahin, B., Sonmez, O.F., Kaplan, S., Bas, O., Bilgic, S., Bek, Y., Ergur, H. Rapid estimation of the vertebral body volume: a combination of the Cavalieri principle and computed tomography images. Eur. J. Radiol., 48: 66. (00). [7]. Bacinoglu, D. Kıvırcık Irkı Koyunlarda etapodium ların orfometrik ve Stereolojik etotlarla İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi: İstanbul Üniv. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul. (006). [8]. Driesch, A Von Den. A guide to the measurements of animal bones from Archaeological Sites. Harvard Peabody useum Bulletins, : 7. (976). [9]. Guintard, C. Osteometrie des metapodes de bovins. Revue ed. Vet., 49: (998). [0]. Berteaux, D., Guintard, C. Osteometric study of the metapodials of Amsterdam Island feral cattle. Acta Theriologica, 40: 970, (99) []. Davis, S.J.. The effect of castration and age on the development of the Shetland sheep skeleton and a metric comparison between bones of males, females and castrates. J. Archaeol. Sci., 7: 790. (000) []. Gundersen, H.J.G. Notes on the estimation of the numerical density of arbitrary particles: the edge effect. J. icrosc., : 9, (977) []. Gundersen, H.J.G., Jensen, E.B. The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction. J. icrosc., 47: 96, (987). ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page

12 Yasin Demiraslan et al. [4]. Davis, S.J.., easurements a group of adult female shetland sheep skeletons from a singlenflock: a baseline for zooarchaeologists. J. Archaeol. Sci., : 96, 996. AUTHORS BİOGRAPHY Yasin Demiraslan, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary edicine, ehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey. Iftar Gurbuz, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary edicine, Kafkas University 600, Kars, Turkey. Kadir Aslan, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary edicine, Kafkas University Kars, Turkey. Yalcin Akbulut, Kars College of Health, Kafkas University Kars, Turkey. ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AJAVS) Page