An Introduction to the Profession of Veterinary Technology p. 1 History of Veterinary Technology p. 1 The Veterinary Technician Today p.

Transcription

1 An Introduction to the Profession of Veterinary Technology p. 1 History of Veterinary Technology p. 1 The Veterinary Technician Today p. 2 Job Prospects, Salaries, and Attrition p. 3 Education p. 4 Terminology and the Veterinary Health Care Team p. 7 Veterinarian p. 8 Veterinary Technician Specialist p. 8 Veterinary Technologist p. 9 Veterinary Technician p. 9 Veterinary Assistant p. 9 Veterinary Nurse p. 10 Laboratory Animal Technicians p. 10 The Veterinary Technician National Examination p. 10 Laws Governing Veterinary Technology p. 11 Certification, Registration, and Licensure p. 11 Reciprocity p. 12 Scope of Practice p. 12 Practice Acts p. 12 Rules and Regulations p. 20 Malpractice and Common Law p. 22 Ethics p. 23 Societal Ethics p. 23 Personal Ethics p. 23 Professional Ethics p. 23 Professional Ideals p. 24 Professional Organizations p. 24 International Associations p. 25 National Associations p. 25 State, Provincial, and Regional Associations p. 26 Related Organizations p. 26 Clinical Procedures p. 27 Restraint and Handling of Animals p. 27 Introduction p. 27 Indications for Restraint p. 27 Animal Perception and Behavior p. 28 Typical Behavior of Domestic Animals in Aggression and Avoidance p. 32 Capture and Restraint of Horses p. 34 Capture and Restraint of Cattle p. 50 Capture and Restraint of Sheep and Goats p. 56 Capture and Restraint of Swine p. 58

2 Capture and Restraint of Dogs p. 60 Capture and Restraint of Cats p. 65 Restraint of Exotic Animals p. 68 Transportation and Shipping of Animals p. 76 History and Physical Examination p. 77 Obtaining an Accurate History p. 77 Signalment of the Animal p. 77 Chief Complaint p. 78 History of the Present Illness p. 78 Medical and Surgical History p. 78 Environmental History p. 78 Medication History p. 78 Dietary History p. 79 Systems Review p. 79 Components of a Complete Physical Examination p. 79 Temperature, Pulse, and Respirations p. 81 Systems Assessment p. 81 Diagnostic Sampling and Therapeutic Techniques p. 91 Introduction p. 91 Basic Guidelines p. 91 Small Animal Sampling and Therapeutic Techniques p. 91 Blood Sample Collection p. 91 Urine Sample Collection p. 96 Other Collection Procedures p. 99 Administration of Medication in the Small Animal p. 105 Large Animal Sampling and Therapeutic Techniques p. 118 Venous Blood Sample Collection p. 118 Arterial Blood Sample Collection p. 122 Urine Sample Collection p. 123 Feces Sample Collection p. 124 Rumen Fluid Collection p. 124 Abdominocentesis p. 124 Thoracocentesis p. 125 Transtracheal Wash p. 126 Administration of Medication in Large Animals p. 126 Wound Healing, Wound Management, and Bandaging p. 135 Introduction p. 135 Wound Healing p. 135 Factors Affecting Wound Healing p. 137 Wound Management p. 138 Immediate Wound Care p. 138

3 Wound Lavage p. 138 Wound Debridement p. 138 Wound Closure p. 139 Wound Bandaging p. 141 Wound Bandaging in Small Animals p. 144 Specific Wound Management p. 147 Abrasions p. 147 Lacerations p. 151 Burns p. 151 Puncture Wounds p. 152 Degloving Injuries p. 152 Decubitus Ulcers p. 152 Large Animal Wound Management p. 152 Wound Care of Horses p. 152 Bandaging and Cast Application Techniques for Horses p. 153 Bandaging and Cast Application Techniques for Cattle p. 162 Basic Necropsy Procedures p. 165 Introduction p. 165 Necropsy Reports p. 166 Fixatives p. 167 Facilities and Instruments p. 168 Ancillary Procedures p. 168 Necropsy Procedure for a Small Mammal p. 170 Necropsy Variants p. 178 Cosmetic Necropsies p. 182 Clinical Sciences p. 184 Clinical Pathology p. 184 Introduction p. 184 Hematology p. 184 Sample Handling p. 186 Determination of Erythrocyte Numbers p. 187 Determination of Leukocyte Counts p. 188 Avian and Reptilian Leukocyte Counts p. 189 Platelet Determination p. 189 Blood Film Evaluation p. 190 Automated Cell Counters p. 198 Plasma Protein Determination p. 199 Coagulation Testing p. 200 Clinical Chemistry p. 200 Equipment p. 201 Clinical Chemistry Instrumentation p. 201

