Outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus 2 infections in calves causing ear and facial skin lesions
|
|
- Tamsin Blair
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 704480VDIXXX / Watanabe et al.bohv-2 infection causing facial and ear crusts and alopecia research-article2017 Brief Communication Outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus 2 infections in calves causing ear and facial skin lesions Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2017, Vol. 29(5) The Author(s) Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalspermissions.nav DOI: jvdi.sagepub.com Tatiane T. Negrão Watanabe, Robert B. Moeller Jr, 1 Beate M. Crossley, Patricia C. Blanchard Abstract. We describe 3 outbreaks of superficial dermatitis caused by bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) in dairy breed calves. Clinically, all of the affected calves were d of age, had alopecia and crusts on the face and ears, and were non-pruritic and afebrile. Affected animals recovered spontaneously without any treatment within 2 4 wk after onset of clinical signs based on 1 herd with follow up. Histologic examination of all skin crust or tissue samples identified neutrophilic inflammation, mild hyperkeratosis, multinucleate syncytial cells, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in the syncytial cells. Real-time PCR testing on affected surface crusts or tissue provided evidence of BoHV-2, and testing, where performed, was negative for parapoxvirus including bovine papular stomatitis virus and the ovine form of malignant catarrhal fever tested in EDTA blood samples. Bovine viral diarrhea virus also was negative by ELISA, as well as bovine herpesvirus 1 by immunohistochemistry. Direct electron microscopy of infected tissues in the first outbreak revealed herpesvirus-like particles. Key words: Bovine herpesvirus 2; bovine mammillitis virus; calves; polymerase chain reaction; pseudo-lumpy skin disease. Latent infection within specific tissues is a common feature of all herpesviruses. 2,4,15 Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 species (BoHV-2; order Herpesvirales, family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Simplexvirus) is the cause of ulcerative mammillitis, which is usually a self-limiting cutaneous disease of the udder and teats. 12,16 BoHV-2 is also responsible for pseudo-lumpy skin disease (PLSD), which causes generalized superficial cutaneous nodules with central depressions over the entire body of affected animals. 8 We describe 3 outbreaks of BoHV-2 causing head and ear skin lesions in young calves from dairy farms and calf-raising facilities located in the Tulare County region of the Central Valley of California. The outbreaks occurred on 3 separate premises over a 10-y period. The first outbreak occurred in 2005 on a 5,000- head calf ranch with % of 2- to 3-wk-old calves affected over a 1-mo period in August. According to the referring veterinarian ~200 calves were affected on the day of sample submission. The second outbreak was on a 3,500 lactating cow dairy farm in September 2012 where nearly 100% of Jersey and Holstein calves developed ear skin lesions at ~3 wk of age, leading to alopecia; 150 calves were affected on the day of sample submission. The third outbreak occurred in July 2015 on a 5,000-head calf ranch where 50% of calves at d of age (~100 calves affected on day of sample submission) developed face and ear lesions. Calves affected were Holsteins (premises 1 and 3) and Holstein and Jersey calves (premises 2). Affected animals showed alopecia and surface crust formation with skin peeling from the ears. The most common sites of involvement were the dorsal portion of the head, periocular skin, and edges of the ears. Some areas demonstrated complete loss of hair (Fig. 1), whereas other calves had well-circumscribed hair loss. In all cases, calves were in good body condition. Animals were bright, alert, afebrile, non-pruritic, did not have increased sensitivity in affected areas, and ate and drank without any difficulty. It was reported that lesions spontaneously regressed within 2 4 wk after onset (premises 1). The submitted case material consisted of 9 EDTA blood samples (outbreak 1) and 17 skin crusts or tissue (outbreaks 1 3). No animals were submitted for postmortem examination. Samples from the skin crust or tissue were received fresh with a portion of the sample fixed in 10% neutralbuffered formalin, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 5 µm for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for histologic examination and testing for BoHV-1 immunohistochemistry [IHC] using a specific California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Laboratory (Negrão Watanabe), Tulare Laboratory (Moeller Jr, Blanchard), and Davis Laboratory (Crossley), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA. 1 Corresponding author: Robert B. Moeller Jr, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Tulare Branch, Road 112, Tulare, CA rbmoeller@ucdavis.edu
