Evolution of the Amphibia Further Reading p. 1 Taxonomy of Amphibians Kept in Captivity Introduction p. 3 Order Gymnophiona p. 3 Order Caudata p.

Transcription

1 Evolution of the Amphibia Further Reading p. 1 Taxonomy of Amphibians Kept in Captivity Introduction p. 3 Order Gymnophiona p. 3 Order Caudata p. 5 Sirenidae p. 5 Hynobiidae p. 6 Cryptobranchidae p. 6 Proteidae p. 6 Dicamptodontidae p. 6 Amphiumidae p. 6 Salamandridae p. 6 Ambystomatidae p. 7 Plethodontidae p. 7 Order Anura p. 8 Leiopelmatidae p. 8 Discoglossidae p. 8 Rhinophrynidae p. 8 Pipidae p. 9 Pelobatidae p. 9 Pelodytidae p. 9 Myobatrachidae p. 9 Heleophrynidae p. 9 Sooglossidae p. 9 Leptodactylidae p. 10 Bufonidae p. 10 Brachycephalidae p. 11 Rhinodermatidae p. 11 Pseudidae p. 11 Hylidae p. 11 Centrolenidae p. 11 Dendrobatidae p. 12 Ranidae p. 12 Hyperolidae p. 12 Rhacophoridae p. 13 Microhylidae p. 13 Helpful Guides for Identification p. 13 Anatomy for the Clinician Comprehensive Anatomic Texts p. 15 Larval Amphibians p. 15

2 The Larval Caecilian p. 15 The Larval Salamander p. 16 The Larval Anuran p. 16 Adult Amphibians p. 16 External Anatomy p. 16 Musculoskeletal System p. 17 Nervous System p. 19 Integumentary System p. 19 Alimentary System p. 21 Urinary System p. 23 Respiratory System p. 24 Cardiovascular System p. 27 Hematolymphopoietic System p. 28 Endocrine System p. 28 Reproductive System p. 29 Applied Physiology Thermal Homeostasis p. 31 Water Homeostasis p. 31 Energy Metabolism p. 33 Calcium Metabolism p. 33 Amphibian Husbandry and Housing Introduction p. 35 Planning for an Acquisition p. 35 Handling and Transporting a New Acquisition p. 36 Quarantine p. 37 Housing p. 38 Overview p. 38 The Basic Amphibian Enclosure p. 39 General Guidelines for Enclosure Setup and Maintenance p. 41 Enclosure Location p. 45 Aquatic Pond Enclosures p. 45 Aquatic Stream Enclosures p. 47 Stream-Side Enclosure p. 49 Terrestrial Forest Floor Enclosures p. 49 Terrestrial Fossorial Enclosure p. 51 Arboreal Enclosures p. 53 Environmental Control p. 54 Temperature p. 55 Humidity p. 57 Precipitation p. 57 Lighting p. 58

3 Nutrition p. 59 Diets for Captive Amphibians Introduction p. 63 Larval Amphibians p. 63 Adult Aquatic Amphibians p. 65 Terrestrial Amphibians p. 66 Rodents as a Food Source p. 67 Feeding Patterns p. 67 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation p. 67 Recording the Diet p. 69 Dermatophagy p. 69 Culturing Food Items p. 69 Introduction p. 69 White worms p. 69 Red worms p. 70 Springtails p. 70 Flour beetles p. 70 Mealworms p. 70 Fruit flies p. 71 Sources of Live Invertebrates p. 71 Nutritional Disorders Metabolic Bone Disease p. 73 Hypervitaminosis D[subscript 3] p. 76 Thiamine Deficiency p. 76 Steatitis p. 76 Renal Calculi p. 77 Obesity p. 77 Gastric Overload and Impaction p. 79 Scoliosis p. 80 Spindly Leg p. 80 Paralysis p. 80 Corneal Lipidosis (Lipid Keratopathy) p. 81 Cachexia p. 81 Nutritional Support for the Ill and Inappetent Amphibian p. 82 Assist-Feeding p. 82 Choosing a Formula p. 83 Clinical Techniques Introduction p. 89 Transportation of the Amphibian Patient p. 90 Obtaining a History p. 91 Species p. 91

