DAM (1929) as reported by Cheney

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "DAM (1929) as reported by Cheney"

Transcription

1 Gizzard Lesions in Day-Old Chicks. I. Their Relationship to Subsequent Growth and Mortality and Their Prevalence* A. E. TEPPER AND H. R. BIRD University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Presented at annual meeting June, 1940; received for publication June 2, 1941) DAM (1929) as reported by Cheney (1937), in connection with work involving a hemorrhagic deficiency disease in chicks, first described the appearance of erosions of the chick gizzard lining. Since this date many investigators have approached the problem from various angles. Embleton and Brown (1932) have reported the isolation of a highly infectious aspergillus fungus from chicks affected with ulcerated gizzards. Cheney (1937) reports that chickens with gastric ulcers have hyperacidity. He also states, "The cause of the ulcers and hyperacidity is apparently the lack of a dietary factor which has a specific effect on the resistance of the gastric mucosa." Working from the point of view that a lack of some dietary factor is responsible for the incidence of gizard ulceration, Almquist and Stokstad (1936), Bird et al. (1936), Almquist and Stokstad (1937), Almquist (1938), and Bird et al. (1938) have indicated in essence that the occurrence of gizzard erosion is not closely correlated with the incidence of the hemor- * Scientific paper A9. Contribution No of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (Department of Poultry Husbandry). Presented as a portion of a thesis to the faculty of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. [47] rhagic disease. The following substances have been reported by one or the other of these groups to prevent gizzard erosion: extracts of dried kale and dried alfalfa, kale lipids, whole bile, commercial dried bile tablets, vacuum concentrated whole beef bile, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, pork lung, liver, chondroitin; and such natural feedstuffs as alfalfa, dried greens, wheat bran, wheat middlings, and oats. Almquist and Stokstad (1937) have reported, "Presence or absence of gizzard erosions or of the gizzard factor in the diet has no appreciable effect on the growth of chicks." The results of Bird et al. (1938) indicated that growth is retarded by deficiency of the gizzard factor. All of the previously mentioned investigators have worked with partially grown chicks of various ages. Lansing, Miller, and Titus (1939) and Lansing and Miller (1940) have reported on gizzard ulceration in day-old chicks. These workers report, "... of the 600 chicks examined fully 75 percent had gizzards which were not normal." They further state, "The presence, in every abnormal gizzard examined, of blood cells in the secreted lining or of blood clots between the lining and the glandular layer is evidence that hemorrhage, either slight or pronounced, is an immediate cause of gizzard erosion."

2 48 A. E. TEPPER AND H. R. BIRD The objectives of the experiments reported here were to determine the relation of variations in incidence of gizzard lesions in day-old chicks to subsequent growth and efficiency of feed utilization, to discover whether.or not there are significant dif- TABLE 1. Method of scoring gizzard lesions Condition Score Normal 0 Slight hemorrhage (1-2 small areas) 1 Severe hemorrhage (more than 2 small areas) 3 Slight erosion (1-2 small crater lesions) 2 Definite erosion (few small or 1 large crater lesion) 4 Severe erosion (many small or large eroded areas) 5 ferences among hatcheries or among breeds as to the incidence of gizzard lesions in newly hatched chicks, and to determine, by means of actual chick examinations, the relative incidence of gizzard lesions in dayold chicks throughout the various regions of the United States. PART ONE: GIZZARD LESIONS AS RELATED TO SUBSEQUENT GROWTH Procedure Twelve lots of SO chicks each, of various breeds including Barred Plymouth Rocks, Single Comb White Leghorns, New Hampshires, and crossbreds were secured from six different hatcheries operating in Maryland and New England. All chicks were received during the third week of October, From each lot so received, 20 chicks were immediately killed and gizzards examined for the presence of gizzard lesions. A relative gizzard was thus established for each lot of chicks based on the severity of these lesions. The method of scoring used is shown in Table 1. The remaining 30 chicks were placed under electric floor brooders and carried to an age of 12 weeks. Throughout the brooding period all groups were managed similarly and fed the Maryland Station mash an all mash feed, ad libitum. No supplements of any kind were added. Weekly recordings of weight and feed consumption were made throughout the brooding period. A similar procedure was followed in test 2 with the 12 lots of chicks being secured from eight different Maryland and New England hatcheries. Seven of the 12 lots consisted of crossbreds while five were Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. Combining both tests 1,200 chicks were received from 12 different hatcheries in Maryland and New England. TABLE 2. Relation of severity of gizzard lesions in crossbred chicks to subsequent growth rate Group no. 3a 2a 5a 10a 5b 2b lb 12b 10b 3b 9b Ave. gizzard (1-day-old) Males Ave. weight at 12 weeks (gms.) Females Both Grams feed per gram gain