2 BoHV-2 infection causing facial and ear crusts and alopecia 687 Figure 1. Facial skin lesions (outbreak 1). (A) Mild alopecia with crust formation above the left eye and on the left ear pinna. (B) Severe alopecia of dorsum of ear bilaterally, periocular hair loss, and numerous flies on face and body of calf. polyclonal antibody (VMRD, Pullman, WA). The fresh skin crusts were submitted for: 1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory Davis branch for BoHV-2 (1 sample for parapoxvirus including bovine papular stomatitis virus [BPSV]), and 2) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigen ELISA (BVDV PI X2, IDEXX, Westbrook, ME), following the manufacturer s recommendation. For extraction of total nucleic acid, fresh skin samples were vortexed in viral transport medium and pulse spun. The supernatant was extracted using magnetic beads (Mag- Max 96 Viral RNA isolation well kit, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), according to the manufacturer s recommendation. Extracted DNA was subjected to real-time PCR (qpcr; primer and probe information for BoHV-2 targeting glycoprotein B by DNA sequencing, pan-parapox agents, and BPSV was kindly provided by Dr. K. Toohey-Kurth, WVDL, Madison, WI). All qpcr reactions utilized the Path-ID multiplex one-step RT-PCR kit (Life Technologies) and were performed with the 7500 Fast real-time PCR system (Life Technologies) under the following conditions: stage 1 at 50 C for 10 min; stage 2 at 95 C for 10 min; stage 3 at 95 C for 15 s; followed by stage 4 at 60 C for 1 min; stages 3 4 were repeated for 40 cycles. Blood samples tested for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) and 2 of the BoHV-2 tests were outsourced to the USDA-ARS laboratory in Pullman, Washington; all other testing was performed at CAHFS. For direct electron microscopy via negative staining, a small section of fresh skin crust or tissue was processed in 2% phosphotungstic acid, and centrifuged at 2,300 g for ~20 min at 30 C. The supernatant was filtered through syringe filters of descending pore size ending with 0.8 µm. Ultrafiltrate was centrifuged (Beckman 70.1 Ti rotor, Fullerton, CA) at 277,000 g for a minimum of 45 min at 5 C. Figure 2. Syncytial cells in skin crust containing basophilicto-amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrows) are admixed with abundant neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate and cellular debris. H&E The pellet was suspended in double-distilled water and mixed with 2% neutralized phosphotungstic acid at a ratio of ~1:10 and then applied to a formvar-coated, carbonbacked grid. Grids were examined in a transmission electron microscope (Zeiss 906E, Oberkochen, Germany) at 80 kv accelerating voltage. Given that the lesions were taken from sites with surface crusts, the skin tissue examined was usually nonviable epidermal tissue and debris. Microscopically, the epidermal crusts consisted of faintly stained epithelial cells, mixed with numerous multinucleate syncytial cells that contained lightly basophilic-to-amphophilic intranuclear inclusions filling and distending nuclei. Abundant neutrophils often infiltrated among the syncytial cells and epithelial cells, disrupting the epidermal architecture (Fig. 2). Some affected epithelial
3 688 Watanabe et al. Figure 3. A nucleoid (round particle in the nucleus of the cell) is surrounded by a dense ring in this electron micrograph of a skin crust. cells had undergone ballooning degeneration with irregular granularity. In some sections examined, abundant cellular debris was noted in the ostia of associated hair follicles (outbreak 1). Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis (outbreak 1) and perivascular lymphocytic dermatitis (outbreak 3) were also noted histologically. Histologic examination of the skin lesions showed serocellular suppurative epidermitis with intranuclear inclusions within syncytia. There was no evidence of coccal bacterial colonies (except for 1 sample in outbreak 3), fungal hyphae including dermatophytes, Dermatophilus sp., or ectoparasite structures. Lesions noted during histologic examination were highly suggestive of a herpesvirus, and BoHV-2 was detected by molecular assays in 15 calves. In addition, direct electron microscopy of skin crusts in 2 additional calves revealed herpesviral particles (Fig. 3). No histologic lesions compatible with parapox were seen, parapox was not detected by electron microscopy, and a submitted sample from outbreak 2 had no detection by qpcr of BPSV, or of pan-parapoxvirus (Table 1). All 9 calves tested also were negative by IHC for BoHV-1. In addition, BVDV antigen was negative on ear tissue by antigen ELISA in all 3 calves tested (Table 1). The EDTA blood samples from all 5 calves tested (outbreak 1) were negative by qpcr for OvHV-2 (cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever). The gross appearance and location (around the eyes and on the ears) of these skin lesions with hair loss were the main clinical findings. Based on the estimated age of the lesions on the ear, it appeared that the lesions may have started on the dorsal pinnae along the edge and later spread over the entire ear. BoHV-2 infection is usually associated with vesicles, crusts, and ulcers affecting 1 or more teats of lactating cows. Rarely is this virus identified in oral and muzzle lesions of nursing calves. 