4 Presenting Sign or Complaint p. 92 Origin p. 92 Husbandry p. 92 Diet p. 95 Preventive Medicine p. 95 Miscellaneous p. 96 The Examination Room p. 96 Conducting the Physical Examination p. 98 Clinical Examination p. 98 Clinical Techniques p. 101 Celiocentesis p. 101 Blood Collection p. 102 Cloacal Wash p. 102 Culture Collection p. 103 Electrocardiography p. 103 Endoscopy p. 105 Fecal Evaluation p. 105 Medication and Nutrient Administration p. 106 Skin Scrape p. 107 Gastric Wash p. 108 Touch Preparations p. 108 Tracheal Wash p. 109 Urine Collection and Analysis p. 109 Restraint Techniques and Euthanasia Manual Restraint p. 111 Chemical Restraint p. 114 Patient Preparation p. 114 Anesthetic Monitoring p. 115 Topical Anesthetics p. 115 Inhalant Anesthetics p. 119 Miscellaneous Anesthetics p. 120 Euthanasia p. 121 Clinical Microbiology of Amphibians for the Exotic Practice Culture Media for Bacteria p. 123 Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% Sheep's Blood (Blood Agar Plate) p. 123 MacConkey Agar p. 123 Columbia Colistin and Nalidixic Acid Agar with 5% Sheep's Blood p. 123 Thioglycollate Broth p. 123 Other Media p. 124 Salmonella-Shigella Agar p. 124 GN Broth p. 124

5 Salmonella Isolation Media p. 124 Culture Media for Fungi p. 124 Handling Specimens p. 124 Liquid Specimens p. 124 Swab Specimens p. 124 Solid Specimens p. 125 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing and Bacterial Identification p. 125 Gram-Positive Cocci p. 125 Gram-Negative Rods p. 125 Pathogenic Fungi p. 126 Mycobacterium spp. p. 126 Suggested Samples p. 126 Systemic Infections p. 126 Skin Infections p. 126 Respiratory Infections p. 126 Culture for "Normal Microflora" p. 126 Necropsies p. 126 Suppliers of Products Mentioned in Text p. 128 Amphibian Hematology Blood Volume p. 129 An Algorithm for Sample Processing p. 129 Anticoagulants p. 130 Blood Collection p. 130 Sample Analysis p. 132 Stains p. 132 Complete Blood Count p. 133 Chemistry p. 134 Cytology p. 134 Interpreting the Hemogram p. 139 Interpreting Plasma Biochemistries p. 140 Water Quality Introduction p. 147 Water Temperature p. 147 Oxygen p. 148 Carbon Dioxide p. 150 ph, Hardness, and Alkalinity p. 150 ph p. 150 Hardness p. 151 Alkalinity p. 151 Total Ammonia Nitrogen p. 151 Filtration p. 154

6 Water Changes p. 156 Water Source p. 156 Bacterial Diseases Predisposing Factors p. 159 Localized Infections p. 159 Introduction p. 159 Superficial Wounds, Ulcers and Abscesses p. 159 Epidermal Discoloration p. 160 Rostral Injuries p. 160 Neurological Infections p. 160 Ocular Infections p. 161 Systemic Infections p. 161 Bacterial Dermatosepticemia p. 161 Mycobacterium spp. p. 167 Chlamydia p. 169 Rickettsia p. 170 Nonpathogenic Isolates with Zoonotic Potential p. 170 Leptospira p. 170 Listeria p. 170 Salmonella p. 170 Edwardsiella p. 171 Yersinia p. 171 Germ-Free Strains of Amphibians p. 171 Bacteriologic Techniques for the Diagnostic Laboratory p. 171 Specimen Samples p. 172 Culture Media p. 172 Bacterial Identification p. 173 Bacterial Isolate Preservation p. 175 Antibiotic Sensitivities p. 175 Mycoses Introduction p. 181 Localized Mycoses p. 181 Mycotic Dermatitis p. 181 Mycotic Myositis p. 185 Mycotic Hepatitis p. 186 Mycotic Pneumonia p. 186 Intestinal Mycoses p. 186 Systemic Mycoses p. 186 Egg Mass and Larval Mycoses p. 186 Chromomycosis p. 187 Zygomycoses p. 188