3 Discussion Detailed records covering the growth of all 24 lots of chicks have been made but for the sake of brevity the data have been summarized by breeds. Table 2 shows the results for crossbreds. The group 5b (underlined) indicates the lowest weight group with an average chick of. A considerable variation in the relation of "gizzard " to average weight at 12 weeks GIZZARD LESIONS IN DAY-OLD CHICKS 49 whereas the group having the highest "gizzard " is actually the highest in weight. This group is also the most efficient from the standpoint of feed utilization. Upon a review of the records dealing with Single Comb White Leghorns, a similar nonrelationship of "gizzard " and the average weight at 12 weeks of age was found. Of the 720 chicks on test, a mortality of but 4 percent was experienced TABLE 3. Relation of severity of gizzard lesions in Barred Plymouth Rock chicks to subsequent growth rate Group no. 7a 4b 9a 4a 7b 8b 11a 6b lib Ave. gizzard (l-day-old) Males will be noted. A positive 100 percent relation would have arranged group Sb at the top of the table if severity of gizzard lesions in day-old chicks definitely restricted subsequent growth rate. On the other hand, four other groups having much more severe "gizzard s" exceeded this group in weight. Two of these four were also more efficient in feed utilization. One might assume that those having the lower "gizzard " should have the highest feed efficiency. Only one of the groups below the dotted line having relatively low "gizzard s" is more efficient than any of the others above the line. Table 3 shows a somewhat similar nonrelationship of average "gizzard " of day-old chicks and average weight at 12 weeks of age among Barred Plymouth Rock chicks. The group lowest in "gizzard " is also among the low weight groups; Ave. weight at 12 weeks (gms.) Females Both Grams feed per gram gain over the 12-week experimental period and in no case was this mortality related to initial gizzard. These data indicate that when a good program of feeding and management is followed, gizzard lesions in day-old chicks have no effect on subsequent growth, mortality, and efficiency of feed utilization. The importance of good feeding and management, particularly the former, should be stressed. The Maryland Experiment Station mash, which was used in these studies, has been shown to be quite effective in healing gizzard lesions. PART TWO: INCIDENCE OF LESIONS OBSERVED ACCORDING TO BREED AND STATE OF ORIGIN In order to determine the relative incidence of gizzard lesions in day-old chicks throughout the various sections of the United States, a survey was started in Oc-

4 50 A. E. TEPPER AND H. R. BIRD TABLE 4. Gizzard lesions as observed in day-old chicks by specified breeds Breed Number of chicks examined Number of hatcheries represented Range in s per chick S.C.W. Leghorns Mixed Total ,737 tober, Chicks or hatching eggs were secured from 12 states in various regions of the country. When hatching eggs were received they were immediately incubated at the University of Maryland and examination of gizzards in the resulting chicks was made on the twenty-second day following the initial setting date. A small group of both pheasant and quail chicks were also examined. Lesions similar to those in the gizzards of the chickens were observed. Table 4 presents a summary of the observations as made according to specified breeds of chickens. A total of 1,737 day-old chicks were examined from 62 different sources. Evidence is presented to show the considerable range in "gizzard s" within the specified breeds. Of a total of 87 different lots of chicks examined (lots TABLE 5.- -Gizzard lesions as observed in day-old chicks by specified states State South Carolina Utah New Hampshire... No. of chicks examined ,737 per chick variable in number) a range in s was observed from 0,2 to 4.6 points per chick. Table 5 presents a similar summary according to state of origin. It indicates an average incidence of "gizzard " of 2.4 for all chicks so examined. Although a considerable variation in the incidence of gizzard lesions is apparent, not one of the lots examined was found free from the disease. Of the 1,737 chicks examined 460 chicks were observed to have normal gizzards leaving 1,277 or 74 percent affected. This agrees quite closely with the observations of Lansing et al. (1939). SUMMARY 1. Under a good feed and management program there appears to be no significant relationship between incidence of gizzard lesions in chicks as day-olds and subsequent growth, livability, and efficiency of feed utilization of these chicks to 12 weeks of age. 2. Furthermore, under such a system of feeding and management, growth, livability, and efficiency of feed utilization are normal. 3. There are considerable differences in the severity of chick gizzard lesions among hatcheries but in no case was any hatchery found to produce chicks free from this disease. 4. The disease is widespread throughout the country as evidenced by a survey of

5 GIZZARD LESIONS IN DAY-OLD CHICKS lots of chicks from different regions of the United States involving 1,737 day-old chicks which showed 74 percent affected. 5. The locality of origin of the chicks examined does not appear to be closely related to gizzard. 6. Lesions, similar to those observed in the gizzards of chicks, have been found present in gizzards of artificially propagated pheasants and quail. REFERENCES Almquist, H. J., Influence of bile acids on erosions of the chick gizzard lining. Science 87:538. Almquist, H. J., and E. L. R. Stokstad, A nutritional deficiency causing gizzard erosions in chicks. Nature 137:581., The gizzard factor of the chick. J. Nut. 13: Bird, H. R., J. J. Oleson, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, Effectiveness of chondroitin in preventing gizzard erosion in chicks. Jour. Biol. Chem. 126: Bird, H. R., 0. L. Kline, C. A. Elvehjem, E. B. Hart, and J. G. Halpin, The distribution and properties of the anti-gizzard-erosion factor required by chicks. J. Nut. 12: Embleton, H., and J. G. Brown, Ulcerated gizzards. Univ. of Arizona Exp. Sta. 43rd Annual Report. Cheney, G., Gastric acidity in chicks with experimental gastric ulcers. Amer. Jour. Dig. Dis. 5: Lansing, A. I., D. Miller, and H. W. Titus, The formation of erosions of the gizzard lining in the young chick. Poult. Sci. 18: Lansing, A. I., and D. Miller, Dysfunction of the biliary system and hemorrhages in the gizzard of the chicken. Poult. Sci. 19:

EGG production of turkeys is not important

EGG production of turkeys is not important A Study of Egg Production in Bronze Turkeys S. J. MAESDEN National Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland EGG production of turkeys is not important commercially but good egg production during

More information

Simplified Rations for Farm Chickens

Simplified Rations for Farm Chickens CIRCULAR 66 (Reprinted August 936) JUNE 934 Simplified Rations for Farm Chickens By D. F. KING Assistant Professor Poultry Husbandry G. A. TROLLOPE Professor Poultry Husbandry AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

More information

ON COMMERCIAL poultry farms during

ON COMMERCIAL poultry farms during Effect of Date of Hatch on Weight F. P. JEFFREY Department of Poultry Husbandry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey (Presented at annual meeting June, 1940; received for publication May 23,