14,19 A second syndrome associated with BoHV-2, known as PLSD or Allerton virus infection, is characterized by generalized nodular skin lesions, often accompanied by mild fever and depression. 8,10 In our report, BoHV-2 cases did not show fever or depression at the time of, or prior to, the onset of the skin lesions. PCR was essential to confirm the infectious agent in these cases, given its high specificity and sensitivity in detecting and identifying viral nucleic acid. 1,6,7,11 In one case, positivity for BoHV-2 virus was identified in a 3.5-y-old animal presented at a slaughterhouse. 20 The lesions characterized by lumps and scattered circular areas of alopecia were identified on the head, neck, shoulders, and on the perineum, representing the chronic pattern of PLSD. The location of the lesions and high attack rate in the affected herds (affecting almost all calves in 2 of the outbreaks) suggest biting face flies as the mode of virus transmission to these calves. 5 At the time of these outbreaks (July September), biting face flies were very common. In cases of PLSD, the virus is known to spread from animal to animal mechanically by biting flies. 3,8,9,13 The incubation period for BoHV-2 infections is considered to be 1 2 wk. 8 Based on the age of the calves affected (12 26 d), the infection probably occurred during the first week of life. Interestingly, inclusion bodies are only observed during the exudative crust phase. 9 When the surface crust fell off, the underlying skin was alopecic. Coinfection with BoHV-2 and other bovine herpesviruses might be possible 2 ; however, in the cases described herein, BoHV-1 was not detected using IHC. Where follow-up was available (outbreak 1), spontaneous recovery occurred in 2 4 wk after the detection of skin lesions. It is assumed that, after seroconversion, clinical signs tend to disappear, but there would be latent virus in the skin, nervous system, and lymph nodes. 4,17,18 Potential differential diagnoses should include ringworm (Trichophyton verrucosum), contact dermatitis, photosensitization, poxvirus and parapoxvirus (e.g., bovine papular stomatitis virus and cowpox virus) skin diseases, and BVDV dermatitis. In the present case, ringworm was not detected. In addition, the animals had not been fed or exposed to any known photosensitizing agents or hepatotoxins. Infection by BoHV-2 should be included in the list of differential diagnoses in cases of skin lesions in cattle. The definitive diagnosis was based on gross and histologic
4 BoHV-2 infection causing facial and ear crusts and alopecia 689 Table 1. Identification of bovine herpesvirus 2 outbreaks and ancillary tests performed. Outbreak Type production Animal ID Breed Sex Age (d) IHC qpcr Direct electron ELISA BoHV-1 OvHV-2 BoHV-2 BPSV Pan-PPV microscopy BVDV 1 Calf ranch 1 Holstein M Negative ND Positive ND ND ND Negative 2 Negative ND ND ND ND Positive Negative 3 Negative ND ND ND ND Positive Negative 4 Negative ND Positive ND ND ND ND 5 Negative Negative Positive ND ND ND ND 6 Negative Negative Positive ND ND ND ND 7 Negative Negative Positive ND ND ND ND 8 Negative Negative Positive ND ND ND ND 9 Negative Negative Positive ND ND ND ND 2 Dairy farm 1 Jersey F 21 ND ND Positive Negative Negative ND ND 3 Calf ranch 1 Holstein M ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 2 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 3 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 4 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 5 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 6 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND 7 ND ND Positive ND ND ND ND BoHV-1 and -2 = bovine herpesvirus 1 and 2; BPSV = bovine papular stomatitis virus; BVDV = bovine viral diarrhea virus; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; F = female; IHC = immunohistochemistry; M = male; ND = not determined; OvHV-2 = ovine herpesvirus 2; Pan-PPV = panparapoxvirus; qpcr = real-time polymerase chain reaction. qpcr performed on whole blood at the USDA-ARS laboratory, Pullman, WA. Sequence confirmation at USDA ARS laboratory, Pullman, WA. examinations, virus detection by qpcr, DNA sequencing, and virus particle identification by direct electronic microscopy. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Jim Reynolds and Mr. Roger Blanchard (Visalia, CA), Dr. Ralph Walton (Tulare, CA), Drs. Hong Li and Naomi Taus (USDA-ARS Research Laboratory, Pullman, WA). Declaration of conflicting interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. References 1. Brenner J, et al. Herpesvirus type 2 in biopsy of a cow with possible pseudo-lumpy-skin disease. Vet Rec 2009;165: Campos FS, et al. Detection of bovine herpesvirus 2 and bovine herpesvirus 4 DNA in trigeminal ganglia of naturally infected cattle by polymerase chain reaction. Vet Microbiol 2014;171: Carn VM. The role of dipterous insects in the mechanical transmission of animal viruses. Br Vet J 1996;152: Castrucci G, et al. Reactivation in calves of Bovid herpesvirus 2 latent infection. Arch Virol 1982;72: Connor RJ, Mukangi DJ. Concurrent outbreak of pseudolumpy skin disease and acute Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 1986;18: De-Giuli L, et al. Development of a polymerase chain reaction and restriction typing assay for the diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 2, and bovine herpesvirus 4 infections. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002;14: d Offay JM, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction assay to detect bovine herpesvirus type 2 DNA in skin lesions from cattle suspected to have pseudo-lumpy skin disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222: Gibbs EPJ, Rweyemamu MM. Bovine herpesvirus. Part II. Bovine herpesvirus 2 and 3. Vet Bull 1977;47: Gigstad DC, Stone SS. Clinical, serologic, and cross-challenge response and virus isolation in cattle infected with three bovine dermatotropic herpesviruses. Am J Vet Res 1977;38: Ginn PE, et al. Skin and appendages. In: Maxie MG, ed. Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer s Pathology of Domestic Animals. 5th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2007: Imai K, et al. Development of a shuttle polymerase chain reaction for the detection of bovine herpesvirus 2. J Vet Med Sci 2002;64: Kemp R, et al. Atypical bovine herpes mammillitis affecting cows and calves. Vet Rec 2008;163: Letchworth GJ, et al. Bovid herpesvirus 2: natural spread among breeding bulls. Cornell Vet 1982;72: Letchworth GJ, La Due R. Bovine herpes mammillitis in two New York dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1982;180:
5 690 Watanabe et al. 15. Martin WB, Scott FMM. Latent infection of cattle with Bovid herpesvirus 2. Arch Virol 1979;60: Petrovski KR. An acute outbreak of teat lesions affecting 38% of a dairy herd in Northland. N Z Vet J 2005;53: Torres FD, et al. Distribution of latent bovine herpesvirus 2 DNA in tissues of experimentally infected sheep. Res Vet Sci 2009;87: Torres FD, et al. Acute and latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type 2 in a guinea pig model. Microb Pathog 2010;48: Wellenberg GJ, et al. Viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review. Vet Microbiol 2002;88: Woods JA, et al. Isolation of bovine herpesvirus-2 (BHV- 2) from a case of pseudo-lumpy skin disease in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 1996;138:
4-year-old neutered male American domestic shorthair cat with a locally extensive area of swelling ulceration and crusting over the nasal planum.
4-year-old neutered male American domestic shorthair cat with a locally extensive area of swelling ulceration and crusting over the nasal planum. Which of the following is the most likely disease? 1. Squamous
More informationLumpy-skin disease. a disease of socio-economic importance. Knopvelsiekte (Afrikaans) Letlalo la goba le diso (Sotho) Lindsay Thomas
DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURE Lumpy-skin disease a disease of socio-economic importance Knopvelsiekte (Afrikaans) Letlalo la goba le diso (Sotho) Lindsay Thomas 2002 Compiled by ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary
More informationMATTILSYNET NORWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY
MATTILSYNET NWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHITY Referencenumber: N O - COUNTRY: 1.Consignor (Exporter): Name: Address: 2. Certificate reference number: 3. Veterinary Authority: 4. Import permit number: 5. Consignee
More informationMATTILSYNET THE NORWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY
MATTILSYNET THE NWEGIAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHITY SANITARY CERTIFICATE For export of bovine semen from Norway to New Zealand COUNTRY: 1.Consignor (Exporter): Name: Address: Reference number: 2. Certificate reference
More informationMalignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C
Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C 2 0 1 5 History & Signalment Three year old Red Angus Cow Complaint: Blindness From 15 Red Angus Cow Herd Managed on Pasture
More informationEVALUATION OF BOVINE TEAT CONDITION IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS: 2. INFECTIOUS FACTORS AND INFECTIONS
EVALUATION OF BOVINE TEAT CONDITION IN COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS: 2. INFECTIOUS FACTORS AND INFECTIONS J. Eric Hillerton, W.F. Morgan, R. Farnsworth, F. Neijenhuis, J.R. Baines, G.A. Mein, I. Ohnstad, D.J.