4 Urinalysis p. 203 Equipment p. 204 Urine Collection p. 204 Evaluation of Physical Properties p. 204 Chemical Evaluation p. 205 Microscopic Examination p. 207 Cytology p. 209 Equipment p. 209 Sample Preparation p. 210 Joint Fluid p. 210 Parasitology p. 212 Introduction p. 212 Endoparasites p. 212 Parasites of Dogs and Cats p. 212 Parasites of Horses p. 218 Parasites of Ruminants p. 219 Parasites of Swine p. 221 Ectoparasites p. 221 Parasites of Domesticated Animals p. 221 Rabbit Bots and Fox Maggots p. 223 Diagnostic Procedures p. 226 Fecal Flotation p. 226 Direct Fecal Smear p. 226 Qualitative Fecal Examination p. 226 Quantitative Fecal Examination p. 228 Interpretation of Quantitative Fecal Examination p. 228 Specialized Diagnostic Tests p. 228 Lungworm p. 228 Microfilariae p. 229 Pinworms p. 229 Tapeworms p. 229 Trematodes p. 230 Protozoa p. 230 Blood Parasites p. 230 Gastrointestinal Protozoa p. 230 Coccidi p. 231 Arthropods p. 231 Preserving Parasitic Samples p. 232 Parasitology and Public Health p. 232 Appendix p. 233 Clinical Microbiology p. 234

5 Introduction p. 234 Diagnostic Methods p. 234 Collection of Specimens p. 235 Processing Specimens p. 237 Bacterial Isolation and Identification Procedures p. 240 Common Bacterial Species p. 250 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing p. 256 Mycology p. 259 Virology p. 261 Serology p. 264 Clinical Immunology p. 266 Nosocomial Infections p. 266 Diagnostic Imaging p. 270 Introduction p. 270 Radiology p. 270 Identification p. 270 Filing of the Radiograph p. 272 Production of X-Rays p. 272 X-Ray Equipment p. 277 Exposure Factors p. 280 Image Formation p. 283 Radiographic Film Quality p. 292 Radiation Safety p. 294 Radiographic Contrast Agents p. 298 Positioning p. 302 Restraint p. 303 Diagnostic Ultrasonography p. 303 Ultrasonography Basics p. 304 Ultrasound-Tissue Interaction p. 304 Ultrasound Display Modes p. 305 The Ultrasound Image p. 307 Ultrasound Artifacts p. 307 The Ultrasound Examination p. 309 Nuclear Medicine p. 310 Computed Tomography p. 311 Magnetic Resonance Imaging p. 312 Teleradiology, Picture Archival System, and Radiology Information System p. 314 Veterinary Oncology p. 315 Introduction p. 315 Tumor Biology p. 316 Diagnostic Approach in the Dog or Cat With Cancer p. 318

6 Therapeutic Options p. 323 Euthanasia p. 329 Patient Management and Nutrition p. 332 Preventive Health Programs p. 332 Introduction p. 332 Preventive Health Program for Dogs p. 332 Physical Examination p. 332 Vaccinations p. 332 Heartworm Preventive Therapy p. 337 Owner Education p. 337 Preventive Health Program for Cats p. 337 Physical Examination p. 337 Vaccinations p. 337 Vaccine-Associated Sarcomas p. 341 Heartworm Preventive Therapy p. 341 Owner Education p. 341 Early Spay-Neuter Procedures p. 341 Heredity DNA Tests p. 341 Preventive Health Program for Horses p. 342 Physical Examination p. 342 Vaccinations p. 344 Dental and Hoof Care p. 348 Parasites p. 348 Nutrition p. 348 Sanitation p. 348 Preventive Health Program for Cattle p. 349 Vaccinations p. 349 External and Internal Parasites p. 364 Management Recommendations for Dairy Calves p. 364 Preventive Health Program for Swine p. 365 Vaccinations p. 366 External and Internal Parasites p. 374 Preventive Health Program for Pet Pigs p. 374 Vaccinations p. 374 External and Internal Parasites p. 374 Nutrition p. 375 Preventive Health Program for Small Ruminants p. 376 Vaccinations p. 376 Foot Care p. 380 Nutrition p. 380 External and Internal Parasites p. 380