More information

P O U LTOS CIE N G E

P O U LTOS CIE N G E P O U LTOS CIE N G E January, 1943? Vol. XXII, No. 1 The Relative Efficiency of Gains in Weight Made by Male and Female Bronze Turkeys* CONSIDERABLE data have been collected on feed used by turkeys at

More information

Wheat and Wheat By-Products for Laying Hens

Wheat and Wheat By-Products for Laying Hens South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Bulletins South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station 5-1-1934

More information

Effect of Calcium Level of the Developing and Laying Ration on Hatchability of Eggs and on Viability and Growth Rate of Progeny of Young Pullets 1

Effect of Calcium Level of the Developing and Laying Ration on Hatchability of Eggs and on Viability and Growth Rate of Progeny of Young Pullets 1 1328 E. J. DAY AND B. C. DILWOETH for calcium:phosphorus ratios shows that toe ash was lowest for the birds receiving the rations containing the most narrow calcium:phosphorus ratio. Again, this observation

More information

EFFECT OF LENGTH OF STORAGE OF MIXED FEED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF CHICKS

EFFECT OF LENGTH OF STORAGE OF MIXED FEED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF CHICKS EFFECT OF LENGTH OF STORAGE OF MIXED FEED ON THE GROWTH RATE OF CHICKS T. Tanaka M. M. Rosenberg - HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION March 1956 Circular 50 CONTENTS Introduction Materials and Methods

More information

IT HAS been well established that

IT HAS been well established that The Effect of Different Holding Temperatures on the Hatchability of Hens' Eggs M. W. OLSEN AND S. K. HAYNES Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland IT HAS been well established that storage

More information

THE production of turkey hatching

THE production of turkey hatching The Use of Artificial Lights for Turkeys* H. L. WlLCKE Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa (Presented at Annual Meeting, August 1938; received for publication September 22, 1938) THE production

More information

FISH meal has already been established

FISH meal has already been established Meal in Poultry Rations.* III. Laying and Breeding Rations 1 RAYMOND T. PARKHURST AND MARIE S. GUTOWSKA Department of Poultry Husbandry AND CARL R. FELLERS Nutrition Laboratory, Massachusetts State College,

More information

EFFECTS OF SEASON AND RESTRICTED FEEDING DURING REARING AND LAYING ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF KOEKOEK CHICKENS IN LESOTHO

EFFECTS OF SEASON AND RESTRICTED FEEDING DURING REARING AND LAYING ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF KOEKOEK CHICKENS IN LESOTHO EFFECTS OF SEASON AND RESTRICTED FEEDING DURING REARING AND LAYING ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF KOEKOEK CHICKENS IN LESOTHO By SETSUMI MOTŠOENE MOLAPO MSc (Animal Science) NUL Thesis submitted

More information

FEEDING CHINESE RINGNECK PHEASANTS FOR EFFICIENT REPRODUCTION. Summary *

FEEDING CHINESE RINGNECK PHEASANTS FOR EFFICIENT REPRODUCTION. Summary * FEEDING CHINESE RINGNECK PHEASANTS FOR EFFICIENT REPRODUCTION Robert E. Moreng, William K. Pfaff and Eldon W. Kienholz Summary * Two trials were conducted each using 240 Chinese Ringneck pheasant breeder

More information

LI B RAR.Y OF THE U N IVER.SITY OF 1LLI NOIS

LI B RAR.Y OF THE U N IVER.SITY OF 1LLI NOIS LI B RAR.Y OF THE U N IVER.SITY OF 1LLI NOIS NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materials! The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return

More information

C. W. Knox Iowa State College

C. W. Knox Iowa State College Volume 12 Number 152 Factors influencing egg production Ill. The association of the date of hatch with date of first egg, sexual maturity and egg production in S. C. White Leghorns Article 1 October 1932

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching Unit D: Egg Production Lesson 1: Producing Layers Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Discuss the materials and equipment

More information

Body weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses

Body weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses 1 Body weight, feed coefficient and carcass characteristics of two strain quails and their reciprocal crosses N.VALI 1, EDRISS, M.A. 2 and RAHMANI, H.R. 2 1 Department of Animal Sciences, faculty of Agriculture

More information

BRANION (1938) concluded that the

BRANION (1938) concluded that the PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENTS 47 "normal" parents. Poultry Sci. 33: 1174-1184. Lee, A. M., L. H. Scrivner and M. O. North, 1944. Avian leukosis and lymphomatosis. Wyoming Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. 66. Simms, H.

More information

FFA Poultry Career Development Event 2004 NEO Aggie Day. 1. With regard to egg storage, which of the following statements is FALSE?

FFA Poultry Career Development Event 2004 NEO Aggie Day. 1. With regard to egg storage, which of the following statements is FALSE? FFA Poultry Career Development Event 2004 NEO Aggie Day 1. With regard to egg storage, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The longer the egg storage time, the higher the egg storage temperature

More information

Effect of EM on Growth, Egg Production and Waste Characteristics of Japanese Quail Abstract Introduction Experimental Procedures

Effect of EM on Growth, Egg Production and Waste Characteristics of Japanese Quail Abstract Introduction Experimental Procedures Effect of EM on Growth, Egg Production and Waste Characteristics of Japanese Quail S. Chantsavang, P. Piafupoa and O. Triwutanon Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract

More information

AVIAN HUSBANDRY (POULTRY HATCHING AND CHICKS)

AVIAN HUSBANDRY (POULTRY HATCHING AND CHICKS) 1. PURPOSE ACEC SOP061 This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes routine husbandry for housing and maintenance of laboratory poultry hatchlings and chicks up to six (6) weeks of age. 2. RESPONSIBILITY