More informationParasites Infections Allergy Pemphigus Acne Indolent ulcer Neck ulcers. Flea Allergy Dermatitis Cheyletiella. Contagious demodicosis in a shelter
Douglas J. DeBoer, D.V.M., Diplomate A.C.V.D. School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison Parasites Infections Allergy Pemphigus Acne Indolent ulcer Neck ulcers Flea Allergy Dermatitis
More informationVeterinary Diagnostics Portfolio Overview. Complete solutions for veterinary testing and pathogen research
Veterinary Diagnostics Portfolio Overview Complete solutions for veterinary testing and pathogen research Sample preparation products Cat. no. (number of preps) Target analyte Product Short description
More informationBOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX. Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630 Ring... You are called out to the farm of one of your regular dairy clients because some of the replacement heifers they bought at a public
More informationASVCP quality assurance guidelines: veterinary immunocytochemistry (ICC)
ASVCP quality assurance guidelines: veterinary immunocytochemistry (ICC) Version 1.0 (Approved 11/2017) Developed by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) Quality Assurance and
More informationBovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Why should you test your herd, or additions to your herd? Answer: BVD has been shown to cause lower pregnancy rates, increased abortions, higher calf morbidity and mortality;
More informationBy William C. Rebhun. Calves commonly are affected in several spots around the face, eyelids, ears, and neck, although lesions can occur
Skin Diseases By William C. Rebhun 1^^ ingworm is a fungal in- Mfection of the skin (dermatomycosis) that occurs commonly in calves and occasionally in adult cattle. It is contagious; therefore, when one
More informationCanine and Feline Distemper. Description. The following chart indicates the animals which are susceptible to infection by canine and feline distemp
Canine and Feline Distemper Description Canine and feline distemper are diseases affecting many wild and domestic carnivo The following chart indicates the animals which are susceptible to infection by
More informationSalmonella Heidelberg: An Emerging Problem in the Dairy Industry
Salmonella Heidelberg: An Emerging Problem in the Dairy Industry D.C. Sockett DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM 1 N. A. Aulik PhD 1 K.M. Deering MS, DVM, DACVP 1 R.F. Klos DVM, MPH 2 A.M. Valley BS 3 1 Wisconsin Veterinary
More informationThe surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016
Annual Report The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme for bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) in Norway 2016 Content
More informationThe surveillance programme for bovine tuberculosis in Norway 2017
Annual Report The surveillance programme for bovine tuberculosis in Norway 2017 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme for bovine tuberculosis in Norway in 2017 Content Summary... 3
More informationImport Health Standard. For. Bovine Semen
Import Health Standard For Bovine Semen Short Name: bovsemid.gen MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry P.O Box 2526 Wellington 6011 New Zealand BOVSEMID.GEN 27 June 2011 Page
More information2019 NATIONAL WESTERN STOCK SHOW (NWSS) LIVESTOCK HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
2019 NATIONAL WESTERN STOCK SHOW (NWSS) LIVESTOCK HEALTH REQUIREMENTS http://www.nationalwestern.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/livestock- Health-Requirements-1.pdf PLEASE READ CAREFULLY! **Please share
More informationA Lymphosarcoma in an Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
A Lymphosarcoma in an Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Authors: Paul R. Bowser, Marilyn J. Wolfe, and Timothy Wallbridge Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23(4) : 698-701 Published By: Wildlife Disease
More information2018 NATIONAL WESTERN STOCK SHOW (NWSS) HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
LIVESTOCK HEALTH REQUIREMENTS Colorado Department of Agriculture State Veterinarian s Office 305 Interlocken Parkway, Broomfield CO 80021 (303) 869-9130 www.colorado.gov/aganimals PLEASE READ CAREFULLY!
More informationSarcoptic Mange in Raccoons in Michigan
Sarcoptic Mange in Raccoons in Michigan Author(s): Scott D. Fitzgerald, Thomas M. Cooley, Alice Murphy, Melinda K. Cosgrove, and Betty A. King Source: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(2):347-350. Published
More informationHEALTH REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMALS EXHIBITED AT THE 2018 NEBRASKA STATE FAIR
HEALTH REQUIREMENTS FOR ANIMALS EXHIBITED AT THE 2018 NEBRASKA STATE FAIR Nebraska Department of Agriculture State Veterinarian s Office 301 Centennial Mall South, Lincoln, Nebraska 68509-4787 Phone: (402)
More informationSimple Herd Level BVDV Eradication for Dairy
Simple Herd Level BVDV Eradication for Dairy Dr. Enoch Bergman DVM So why is BVDV important to dairy producers? Global BVDV research, whilst examining differing management systems, consistently estimates
More informationVirus infecbons in reindeer a comparison between Norway and Iceland
Research seminar: Graduate School for Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Uppsala Sep. 24, 2018: Virus infecbons in reindeer a comparison between Norway and Iceland Morten Tryland UiT Arc1c University
More informationReproductive Vaccination- Deciphering the MLV impact on fertility
Reproductive Vaccination- Deciphering the MLV impact on fertility Safety Decision Efficacy Prebreeding Vaccination of Cattle should Provide fetal & abortive protection (BVD and BoHV-1) Not impede reproduction
More informationFinding and treating sick animals early is the key to maintaining a safe, nutritious food supply. On dairies, this begins with a basic physical exam
Finding and treating sick animals early is the key to maintaining a safe, nutritious food supply. On dairies, this begins with a basic physical exam of the cow. 1 Frequently a staff member, trained by
More informationUpdate on diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
Update on diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Séverine Tasker RCVS Specialist in Feline Medicine The Feline Centre Langford Veterinary Services University of Bristol http://www.felinecentre.co.uk/
More informationFeline allergic dermatitis: clinical aspects and diagnosis
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 Feline allergic dermatitis: clinical aspects and diagnosis Favrot, C Posted
More informationSIGNIFICANT DISEASES OF CAMELIDAE. Serological tests
Appendix IV (contd) AHG-Camelidae /July 2008 Appendix IV A) Viral diseases in camelids SIGNIFICANT DISEASES OF CAMELIDAE = Significant diseases I = for which camelids are potential pathogen carriers =
More informationFish Farms. DATCP Fish Health 4/21/2009. Myron Kebus, MS, DVM. State Aquaculture Veterinary Epidemiologist
Fish Farms Myron Kebus, MS, DVM State Aquaculture Veterinary Epidemiologist DATCP Fish Health National model for fish health programs Requirements: Import permits Health certificates Record-keeping Reportable
More informationActinomycetes. What s the Skin-ny!?