7 Neonatal Care of Puppy, Kitten, and Foal p. 382 Introduction p. 382 Puppy and Kitten p. 382 Physical and Laboratory Examination p. 382 Newborn Puppies and Kittens p. 384 Principles of Orphan Animal Care p. 384 Reasons for Neonate Care p. 386 Signs of Neonatal Illness p. 387 Management of Neonatal Illness p. 387 Foal p. 388 The High-Risk Mare p. 388 The High-Risk Foal p. 389 Physical Examination p. 389 Laboratory Examination p. 392 Admitting the Critically III Foal p. 393 Routine Perinatal Therapy p. 394 Failure of Passive Transfer p. 394 Monitoring and Nursing Care p. 396 Summary p. 398 Geriatric Care of Companion Animals p. 400 Introduction p. 400 Life Stages p. 400 Integrating Geriatric Care p. 400 Geriatric Health Care Program p. 402 Health Care Programs p. 405 Relief of Suffering p. 407 Home Care p. 407 Animal Behavior p. 409 Introduction p. 409 Why Behavior Wellness? p. 409 What Is Behavior Wellness? p. 409 A Change in Perspective p. 410 Components of a Behavior Wellness Program p. 411 Summary p. 436 Companion Animal Clinical Nutrition p. 438 Introduction p. 438 Overview of Nutritional Objectives and Principles p. 438 Energy-Producing Nutrients p. 439 Non-Energy-Producing Nutrients p. 441 Pet Food Evaluation p. 446 Market Categories p. 454

8 Companion Animal Nutrition p. 454 Nutritional Assessment p. 454 Feeding Normal Dogs p. 455 Obesity-Prone Animals p. 461 Feeding the Geriatric Animal p. 463 Renal Disease p. 463 Feeding Cats p. 464 Clinical Nutrition p. 467 Nutrition of Small and Exotic Pets p. 480 Feeding Captive Reptiles p. 485 Equine Nutrition p. 487 Large Animal Clinical Nutrition p. 493 Introduction p. 493 Nutrients p. 493 Dairy Cattle p. 498 Beef Cattle p. 505 Sheep p. 508 Swine p. 511 Animal Reproduction p. 515 Introduction p. 515 General Female Reproduction p. 515 The Estrous Cycle p. 515 Canine Reproduction p. 518 Feline Reproduction p. 525 Equine Reproduction p. 527 Bovine Reproduction p. 534 Swine Reproduction p. 536 Ovine and Caprine Reproduction p. 538 Camelid Reproduction p. 540 General Male Reproduction p. 541 Clinical Examination of the Male p. 543 Semen Analysis p. 543 Care of Birds, Reptiles, and Small Mammals p. 548 Introduction p. 548 Birds p. 548 Reptiles p. 556 Small Mammals p. 561 Ferrets p. 561 Rabbits p. 563 Rodents p. 565 Guinea Pig p. 566

9 Hamster p. 567 Gerbil p. 568 Mouse p. 568 Rat p. 569 Prairie Dogs p. 569 Hedgehogs p. 570 Sugar Gliders p. 570 Anesthesia and Pharmacology p. 573 Veterinary Anesthesia p. 573 Introduction p. 573 Definitions p. 573 Concept of Balanced Anesthesia p. 573 Process of General Anesthesia p. 574 Anesthetic Equipment p. 574 Preanesthetic Assessment, Stabilization, Protocol Selection p. 581 Anesthetic Maintenance p. 588 Monitoring During Anesthesia p. 589 Ventilatory Support p. 594 Special Anesthetic Techniques p. 595 Protocol Selection and Preparation of Equipment p. 595 Endotracheal Intubation p. 598 Fluid Administration During Anesthesia p. 599 Induction and Maintenance p. 601 Padding and Positioning of the Animal p. 601 Recovery p. 602 Postoperative Analgesia p. 603 Anesthetic Emergencies p. 603 Pain Management p. 609 Introduction p. 609 Definitions p. 609 Organizations of Nociceptive Pathways p. 610 Recognizing Pain in Animals p. 611 Control of Pain in Animals p. 612 Analgesic Drugs p. 613 Treatment of Pain in Dogs and Cats p. 621 Treatment of Pain in Horses p. 623 Pharmacology and Pharmacy p. 625 Introduction p. 625 Pharmacology p. 625 General Principles p. 625 Drug Metabolism p. 628