More information

Deb Deb. days! as soon. as you. you want and. Frey s. help finding. and more. advantage. (the more you. sure to take. deal! ) and please ask if you

Deb Deb. days! as soon. as you. you want and. Frey s. help finding. and more. advantage. (the more you. sure to take. deal! ) and please ask if you 2018 CHICK DAYS PACKAGE Thank you for your interestt in our GrandErie Chick days! The cold winds and frost/snow/hail have yet to make way for spring yet, however this package may help you look towards

More information

Improving Growth and Yield of Commercial Pheasants Through Diet Alteration and Feeding Program

Improving Growth and Yield of Commercial Pheasants Through Diet Alteration and Feeding Program Improving Growth and Yield of Commercial Pheasants Through Diet Alteration and Feeding Program Sandra G. Velleman 1 and Nicholas B. Anthony 2 1 Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University

More information

Effects of Low-Selenium Diet on Levels of Plasma Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Estradiol in Pullets and Laying Hens

Effects of Low-Selenium Diet on Levels of Plasma Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Estradiol in Pullets and Laying Hens 337 s Research Note t Effects of Low-Selenium Diet on Levels of Plasma Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-stimulating Hormone and Estradiol in Pullets and Laying Hens Takeshl OISHI, Katsuhisa YOSHIDA, Shin-ichi

More information

FEEDER and FLOOR SPACE upon groy11ng TURKEYS. The effect of. in confinement. Wooster, Ohio OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. W.

FEEDER and FLOOR SPACE upon groy11ng TURKEYS. The effect of. in confinement. Wooster, Ohio OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION J. W. RESEARCH CIRCULAR 87 JULY 1960 The effect of FEEDER and FLOOR SPACE upon groy11ng TURKEYS in confinement J. W. WYNE M. G. McCARTNEY R. D. CARTER V. D. CHAMBERLIN OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Wooster,

More information

Factors Influencing Egg Production

Factors Influencing Egg Production June, 1930 Research Bulletin No. 129 Factors Influencing Egg Production II. The Influence of the Date of First Egg Upon Maturity and Production By C. W. KNOX AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IOWA STATE

More information

Unit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry

Unit C: Poultry Management. Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry 1 1 Terms Grit Palatability 2 2 I. Properly feeding poultry will supply all of the nutrients the birds need to adequately

More information

1T& R.AR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS' G30.7. UGb. cop AGRICULTURE

1T& R.AR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS' G30.7. UGb. cop AGRICULTURE 1T& R.AR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS' G30.7 UGb cop AGRICULTURE NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Materials! The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible

More information

Returns. Costs and. '2e IOe4teue eaze9a.e. M. H. Becker. May Station Bulletin 559. Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College

Returns. Costs and. '2e IOe4teue eaze9a.e. M. H. Becker. May Station Bulletin 559. Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College 5 Costs and Returns '2e IOe4teue eaze9a.e M. H. Becker Station Bulletin 559 May 1956 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis 'wd.udth#e Costs ancreturns - -- 'M 1e4tet eqo#e f95o5s.

More information

Feeding Original XPC TM can help reduce Campylobacter in broilers and turkeys

Feeding Original XPC TM can help reduce Campylobacter in broilers and turkeys As published in RESEARCH UPDATE Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness. Traditional methods for controlling Campylobacter contamination have been focused within the processing

More information

4-H Poultry: Unit 1. The Egg Flock For an egg-producing flock, select one of these birds: production-type Rhode Island Red Leghorn hybrids sex-link

4-H Poultry: Unit 1. The Egg Flock For an egg-producing flock, select one of these birds: production-type Rhode Island Red Leghorn hybrids sex-link 4-H Poultry: Unit 1 A small flock of chickens does not require much space or money, and if you manage your flock well, you can earn some money. You might start with a small flock of 25 50 chickens, or

More information

Unit D: Egg Production. Lesson 4: Producing Layers

Unit D: Egg Production. Lesson 4: Producing Layers Unit D: Egg Production Lesson 4: Producing Layers 1 1 Terms broodiness caged layer production floor production layers 2 2 3 I. Layers are chickens that are used to produce large quantities of eggs. A.

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching Unit C: Poultry Management Lesson 2: Feeding, Management and Equipment for Poultry Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:

More information

The Effect of Vitamin E on Egg Production, Hatchability and Humoral Immune Response of Chickens. ROBERT P. TENGERDY Department of Microbiology AND

The Effect of Vitamin E on Egg Production, Hatchability and Humoral Immune Response of Chickens. ROBERT P. TENGERDY Department of Microbiology AND 778 H. S. ROSTAGNO, J. C. ROGLER AND W. R. FEATHERSTON sorghum vulgare for the growing rat. Nutrition Reports International, 1: 75-81. Rostagno, H. S., W. R. Featherston and J. C. Rogler, 1973. Studies

More information

Nutritional Evaluation of Yam Peel Meal for Pullet Chickens: 2. Effect of Feeding Varying Levels on Sexual Maturity and Laying Performance

Nutritional Evaluation of Yam Peel Meal for Pullet Chickens: 2. Effect of Feeding Varying Levels on Sexual Maturity and Laying Performance IJAAAR 7 (1&2): 46-53, 2011 International Journal of Applied Agricultural and Apicultural Research Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Lautech, Ogbomoso, Ibadan Nigeria, 2011 46 Nutritional Evaluation of

More information

Performance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1

Performance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1 Performance of Broiler Breeders as Affected by Body Weight During the Breeding Season 1 H. R. WILSON and R. H. HARMS Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received