Actinomycetes modified from, Quinn, Markey, Carter, Donnelly, Leonard, Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2002 What s the Skin-ny!? Focal/generalized exudative dermatitis Hx Animals on pasture
More informationHEMATOPOETIC LAB. Heather Fenton/S. Martinson VPM 222 March, 2013
HEMATOPOETIC LAB Heather Fenton/S. Martinson VPM 222 March, 2013 Diffuse Splenomegaly: Bloody vs Meaty Photos: Pathologic basis of veterinary disease Bloody Spleen: Swollen margins Dark red Oozes blood
More informationProceedings of the Southern European Veterinary Conference - SEVC -
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the Southern European Veterinary Conference - SEVC - Sep. 29-Oct. 2, 2011, Barcelona, Spain Next SEVC Conference: Oct. 18-21, 2012 - Barcelona, Spain Reprinted in the IVIS website
More informationTTX - Inject 1: Early warning indicators Part I. Regional Table Top Exercise for Countries of Middle East and North Africa Tunisia; July 2017
TTX - Inject 1: Early warning indicators Part I Regional Table Top Exercise for Countries of Middle East and North Africa Tunisia; 11 13 July 2017 Background Information The following takes place in YOUR
More informationCoinfection with Clostridium piliforme and Felid herpesvirus 1 in a kitten
593600VDIXXX10.1177/1040638715593600FHV-1 and Tyzzer s disease in a kittenneto et al. research-article2015 Brief Communication Coinfection with Clostridium piliforme and Felid herpesvirus 1 in a kitten
More informationSarcocystis heydorni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) with cattle (Bos taurus) and human
1 Sarcocystis heydorni, n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) with cattle (Bos taurus) and human (Homo sapiens) cycle Jitender P. Dubey 1, Erna van Wilpe 2, Rafael Calero-Bernal 1, Shiv Kumar Verma 1, Ronald
More informationPrescribing Guidelines for Outpatient Antimicrobials in Otherwise Healthy Children
Prescribing Guidelines for Outpatient Antimicrobials in Otherwise Healthy Children Prescribing Antimicrobials for Common Illnesses When treating common illnesses such as ear infections and strep throat,
More informationWashington State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Management of Ulcerative Dermatitis in Mice Approved: 06/27/2018
1.0 Purpose: This SOP authorizes and outlines objective scoring and various treatment options of mice with ulcerative dermatitis by veterinary staff, investigative personnel and animal care technicians
More informationSalmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control
Salmonella Dublin: Clinical Challenges and Control Simon Peek BVSc, MRCVS PhD, DACVIM, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine Advancing animal and human health with science and compassion
More informationSurveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway. The surveillance and control programme for bovine tuberculosis in Norway 2013
Annual Report 2013 Surveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway The surveillance and control programme for bovine tuberculosis in Norway 2013 Ståle Sviland Tone Bjordal Johansen
More informationJournal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(2), 2004, pp Wildlife Disease Association 2004
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 40(2), 2004, pp. 351 355 Wildlife Disease Association 2004 Avian Pox in White-tailed Laurel-pigeons from the Canary Islands Félix Manuel Medina, 1,4 Gustavo Adolfo Ramírez,
More informationGross Pathology. Johne s disease. Johne s Disease: The ostrich approach just isn t working! The result: Damaged intestine
Johne s disease Johne s Disease: The ostrich approach just isn t working! National Holstein Association, June, 2010 Michael T. Collins, DVM, PhD Professor of Microbiology University of Wisconsin-Madison
More information2016 NATIONAL WESTERN STOCK SHOW (NWSS) HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
LIVESTOCK HEALTH REQUIREMENTS Colorado Department of Agriculture State Veterinarian s Office 305 Interlocken Parkway, Broomfield CO 80021 (303) 869-9130 www.colorado.gov/ag/animals PLEASE READ CAREFULLY!