10 Excretion p. 629 Dosage Forms p. 629 Routes of Administration p. 630 Neuropharmacology p. 632 Barbiturates p. 637 Diuretic and Cardiovascular Drugs p. 639 Agents Used to Treat Parasitism p. 641 Antimicrobial Agents p. 644 Antifungal Agents p. 649 Hormones and Synthetic Substitutes p. 649 Gastrointestinal Drugs p. 650 Pharmacy p. 652 Drug Laws p. 652 Expiration Date and Disposal of Drugs p. 656 Material Safety Data Sheets p. 657 Calculations p. 658 Inventory Control p. 662 Organizing the Pharmacy p. 663 Compounding p. 665 Nutraceuticals p. 667 Internet Pharmacy p. 668 Regulations p. 669 Surgical and Medical Nursing p. 670 Surgical Instruments and Aseptic Technique p. 670 Introduction p. 670 Instrumentation p. 670 General Surgery Instruments p. 670 Stapling Equipment p. 677 Ophthalmic Instruments p. 679 Orthopedic Implants p. 682 Arthroscopic Instruments and Equipment p. 685 Instrument Packs p. 689 Instrument Care p. 691 Drapes and Gowns p. 692 Aseptic Technique p. 692 Physical Methods of Sterilization p. 697 Chemical Methods of Sterilization p. 700 Operating Room Preparation p. 703 Patient Preparation p. 704 Surgical Team Preparation p. 705 Surgical Assistance and Suture Material p. 716

11 Role of the Veterinary Technician in Surgical Assistance p. 716 Patient and Instrument Tables Setup p. 716 Proper Tissue-Handling Techniques p. 721 Hemostasis p. 724 Incision Irrigation and Suction p. 730 Surgical Drains p. 732 Suture Material p. 732 Qualities of the Ideal Suture Material p. 733 Suture Nomenclature p. 733 Absorbable Suture Material p. 735 Nonabsorbable Suture Material p. 735 Suture Size and Strength p. 736 Suture Reaction p. 737 Preparation of Suture Material p. 737 Suture Needles p. 738 Small Animal Surgical Nursing p. 740 Introduction and General Principles p. 740 Preoperative Patient Assessment p. 740 Surgical Preparation and Animal Positioning p. 741 Perioperative Antibiotics p. 741 Monitoring p. 742 Restraint p. 748 Common Surgical Procedures p. 749 Elective Versus Nonelective Surgery p. 749 Tail Docking on Puppies p. 750 Dewclaw Removal on Puppies p. 750 Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal in the Adult p. 751 Feline Onychectomy p. 751 Celiotomy p. 754 Gastrointestinal Surgery p. 755 Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus p. 757 Ovariohysterectomy in the Dog and Cat p. 761 Pyometra p. 762 Canine Castration p. 763 Feline Castration p. 764 Cesarean Delivery p. 765 Cystotomy p. 767 Urethrostomy p. 768 Hernias p. 770 Umbilical Hernia p. 770 Inguinal Hernia p. 770

12 Diaphragmatic Hernia p. 771 Lumpectomy p. 772 Removal of Mammary Neoplasia p. 772 Amputation p. 773 Neurologic Patient Care p. 775 Orthopedic Surgery p. 777 Client Education p. 779 Small Animal Medical Nursing p. 780 Introduction p. 780 General Care p. 781 Practical Nursing Procedures p. 786 Infectious Diseases p. 800 Ophthalmology p. 806 Dermatology p. 808 Cardiology p. 809 Endocrinology p. 812 Theriogenolgy p. 814 Gastroenterology p. 816 Nephrology and Urology p. 818 Orthopedics p. 820 Emergency Nursing p. 822 Introduction p. 822 The Emergency Care Station and Resuscitation Area p. 822 Crash Cart p. 823 Laboratory p. 825 Fluid Therapy p. 826 Standards of Care and Emergency Protocol p. 827 Triage of the Trauma Patient p. 827 Triage of the Critical Care Patient p. 831 Secondary Complications p. 831 Pain p. 832 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation p. 832 Shock and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome p. 834 Treatment of Shock p. 835 Perfusion Failure and Reperfusion Injury p. 836 Cardiopulmonary Arrest p. 836 Cardiopulmonary Cerebrovascular Resuscitation p. 836 Medical Treatments in the Postarrest Period p. 841 Patient Monitoring p. 842 Respiratory System p. 842 Cardiovascular System and Perfusion/Hydration p. 844