More information

The Chick Hatchery Industry in Indiana

The Chick Hatchery Industry in Indiana The Chick Hatchery Industry in Indiana W. D. Thornbury and James R. Anderson, Indiana University Introduction Artificial incubation has long been practiced, even in the centuries before Christ. The Egyptians

More information

Estelar CHAPTER-6 RAISING AND PRODUCTION OF POULTRY BIRDS

Estelar CHAPTER-6 RAISING AND PRODUCTION OF POULTRY BIRDS CHAPTER-6 RAISING AND PRODUCTION OF POULTRY BIRDS Raising and production of poultry birds 6.1 INTRODUCTION Poultry- fish farming is the integration of poultry animals like chicken, duck and geese with

More information

Poultry Skillathon Study Guide Chicken/ Duck Edition

Poultry Skillathon Study Guide Chicken/ Duck Edition Poultry Skillathon Study Guide Chicken/ Duck Edition This study guide describes the stations that will be included in the Skillathons. Be sure to bring your Completed Project Record Books, as well as the

More information

Poultry Skillathon 2017

Poultry Skillathon 2017 Age Divisions: Junior (8-11) Intermediate (12-14) Senior (15-18) Exhibitors will participate in age-based Skillathons. This study guide includes all topics an exhibitor might be tested on. Youth will only

More information

Ecochicks Poultry Limited

Ecochicks Poultry Limited Ecochicks Poultry Limited www.ecochickspoultry.com 0707787884 Guide to quail farming Introduction Quails are arguably the most lucrative type of poultry keeping. The birds have hundreds of benefits and

More information

NORFA: The Norwegian-Egyptian project for improving local breeds of laying hens in Egypt

NORFA: The Norwegian-Egyptian project for improving local breeds of laying hens in Egypt Kolstad & Abdou NORFA: The Norwegian-Egyptian project for improving local breeds of laying hens in Egypt N. Kolstad 1 & F. H. Abdou 2 1 Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Norway,

More information

H POULTRY PROJECT

H POULTRY PROJECT Douglas County 4-H POULTRY PROJECT Rules & Guidelines Project Objective: To give youth an opportunity to learn by doing through participating in feeding, caring, and managing their poultry project. IMPORTANT

More information

2012 WILD TURKEY BROOD SURVEY: Summary Report

2012 WILD TURKEY BROOD SURVEY: Summary Report 2012 WILD TURKEY BROOD SURVEY: Summary Report Many thanks to all the people from throughout New Hampshire who submitted sightings of broods of young wild turkeys. The results of the survey summarized here

More information

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAIL FEMALES VARYING IN EGGSHELL COLOR AND PATTERN USING IMAGE ANALYSIS

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAIL FEMALES VARYING IN EGGSHELL COLOR AND PATTERN USING IMAGE ANALYSIS Faculty of Agriculture REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF JAPANESE QUAIL FEMALES VARYING IN EGGSHELL COLOR AND PATTERN USING IMAGE ANALYSIS By Shaaban Saad Ahmed Saad El-Nesr

More information

SHW 3003 Poultry Production

SHW 3003 Poultry Production SHW 3003 Poultry Production MALAYSIA - PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 35.34 Kilograms of chicken meat 299 table eggs DAILY OUTPUT of the POULTRY INDUSTRY 1.2 Million chickens (10 % Exported) 20 Million table eggs

More information

ATTEMPTS to control on a practical

ATTEMPTS to control on a practical Poultry Coccidiosis Control by the Chemical Treatment of Litter* JUSTIN ANDREWS The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore ATTEMPTS to control on a practical 'Scale the various coccidioses of poultry have

More information

How to Raise Healthy Geese for the Backyard Farm

How to Raise Healthy Geese for the Backyard Farm How to Raise Healthy Geese for the Backyard Farm Do you want to raise healthy geese for your backyard farm? The goose is a good choice for a poultry addition to a homestead. Friendly and good at foraging,

More information

ECONOMIC studies have shown definite

ECONOMIC studies have shown definite The Inheritance of Egg Shell Color W. L. BLOW, C. H. BOSTIAN AND E.^W. GLAZENER North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C. ECONOMIC studies have shown definite consumer preference based on egg shell

More information

Local Grains and Free-Choice Feeding of Organic Layer Hens on Pasture at UBC Farm Introduction

Local Grains and Free-Choice Feeding of Organic Layer Hens on Pasture at UBC Farm Introduction Local Grains and Free-Choice Feeding of Organic Layer Hens on Pasture at UBC Farm Darin C. Bennett, Avian Research Centre, Jacob Slosberg, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Faculty of Land Food Systems,

More information

Meat Yield of Broilers of Different Breeds, Strains and Crosses

Meat Yield of Broilers of Different Breeds, Strains and Crosses 968 H. E. HATHAWAY, G. B. CHAMPAGNE, A. B. WATTS AND C. W. UPP was recovered in the gastrointestinal tract. Terramycin was present at the highest concentration; 19 percent of the dose remained in the digestive

More information

CHICKENS 101 BIOLOGY (ANATOMY, BREEDS, DEVELOPMENT, & REPRODUCTION)

CHICKENS 101 BIOLOGY (ANATOMY, BREEDS, DEVELOPMENT, & REPRODUCTION) CHICKENS 101 BIOLOGY (ANATOMY, BREEDS, DEVELOPMENT, & REPRODUCTION) THE BASICS: TERMS 1 Chicken Anatomy 3 THE BASICS: TERMS 1 Chicken Wing & Feather Anatomy 4 THE BASICS - TERMS 1 Chick a new hatch or

More information

Unidentified Factors in Turkey Nutrition Affecting Hatchability and Progeny Growth 1