7 Candidiasis p. 188 Specimen Samples p. 189 Media and Incubation p. 189 Identification of Fungi p. 189 Culture Preservation p. 189 Protozoa and Metazoa Infecting Amphibians Introduction p. 193 Considerations for Management and Treatment p. 196 Ciliates p. 196 Ciliates in the Gastrointestinal Tract p. 196 External Ciliates, and Those in the Urinary Bladder p. 197 Opalinids p. 198 Flagellates p. 199 Ectoparasitic Flagellates p. 199 Flagellates in the Blood p. 200 Intestinal Flagellates p. 200 Amoebae p. 203 Apicomplexa p. 204 Apicomplexa in the Blood p. 204 Apicomplexa in the Tissues p. 205 Microsporidia p. 205 Dermocystidium, the Protozoan-like Fungi p. 206 Myxosporea p. 207 Monogenea p. 207 Digenean Trematodes p. 208 Cestodes p. 209 Nematodes p. 210 Acanthocephala p. 212 Leeches p. 212 Arthropods: Crustaceans, Arachnids, and Insects p. 213 Branchiurans p. 213 Pentastomids p. 213 Mites p. 214 Ticks p. 214 Insects p. 214 Mollusca p. 215 Identification of Protozoa and Metazoa from Amphibians p. 215 Clinical Toxicology Introduction p. 223 Principles of Diagnosis p. 223 Principles of Treatment p. 224

8 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides p. 224 Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Insecticides p. 226 Rotenone p. 226 Herbicides p. 226 Halogens p. 227 Metals p. 227 Salt p. 228 Dissolved Gas Supersaturation p. 228 Polyvinyl Chloride Glues p. 229 Nicotine p. 230 Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate p. 230 Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Using Xenopus (FETAX) p. 231 Summary p. 231 Trauma Abrasions p. 233 Lacerations p. 234 Traumatic Amputations p. 234 Skeletal Fractures p. 235 Hyperthermia p. 236 Hypothermia p. 236 Dehydration and Desiccation p. 236 Drowning p. 237 Electrical Shock p. 237 Radiation p. 237 Idiopathic Syndromes Spindly Leg p. 239 Postmetamorphic Death Syndrome p. 241 Gout p. 241 Molchpest p. 242 Edema Syndrome p. 242 Rectal, Cloacal, and Gastric Prolapse p. 243 The Amphibian Eye Introduction p. 245 Anatomy p. 245 Clinical Evaluation p. 247 Ocular Disease p. 248 Panophthalmitis and Uveitis p. 248 Corneal Lipidosis p. 249 Keratitis p. 249 Cataracts p. 250 Parasites p. 250

9 Neoplasia p. 250 Glaucoma p. 250 Therapeutic Considerations p. 250 Conclusion p. 251 Diagnostic Imaging of Amphibians Introduction p. 253 Radiography p. 253 Radiographic Techniques p. 254 Amphibian Ultrasonography p. 258 Equipment p. 260 Patient Examination p. 260 Amphibian CT Scan and MR Imaging p. 263 Case Studies p. 264 Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, Abdominal Distension p. 264 Colorado River Toad, Bufo alvarius, Ulcerative Dermatitis p. 264 New Guinea Giant Treefrog, Litoria infrafrenata, Anorexia p. 264 Tschudi's African Bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus, Routine Examination p. 264 Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, Hydrocoelom and Edema p. 264 Surinam Toad, Pipa pipa, Abdominal Distension p. 264 Surgical Techniques Introduction p. 273 Presurgical Preparation of the Amphibian Patient p. 273 Surgical Procedures p. 274 Incision p. 274 Skin Closure p. 275 Minor Surgeries p. 275 Identification Techniques p. 275 Biopsy p. 276 Cyrosurgery (Debulking) p. 277 Major Surgeries p. 277 Amputation p. 277 Other Orthopedic Procedures p. 278 Laparoscopy and Endoscopy p. 278 Celiotomy p. 279 Gonadectomy, Gonadal Biopsy p. 281 Cloacal and Rectal Prolapse p. 281 Enucleation p. 281 Postoperative Analgesia p. 282 Reproduction Introduction p. 285 Reproductive Strategies p. 285