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type A Abomasal bloat diarrhea in calves 3 months old or younger due to, 460 461 Abomastitis diarrhea in calves 3 months old or younger due to,
More informationBEAK AND FEATHER DYSTROPHY IN WILD SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOOS (CACATUA GALERITA)
BEAK AND FEATHER DYSTROPHY IN WILD SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOOS (CACATUA GALERITA) Author(s): Steven McOrist, Douglas G. Black, David A. Pass, Peter C. Scott, and John Marshall Source: Journal of Wildlife
More informationBluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the northwestern region of the United States
571627VDIXXX10.1177/1040638715571627Bluetongue in South American camelidsallen et al. research-article2015 Brief Communication Bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in South American camelids from the
More informationAdvanced Interherd Course
Advanced Interherd Course Advanced Interherd Training Course... 2 Mastitis... 2 Seasonal trends in clinical mastitis... 2... 3 Examining clinical mastitis origins... 3... 4 Examining dry period performance
More informationInterpretation of results from milk samples tested for mastitis bacteria with Mastit 4 qpcr test from DNA Diagnostic
Mastit 4 Interpretation of results from milk samples tested for mastitis bacteria with Mastit 4 qpcr test from DNA Diagnostic The 40th ICAR Biennial Session Puerto Varas, Chile, 24-28 october 2016 Jorgen
More informationX-DISEASE TH. OF CATTLE I AYllG{ - OIS. ~I RCU lar 656 Extension Service in Agriculture and Home Economics INCE
X-DISEASE TH S INCE OF CATTLE I AYllG{ - OIS By C. C. MORRILL and R. P. LINK UIIJH8SITY OF lluuoij Coll ege of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Experiment Station 1941 A DISEASE OF CATTLE which is
More informationENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis
GDR11136 ENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis February 2012 Summary The challenge data presented in this technical bulletin was completed
More informationSurveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway
Annual Report 2013 Surveillance programmes for terrestrial and aquatic animals in Norway The surveillance and control programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
More informationPREVELENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN LITHUANIA
PREVELENCE AND CONTROL MEASURES OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN LITHUANIA Jacevičius E. 1, Šalomskas A. 1,3, Milius J. 1, Petkevičius S. 1,3, Mockeliūnas R. 1, Jacevičien I. 2, Lelešius R 3, G.
More informationThe surveillance programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in Norway 2016
Annual Report The surveillance programme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) in Norway 2016 Norwegian Veterinary Institute The surveillance programme
More informationMature lymphocytosis (ie, 7,000/ L) in the blood of
J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:855 859 Differentiating Benign and Malignant Causes of Lymphocytosis in Feline Bone Marrow Douglas J. Weiss Differentiation of benign and malignant causes of lymphocytosis in blood
More informationJournal home page:
Journal home page: http://www.journalijiar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE AND APPLIED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE A First Case Report of Feline Infectious Peritonitis in a Domestic Cat in Pakistan
More informationBRDC: A review of pathology and antibiotic susceptibility trends. Jeremy Schefers DVM PhD Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
BRDC: A review of pathology and antibiotic susceptibility trends Jeremy Schefers DVM PhD Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Acute, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, Mannheimia hemolytica Fluid and fibrin
More informationSchmallenberg Virus Infections in Ruminants
Schmallenberg Virus Infections in Ruminants F. J. Conraths, B. Hoffmann, D. Höper, M. Scheuch, R. Jungblut, M. Holsteg, H. Schirrmeier, M. Eschbaumer, K. Goller, K. Wernike, M. Fischer, A. Breithaupt,
More informationSuggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines
Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines SNAP Dx Test Screen your dog every year with the SNAP Dx Test to detect exposure to pathogens that cause heartworm disease, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease
More informationVeterinary Pathology in Animal Biomedical Research
Veterinary Pathology in Animal Biomedical Research Neel Aziz, DVM, DACVP Staff Pathologist Center for Veterinary Diagnosis Faculty of Veterinary Science Mahidol University Nakhompathom Thailand Veterinary
More informationPractical Biosecurity and Biocontainment on the Ranch. Dale Grotelueschen, DVM, MS Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center Clay Center, NE
Practical Biosecurity and Biocontainment on the Ranch Dale Grotelueschen, DVM, MS Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center Clay Center, NE Risk considerations for designing plans to control targeted
More informationUse of a novel adjuvant to enhance the antibody response to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers.
Use of a novel adjuvant to enhance the antibody response to vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy heifers. C. L. Hall, S. C. Nickerson, L.O. Ely, F. M. Kautz, and D. J. Hurley Abstract
More informationPesky Ectoparasites. Insecta fleas, lice and flies. Acari- ticks and mites
Pesky Ectoparasites Parasite control should be at the forefront of every pet owner s life as all animals have the propensity to contract numerous ones at one stage or another. They are a challenge to the
More informationPLASMODIUM MODULE 39.1 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES 39.2 MALARIAL PARASITE. Notes
Plasmodium MODULE 39 PLASMODIUM 39.1 INTRODUCTION Malaria is characterized by intermittent fever associated with chills and rigors in the patient. There may be enlargement of the liver and spleen in the
More informationPORCINE CIRCOVIRUS - 2 AN EMERGING DISEASE OF CROSSBRED PIGS IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 3, No 3, 2014, 1268 1272 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS - 2 AN EMERGING DISEASE OF CROSSBRED PIGS IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA S. Krishna
More informationCanine Anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anaplasma platys
Canine Anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anaplasma platys It takes just hours for an infected tick to transmit Anaplasma organisms to a dog. What is canine anaplasmosis? Canine anaplasmosis is a disease
More informationCase Report A Case of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Ewe
Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine Volume 2012, Article ID 347193, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2012/347193 Case Report A Case of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Ewe DevorahMarksStowe,KevinL.Anderson,JamesS.Guy,
More informationMastitis in Dairy. Cattle. Oregon State System of Higher Education Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College JOHN 0.