Unidentified Factors in Turkey Nutrition Affecting Hatchability and Progeny Growth 1 Unidentified Factors in Turkey Nutrition Affecting Hatchability and Progeny Growth 1 S. P. TOUCHBUEN, V. D. CHAMBERLIN AND E. C. NABEE Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development

More information

206 Adopted: 4 April 1984

206 Adopted: 4 April 1984 OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS 206 Adopted: 4 April 1984 1. I N T R O D U C T O R Y I N F O R M A T I O N P r e r e q u i s i t e s Water solubility Vapour pressure Avian dietary LC50 (See Test

More information

GENETICS INTRODUCTION. G. B. Havenstein,* 2 P. R. Ferket,* J. L. Grimes,* M. A. Qureshi, and K. E. Nestor

GENETICS INTRODUCTION. G. B. Havenstein,* 2 P. R. Ferket,* J. L. Grimes,* M. A. Qureshi, and K. E. Nestor GENETICS Comparison of the Performance of 1966- Versus 2003-Type Turkeys When Fed Representative 1966 and 2003 Turkey Diets: Growth Rate, Livability, and Feed Conversion 1 G. B. Havenstein,* 2 P. R. Ferket,*

More information

/o'r- Brooding and Rearing

/o'r- Brooding and Rearing 4-H Club Poultry Record Book /o'r- Brooding and Rearing "To Make The Best Retter" Name of Club Member ----------------..---------- ---- - Address.. - Age Year Project ------------------------- - County

More information

List of Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities:

List of Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities: Unit E: Segments of Animal Agriculture Lesson 3: Exploring the Poultry Industry Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1.

More information

Long-Term Selection for Body Weight in Japanese Quail Under Different Environments

Long-Term Selection for Body Weight in Japanese Quail Under Different Environments Long-Term Selection for Body Weight in Japanese Quail Under Different Environments H. L. MARKS USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, c/o The University of Georgia,

More information

Exploring the Poultry Industry

Exploring the Poultry Industry Lesson B2 6 Exploring the Poultry Industry Unit B. Animal Science and the Industry Problem Area 2. Identifying and Understanding the Segments of the Animal Science Industry Lesson 6. Exploring the Poultry

More information

THE EFFECT OF INADEQUATE RATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY OF EGGS

THE EFFECT OF INADEQUATE RATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY OF EGGS THE EFFECT OF INADEQUATE RATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY OF EGGS I THE EFFECT OF INADEQUATE RATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION AND HATCHABILITY OF EGGS 1 L. F. PAYNE AND J. S. HUGHES INTRODUCTION During

More information

2015 Iowa State Poultry Judging CDE Written Exam Version A 1. What is the name of the portion of the digestive system that secretes hydrochloric acid

2015 Iowa State Poultry Judging CDE Written Exam Version A 1. What is the name of the portion of the digestive system that secretes hydrochloric acid 1. What is the name of the portion of the digestive system that secretes hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin? a. Rumen b. Gizzard c. Proventriculus d. Crop 2. In egg laying operations, production goals

More information

Poultry Skillathon 2016

Poultry Skillathon 2016 Age Divisions: Junior (8-11) Intermediate (12-14) Senior (15-18) Exhibitors will participate in age-based Skillathons. This study guide includes all topics an exhibitor might be tested on. Youth will only

More information

Effect of Post Hatch Feed Deprivation on Yolk-sac Utilization and Performance of Young Broiler Chickens

Effect of Post Hatch Feed Deprivation on Yolk-sac Utilization and Performance of Young Broiler Chickens 1174 Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 22, No. 8 : 1174-1179 August 2009 www.ajas.info Effect of Post Hatch Feed Deprivation on Yolk-sac Utilization and Performance of Young Broiler Chickens S. K. Bhanja*,

More information

CARING FOR YOUR CHICKEN

CARING FOR YOUR CHICKEN CARING FOR YOUR CHICKEN Chickens are a great way to participate in Lamb, Calf and Chicken Day. They still need lots of love and attention but are a little less work than lambs or calves. They still make

More information

Some Problems Concerning the Development of a Poultry Meat Industry in Australia

Some Problems Concerning the Development of a Poultry Meat Industry in Australia Some Problems Concerning the Development of a Poultry Meat Industry in Australia by Fred. SKALLER* INTRODUCTION Poultry meat can be supplied either from culled laying birds, a by-product of the egg industry,

More information

The Genetic Control of Variance in Comb and Testes Weights of Young Male Chickens R. GEORGE JAAP, MARION W. MURRAY* AND ROGER W.

The Genetic Control of Variance in Comb and Testes Weights of Young Male Chickens R. GEORGE JAAP, MARION W. MURRAY* AND ROGER W. 354 E. D. WALTER AND J. R. AITKEN using 640 birds. These birds were forcemoulted between their first and second laying years. Feed restriction during the rearing period caused a change in the pattern of

More information

Purpose and focus of the module: Poultry Definition Domestication Classification. Basic Anatomy & Physiology

Purpose and focus of the module: Poultry Definition Domestication Classification. Basic Anatomy & Physiology Module: Poultry Production Code: AP21 Purpose and focus of the module: It aims at providing students with adequate knowledge and skills in poultry husbandry techniques and farm management. Skill Objectives

More information

Unit C: Field Records. Lesson 3: Poultry Production and Record Keeping

Unit C: Field Records. Lesson 3: Poultry Production and Record Keeping Unit C: Field Records Lesson 3: Poultry Production and Record Keeping Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Understand

More information

History of the North Carolina Layer Tests. Detailed Description of Housing and Husbandry Changes Made From through 2009