10 Sexual Dimorphism p. 286 Parental Care p. 287 Reproductive Cycle p. 287 Oogenesis p. 288 Spermatogenesis p. 288 Hormonal Manipulation p. 289 Artificial Fertilization p. 294 Reproductive Disorders p. 296 Quarantine Suggested Quarantine Protocols p. 301 Acclimation and Maladaptation Syndrome p. 304 Suggested Disinfection Procedures p. 306 The Established Collection p. 306 The Quarantined Collection p. 307 Pharmacotherapeutics Introduction p. 309 Antiviral Agents p. 309 Antibacterial Agents p. 309 Antifungal Agents p. 313 Emergency Treatment for the Septic Amphibian p. 314 Antiprotozoal Agents p. 315 Anthelmintics p. 316 Eliminating Other Parasites p. 318 Maintaining the Electrolyte Balance of the Ill Amphibian p. 318 Miscellaneous Drugs and Products Used in Amphibians p. 319 Necropsy Anamnesis p. 331 Equipment p. 331 Culture p. 331 Cytology p. 331 Necropsy Procedures p. 332 Spontaneous Neoplasia in Amphibia Introduction p. 335 Tumors vs. Neoplasms p. 335 Experimental Carcinogenesis p. 335 Integument p. 336 Epithelial Cell Neoplasms p. 337 Dermal Gland Neoplasms p. 343 Neoplasms of Chromatophores p. 347 Neoplasms of Epidermal Neurosensory Cells (Lateral Line and Ampullary Organ Cells) p. 350 Neoplasms of the Mesenchymal Tissues p. 352

11 Neoplasms of Fibrous Tissue p. 352 Neoplasms of Fat Tissue p. 353 Neoplasms of Muscle Tissue p. 353 Neoplasms of Blood and Lymph Vessels p. 355 Miscellaneous, Undifferentiated, and Mesenchymal Cell Neoplasms p. 355 Neoplasms of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cells and Organs p. 356 Lymphoproliferative Diseases p. 356 Neoplasms of Granulocytic Cells p. 360 Neoplasms of Suspected Histiocytic Cells p. 361 Neoplasms of Mast Cells p. 361 Neoplasms of the Thymus p. 364 Neoplasms of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder p. 364 Neoplasms of the Kidney p. 364 Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder p. 369 Neoplasms of the Liver, Biliary System, and Pancreas p. 370 Hepatic Neoplasms p. 370 Bile Duct Neoplasms p. 372 Pancreatic Neoplasms p. 373 Neoplasms of the Alimentary Tract p. 374 Neuroepithelioma of the Mouth p. 374 Hyperkeratosis of the Tongue p. 374 Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach p. 374 Intestinal Neoplasms p. 374 Neoplasms of the Reproductive Systems p. 377 Neoplasms of the Male Reproductive Tract p. 377 Neoplasms of the Female Reproductive Tract p. 379 Neoplasms of the Female Nongonadal Reproductive Organs p. 381 Neoplasms of the Endocrine Organs p. 381 Thyroid Neoplasms p. 381 Interrenal Neoplasms p. 381 Neoplasms of the Islets of Langerhans (Endocrine Pancreas) p. 381 Pituitary and Pineal Neoplasms p. 381 Neoplasms of the Respiratory System p. 381 Neoplasms of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems p. 381 Neoplasms of the Eye and Adnexa p. 382 Neoplasms of the Bones, Joints, and Notochord p. 382 Tumorlike Osteochondrous Dysplasia p. 382 Chondromyxoma (Myxochondroma, Fibromyxochondroma) p. 383 Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma) p. 383 Chordoma p. 384 Miscellaneous Neoplasms p. 384

12 Mesothelioma p. 384 Teratoma p. 384 Hamartoma p. 384 Pathology of Amphibia Diseases and Pathology of Eggs and Embryos p. 401 Genetically Based Egg Pathology p. 401 Egg--Toxicological Etiologies p. 402 Infectious Diseases of Eggs p. 406 Metamorphosis p. 407 Diseases and Pathology of Larvae, Metamorphs, and Adults p. 408 Musculoskeletal System p. 408 Integumentary System p. 415 Alimentary Tract p. 438 Urinary System p. 447 Respiratory System p. 449 Cardiovascular System p. 451 Hematolymphopoietic System p. 453 Endocrine System p. 458 Reproductive System p. 459 Central, Peripheral, and Autonomic Nervous Systems p. 461 Eyes, Ears, and Special Sensory Organs p. 467 List of Tables p. 487 Index p. 489 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.