13 Blood Pressure p. 844 Central Venous Pressure p. 845 Coagulation Status p. 846 Renal/Urinary System p. 847 Central Nervous System p. 848 Abdominal Cavity p. 848 Thoracic Cavity p. 849 Conclusion p. 850 Toxicology p. 851 Introduction p. 851 Managing Posion Emergencies p. 851 Assessment of the Animal's Condition p. 852 Stabilization of Vital Functions p. 852 Decontamination p. 853 External Exposures p. 853 Oral Ingestion p. 853 Household Hazards p. 855 First Aid Treatment of Exposures to Corrosive Agents p. 856 Miscellaneous Household Items p. 856 Dangerous Plants p. 858 Pesticides p. 861 Antifreeze Products p. 863 Dangerous Human Medications p. 864 Veterinary Dentistry p. 867 Introduction p. 867 Ethical and Legal Aspects p. 867 Veterinary Dental Organizations p. 868 Dental Morphology and Occlusion p. 868 Periodontics and Periodontal Disease p. 872 Dental Radiography p. 886 Endodontics p. 892 Orthodontics p. 898 Restorative Dentistry p. 901 Equine Medical and Surgical Nursing p. 902 Introduction p. 902 Physical Examination of the Equine Patient p. 902 Restraint of the Equine Patient p. 910 Care of Hospitalized Patients p. 913 Endoscopy p. 923 Imaging Techniques p. 924 Clinical Pathology p. 926

14 Preventive Health Care p. 929 Selected Medical Diseases p. 932 Surgery of the Equine Patient p. 948 Emergency Situations and Procedures p. 958 Anesthesia for the Equine Patient p. 959 Food Animal Medical and Surgical Nursing p. 961 Introduction p. 961 Common Diseases and Conditions of Cattle p. 961 Care of the Neonate and Neonatal Diseases p. 961 Conditions of the Digestive System p. 963 Diseases of the Respiratory System p. 969 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System p. 970 Hemolytic System p. 974 Reproductive System/Mammary Gland p. 975 Metabolic Disorders p. 979 Cardiovascular System p. 979 Urinary System p. 980 Nervous System p. 982 Diseases of the Eye p. 983 Diseases of the Skin p. 985 Behavior p. 985 Common Surgical Procedures Performed on Cattle p. 986 Common Diseases and Conditions of Small Ruminants p. 988 Care of Neonate p. 988 Gastrointestinal System p. 989 Johne's Disease p. 989 Enterotoxemia p. 989 Respiratory System p. 990 Musculoskeletal System p. 990 Hemolytic System p. 991 Reproductive System/Mammary Gland p. 992 Urinary System p. 992 Nervous System p. 994 Ophthalmic System p. 995 Integumentary System p. 996 Behavior p. 996 Common Surgical Procedures Performed on Small Ruminants p. 997 Common Diseases and Conditions of Swine p. 997 Care of the Neonate p. 997 Multisystemic Diseases p. 998 Gastrointestinal System p. 999

15 Respiratory System p Musculoskeletal System p Reproductive System p Nervous System p Behavior p Potbellied Pigs Nutrition and Husbandry p Nursing Concepts in Alternative Medicine p Introduction p Massage p Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation p Acupuncture p Alternative Concepts in Nutrition p Herbal Medicine p Miscellaneous Therapies p Summary p Topics in Practice Management p Veterinary Practice Management p Introduction p Veterinary Practice Management Areas p Large Animal Facilities p Building Maintenance p Inventory Management p Client Management p Business Management p Summary p Medical Records p Introduction p Functions of the Medical Record p Types of Patient Records p Format of the Patient Record p Components of the POVMR p Organization and Filing p Ethical and Legal Issues p Computers p Computer Applications in Veterinary Practice p Introduction p Computer Hardware and Software p Computer Configurations p Maintenance Tips p How to Research, Select, and Purchase Hardware and Software p Typical Uses of Computers in Veterinary Practice p. 1112

16 Implications for the Future p Zoonoses and Public Health p Introduction p Animal-Associated Injuries: Bite Wounds p Bacterial Zoonoses p Mycotic Zoonoses p Parasitic Diseases p Viral Diseases p Occupational Health and Safety in Veterinary Hospitals p Overview p General Workplace Hazards p Medical and Animal-Related Hazards p Euthanasia p Introduction p The Decision p As the End Draws Near: The Beginning of the End p At the End p The End as a Beginning...After the End p The Stress of Euthanasia p Euthanasia in the Shelter and Research Facility p Euthanasia of Large Animals p Conclusion p Client Bereavement and the Human-Animal Bond p Introduction p The Human-Animal Bond p Pet Loss and Veterinary Medicine p When the Bond is Broken p Grief and the Veterinary Professional p Conclusion p Stress and Substance Abuse in Practice p Introduction p A Definition of Stress p Good Stress and Bad Stress p Mental and Physical Effects of Stress p Substance Abuse and Stress p Stress and Personality p Identifying Stressors p Coping With Stress p Burnout, Impairment, and Treatment p Summary p Glossary p. 1203

17 Index p Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.