History of the North Carolina Layer Tests. Detailed Description of Housing and Husbandry Changes Made From through 2009 August 7, 2012 History of the North Carolina Layer Tests Detailed Description of Housing and Husbandry Changes Made From 1958 through 2009 Research conducted at the: North Carolina Department of Agriculture

More information

Executive Summary. December Page 2

Executive Summary. December Page 2 Investigation into the effect of day one weight on bird weight gain of ISA 257 table birds within the Sheepdrove Organic Farm organic silvo-poultry system Report December 2004 Sheepdrove Organic Farm December

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this Unit E: Other Poultry Lesson 3: Exploring the Turkey Industry Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Describe the types

More information

Some Foods Used by Coyotes and Bobcats in Cimarron County, Oklahoma 1954 Through

Some Foods Used by Coyotes and Bobcats in Cimarron County, Oklahoma 1954 Through .180 PROOf OF THE QKLA. ACAD. OF SCI. FOR 1957 Some Foods Used by Coyotes and Bobcats in Cimarron County, Oklahoma 1954 Through 1956 1 RALPH J. ELLIS and SANFORD D. SCBEMNITZ, Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife

More information

Industry Vision and Mission for Quality..3. Background and Executive Summary. 4-5

Industry Vision and Mission for Quality..3. Background and Executive Summary. 4-5 Version 3.0 1 2 Industry Vision and Mission for Quality..3 Background and Executive Summary. 4-5 Industry Standards for Broiler Chick Quality: 1. Laying and Handling of Eggs 6 2. Incubation and Hatching

More information

Performance and carcass characteristics of Delaware chickens in comparison with broilers

Performance and carcass characteristics of Delaware chickens in comparison with broilers 2014 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Performance and carcass characteristics of Delaware chickens in comparison with broilers B. A. McCrea, 1 A. F. Mills, K. Matthews, and J. Hutson Department of Agriculture

More information

EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE EGGS AND CARCASS OF LAYING HENS.

EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE EGGS AND CARCASS OF LAYING HENS. EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE EGGS AND CARCASS OF LAYING HENS. BY G. DAVIS BUCKNER AND J. H. MARTIN. (From the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington.) (Received for publication,

More information

Dubbing Production--Bred Single--Comb White Leghorns

Dubbing Production--Bred Single--Comb White Leghorns HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION CIRCULAR No. 20 f, Dubbing Production--Bred Single--Comb White Leghorns By C. M. BICE HONOLULU, U. S. A. J UNE 1942 HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY

More information

Checking Out Chickens

Checking Out Chickens Ag in 10 Minutes a Day! Checking Out Chickens Poultry is a group of domestic fowl that includes chickens, turkey, ducks, ostriches, emus, and geese. These animals are all eaten for their meat. The fowl

More information

Body Weight and Egg Production Performance of Induced Moulted White Leghorn Layers*

Body Weight and Egg Production Performance of Induced Moulted White Leghorn Layers* International Journal of Poultry Science 5 (10): 996-1000, 2006 ISSN 1682-8356 Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006 Body Weight and Egg Production Performance of Induced Moulted White Leghorn

More information

Reproduction in Turkey Hens as Influenced by Prebreeder and Breeder Protein Intake and the Environment

Reproduction in Turkey Hens as Influenced by Prebreeder and Breeder Protein Intake and the Environment Reproduction in Turkey Hens as Influenced by and Protein Intake and the Environment F. L. CHERMS, M. G. STOLLERAND J. J. MACILRAITH Nicholas Turkey Breeding Farms, Inc., Sonoma, California 95476 AND H.

More information

Quail farming. Introduction to quail farming. Housing management of quails. Advantages of quail farming. 1. Deep litter system. 2.

Quail farming. Introduction to quail farming. Housing management of quails. Advantages of quail farming. 1. Deep litter system. 2. Quail farming Introduction to quail farming Advantages of quail farming Requires minimum floor space Needs low investment Quails are comparatively sturdy birds Can be marketed at an early age ie. five

More information

4-H Poultry & Game Birds Proficiency Program A Member s Guide

4-H Poultry & Game Birds Proficiency Program A Member s Guide 4-H Poultry & Game Birds Proficiency Program A Member s Guide OVERVIEW The 4 H Poultry & Game Birds Proficiency program helps you learn what you need to know about your 4 H project. Your project leader

More information

Pick Up: May 17 th, 18 th or 19 th We will call the day the chicks arrive. All orders must be picked up that day.

Pick Up: May 17 th, 18 th or 19 th We will call the day the chicks arrive. All orders must be picked up that day. 74 West Road (Rt 83) www.ellingtonagway.com 860-875-3355 Order By: May 9 th Pick Up: May 17 th, 18 th or 19 th We will call the day the chicks arrive. All orders must be picked up that day. Brown Egg Layers

More information

The Effect of Angle of Turning Eggs During Incubation on Hatchability

The Effect of Angle of Turning Eggs During Incubation on Hatchability The Effect of Angle of Turning Eggs During Incubation on Hatchability E. M. FUNK AND JAMES FORWARD Figure 1. Insid e view of incubator used in egg turning experiments. Left to ri gh t the col umns of trays

More information

Growth Performance and Mortality in Hybrid Converter Turkeys Reared at High Altitude Region

Growth Performance and Mortality in Hybrid Converter Turkeys Reared at High Altitude Region 241 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 17 (No 2) 2011, 241-245 Agricultural Academy Growth performance and mortality in Hybrid Converter turkeys reared at high altitude region O. YILMAZ 1, H. DENK

More information

Custom Software Solution

Custom Software Solution Custom Software Solution KHADIJA TECHNOLOGY Web Designing & Development is our passion. Using the latest and up to date web development and design technologies, we deliver the best to you. We provide web

