I. Background

Transcription

1 National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference Perth, Western Australia 2007 Understanding and managing the gut ecology of Australian wildlife by light-microscopy diagnosis of faeces Gerry Waneck, PhD ( Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre Inc. 70 Kalamatta Way, Gooseberry Hill 6076 WA

2 I. Background

3 Microscopy State-of of-the the-art, 1665 Robert Hooke (England) - first compound microscope - first observed cells of cork

4 Microscopy State-of of-the the-art, cm in length Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Holland) - 300x single lens; first to describe living animalcules which we now know as bacteria and protozoa

5 Microscopy State-of of-the the-art, st compound microscope with modern optics similar to microscopes today, built for Joseph Jackson Lister, the father of the famous surgeon, Joseph Lister

6 Joseph Lister (1867) Use of Disinfectants in Surgery Brain Surgery 1900 British Surgical Team 1927

7 19th Century Discoveries

8 Microbial Sources of Penicillin and Other Antibiotics (1928-Present)

9 Microphobia 2007 Don t touch that

10 Beneficial Role of Gut Microbes aid in digestion neutralise toxins food for other microbes compete with harmful microbes create environment for beneficial microbes

11 II. Kanyana Microscopy Station Ruth Haight, RVN Gerry Waneck, PhD

12 Former Kanyana Microscopy Station

13 Former Microscope & USB Camera

14 Present Kanyana Microscopy Station

15 Kanyana Microscopy Station Goals Diagnostics Interface with hospital: relate findings to clinical signs, determine treatment, follow outcome Documentation Record observations: describe poop, identify microbes, record by photo & video, enter into database Teaching Teach courses for wildlife carers and vet students, produce training videos, conduct public education Research Interface with universities & government agencies, watch for unknowns (new discoveries)

16 KanyanaKare Database Home Page Created by Greg and Sue Hambleton

17 KanyanaKare Database Patient Details Created by Greg and Sue Hambleton

18 What Are We Looking For? Abnormalties (What is normal?) Most knowledge comes from human or veterinary studies Species-specific specific poop patterns (diverse wildlife species) Food eaten in wild vs captivity (food debris artifacts) Time of year (available food to eat, pollen artifacts) Signs of Large Parasites Arthropods (eg, mites): off body, not living in gut Worms: roundworms, flatworms (usually only see their eggs) Small Parasites Protozoans (single-celled animals): amebae & flagellates Bacteria and Yeast Infections Population imbalance (eg, monoculture) Strange microbes in sick animals

19 Spotting the Bad Guys Learn How They Look Study textbooks and information on the Web Look at a lot of samples (experience) Relative size is an important clue Learn to Ignore Irrelevant Objects Not everything can be identified Typical artifacts are food debris, urates, pollen Be Curious and Suspicious Learn which irrelevant objects to ignore Learn case history and clinical condition of the animal Look Long and Hard Some objects are rare Some microbes are hard to spot

20 Worms

21 Relative Sizes of Parasites (1) Protozoa Worms

22 Relative Sizes of Parasites (2) Worms, cont d

23 Relative Sizes of Bird Parasites

24 Bacteria Types

25 Gram Positive & Negative Bacteria

26 Urate Crystals

27 Microscopic Structure of Plants

28 Pollen Artifacts?

29 Worm Eggs Bad Guys We Usually See Nematodes: threadworms, roundworms, gizzardworms, pinworms Cestodes: tapeworms Trematodes: flukes Protozoa Amoeba: Coccidia Motile ciliates and flagellates: Trichomonas Yeast Avian Gastric Yeast of parrots: Macrorhabdus (Megabacteria) Budding and germinating yeast: Candida Bacteria Monocultures: liquid phase suspension; cocci biofilms Strangers : unusual flora for species; spore-forming rods

30 Worm Eggs: Threadworm

31 Worm Eggs: Roundworm

32 Worm Eggs: Gizzard Worm

33 Worm Eggs: Pinworm

34 Worm Eggs: Tapeworm

35 Worm Eggs: Flukes Adult Mature Immature

36 Protozoa: Coccidia

37 Yeast: Avian Gastric (AGY)

38 Budding Yeast: Candida

39 Bacteria Cocci: Biofilm

40 Bacteria: Diplococci Monoculture

41 Bacteria: Common Motile Rods QuickTime and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture.

42 Bacteria: Large Motile Rods QuickTime and a QuickTime and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture.

43 Bacteria: Motile Rods & Protozoa QuickTime and a QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.

44 Bovine Rumen Microbes QuickTime and a H.264 decompressor are needed to see this picture.

45 III. Case History: Gut Infection in a Western Gray Kangaroo Joey

46 Polyester Pouch Fibres

47 Large Spindle Rods

48 Clostridium difficile (Scanning EM)

49 White Blood Cells in Faeces

50 Pseudomembranes in Faeces

51 Pseudomembranous Colitis

52 Clostridium difficile (Gram stain)

53 Western Gray Joey: Intestine Ulcerative Inflammation (1) Inflamed Normal

54 Western Gray Joey: Intestine Ulcerative Inflammation (2)

55 Western Gray Joey: Liver Haemorrhagic Necrosis

56 Potential C. difficile Epidemic

57 Aussie Full-Cream Pot-Set ABC Yoghurt

58 Margaret River & Mundella Ingredients