More information

SUMMARY OF THESIS. Chapter VIII "The place of research, its purpose, the biological material and method"

SUMMARY OF THESIS. Chapter VIII The place of research, its purpose, the biological material and method SUMMARY OF THESIS Raising Japanese quail is a global activity still limited compared with growth of hens and broilers, but with great prospects for the development of characteristics and adaptability of

More information

Northwest Livestock Expo 2018 POULTRY STUDY GUIDE

Northwest Livestock Expo 2018 POULTRY STUDY GUIDE Northwest Livestock Expo 2018 POULTRY STUDY GUIDE Poultry Digestive System A hen must eat 3.5 pounds of feed to make a dozen eggs. DID YOU KNOW: Fresh eggs float in water! Parts of the Egg 6 essential

More information

HAND BOOK OF POULTRY FARMING AND FEED FORMULATIONS

HAND BOOK OF POULTRY FARMING AND FEED FORMULATIONS HAND BOOK OF POULTRY FARMING AND FEED FORMULATIONS WHY POULTY FARMING? GENERAL ANATOMY OF POULTRY Feathers of fowl The Skin Skeletal System of Fowl Muscular System The respiratory system of fowl The digestive

More information

PHYSIOLOGIC AND GENETIC STUDIES OF CROOKED KEELS IN CHICKENS

PHYSIOLOGIC AND GENETIC STUDIES OF CROOKED KEELS IN CHICKENS PHYSIOLOGIC AND GENETIC STUDIES OF CROOKED KEELS IN CHICKENS SUMMARY 1. In most instances, birds developing crooked keels will do so before maturity. Most of the keel deformities appear between the 6-

More information

Webinar 4 Notes. Post-Mortem Guide

Webinar 4 Notes. Post-Mortem Guide Webinar 4 Notes Post-Mortem Guide 1. Examine the bird for any external injuries including vent pecking 2. Check for ectoparasites especially under the wing and around the vent 3. Check for vent pasting

More information

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CHICKEN LAYER BREEDS FOR USE IN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE-POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CHICKEN LAYER BREEDS FOR USE IN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE-POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CHICKEN LAYER BREEDS FOR USE IN INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE-POULTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN GAUTENG, SOUTH AFRICA By IKGADIMENG BETTY MOTIANG Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

More information

Performance of Sudanese native Dwarf and Bare Neck Chicken raised under improved traditional production system

Performance of Sudanese native Dwarf and Bare Neck Chicken raised under improved traditional production system AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA ISSN Print: 2151-7517, ISSN Online: 2151-7525, doi:10.5251/abjna.2011.2.5.860.866 2011, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/abjna Performance of Sudanese

More information

Introduction to Animal Science

Introduction to Animal Science Introduction to Animal Science Competency 3.01 Recall Animal breed and sex terminology. Animal Terminology Species Uncastrated Male Immature Castrated Male Immature Female Mature Female Newborn Cattle

More information

An EGG ECONOMICS UPDATE. Donald Bell, Poultry Specialist (emeritus) University of California, Riverside, CA 92521

An EGG ECONOMICS UPDATE. Donald Bell, Poultry Specialist (emeritus) University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 Number 261 April 5, 2004 An EGG ECONOMICS UPDATE Donald Bell, Poultry Specialist (emeritus) University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 A RECAP OF EGG INDUSTRY STATISTICS - 2003 Poultry statistics are

More information

Variation of Chicken Embryo Development by Temperature Influence. Anna Morgan Miller. Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology

Variation of Chicken Embryo Development by Temperature Influence. Anna Morgan Miller. Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology Variation of Chicken Embryo Development by Temperature Influence Anna Morgan Miller Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology Anna Morgan Miller Rockdale Magnet School 1174 Bulldog Circle Conyers,

More information

MARKET TURKEYS. eesie/rais. /Y \Labor/ Poult. -n-' (Circular of lnformafioñ493 April Edgar A. Hyer. Oregon State College

MARKET TURKEYS. eesie/rais. /Y \Labor/ Poult. -n-' (Circular of lnformafioñ493 April Edgar A. Hyer. Oregon State College eesie/rais MARKET TURKEYS i#i Wesie##t &e9o#t, 1949 API? 5 951 Edgar A. Hyer \ -n-' /Y \Labor/ Poult I - othef Ld../gricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corval I is (Circular of lnformafioñ493

More information

INCUBATION AND VITAL MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN EGGS FROM AGE-RELATED TURKEYS

INCUBATION AND VITAL MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN EGGS FROM AGE-RELATED TURKEYS Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp 63-67, 2009 Copyright 2009 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1313-7050 (print) ISSN 1313-3551 (online) Original Contribution

More information

COSTS and RETURNS to COMMERCIAL EGG PRODUCERS. a the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN No.

COSTS and RETURNS to COMMERCIAL EGG PRODUCERS. a the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN No. BULLETIN No. 290JUE15 JUNE 1954 COSTS and RETURNS to COMMERCIAL EGG PRODUCERS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION a the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE E. V. Smith, Director Auburn, Alabama CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION--------------------------------

More information

Chapter 6 Breeder flock management

Chapter 6 Breeder flock management Chapter 6 Breeder flock management The most important aspects of goose production are the management and feeding of the breeder flock as these can have a major impact on the reproductive rate, including

More information

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF. Roger Allen Burger for the degree of Master of Science. Nutritional and Management Factors Affecting

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF. Roger Allen Burger for the degree of Master of Science. Nutritional and Management Factors Affecting AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger Allen Burger for the degree of Master of Science in Poultry Science presented on May 26, 1982. Title: Nutritional and Management Factors Affecting Foot Pad Dermatitis

More information