STATION CIRCULAR 163 Mastitis in Dairy Cattle JOHN 0. SCHNAUTZ Oregon State System of Higher Education Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Figure 1. Mastitis milk showing Streptococcus
More informationboth are fatal diseases. In babesiosis blood comes out with the urine and hence it is also known as Red water disease. Theileria vaccines are not
1.1 INTRODUCTION Animal husbandry plays an important role in Indian agriculture. Indians by large are vegetarian and as such the only source of animal protein is milk and milk products. With the increasing
More informationDairy/Milk Testing Report Detecting Elevated Levels of Bacteria in Milk-On-Site Direct- From-The-Cow Within Minutes as Indicator of Mastitis
Dairy/Milk Testing Report Detecting Elevated Levels of Bacteria in Milk-On-Site Direct- From-The-Cow Within Minutes as Indicator of Mastitis EnZtek Diagnostics Incorporated has investigated and successfully
More informationTerrestrial and Aquatic Manuals and the mechanism of standard adoption
Dr Patrick Bastiaensen Programme Officer OIE Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa Terrestrial and Aquatic Manuals and the mechanism of standard adoption Presented during the Regional Workshop
More informationAssociation between Brucella melitensis DNA and Brucella spp. antibodies
CVI Accepts, published online ahead of print on 16 March 2011 Clin. Vaccine Immunol. doi:10.1128/cvi.00011-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All
More informationCOMMON MANGE IN DOGS AND CATS days spent on the dog Females burrow tunnels in the stratum corneum to lay eggs
COMMON MANGE IN DOGS AND CATS Sarcoptic Mange LIFE CYCLE OF Sarcoptes scabiei 17 21 days spent on the dog Females burrow tunnels in the stratum corneum to lay eggs CLINICAL SIGNS Intense pruritus Papular
More informationDetection of Mastitis
Detection of Mastitis Changes in milk composition Changes in milk composition Physical examination Signs of inflammation Empty udder Differences in firmness Unbalanced quarters Taste Test 60% of salty
More informationAn introduction to ear cytology in small animal patients
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk An introduction to ear cytology in small animal patients Author : Ariane Neuber Categories : RVNs Date : November 1, 2009
More informationNDSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
NDSU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory February 2015, Vol. 2, No. 1 In This Issue Welcome Flat-rate, One-day Shipping for $7 Pooled Tritrichomonas Testing Now Available Bacteriology Changes for 2015 Noteworthy
More informationDetecting new diseases such as Schmallenberg Virus infections (SBV) Guda van der Burgt, Veterinary Investigation Officer AHVLA Luddington
Detecting new diseases such as Schmallenberg Virus infections (SBV) Guda van der Burgt, Veterinary Investigation Officer AHVLA Luddington 1 SURVEILLANCE WHAT DOES IT NEED TO DO? Detect at an early stage
More informationThere is no one correct way to describe a slide. Macroscopic Veterinary Pathology. Be concise. Look at the center of the slide.
Macroscopic Veterinary Pathology There is no one correct way to describe a slide. Bruce Williams, DVM, DACVP Senior Pathologist, JPC Email: williams@cldavis.org Tissue from a sheep Tissue from a foal Be
More informationDiagnostic Insights. Inside this issue: Personnel Profile Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek. Ehrlichiosis: A PCR Test Now Available at the KSVDL
KANSAS STATE VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY Accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Personnel Profile Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek Dr. Gregg Hanzlicek has recently been
More informationHISTOLOGY OF MAMMARY GLAND DURING LACTATING AND NON-LACTATING PHASES OF MADRAS RED SHEEP WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INVOLUTION
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 3, 2016, 991 996 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) HISTOLOGY OF MAMMARY GLAND DURING LACTATING AND NON-LACTATING PHASES OF MADRAS
More informationMycoplasma ovis. What is it and why do we care? American Sheep Industry Convention San Antonio, TX February 1, 2018
Mycoplasma ovis What is it and why do we care? American Sheep Industry Convention San Antonio, TX February 1, 2018 M. A. Highland, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVP Veterinary Medical Officer-Researcher USDA-ARS-Animal
More informationEXHIBITION HEALTH REQIDREMENTS FOR LIVESTOCK, POULTRY, AND EXOTIC ANIMALS
Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission Effective: January 3, 2011 Jon Fitch, Executive Director Agency No. 125.00 Final Rule Act 87 of 1963 (Code 2-33-101), Act 150 of 1985 (Code 19-6-448) & Act 1306
More informationUpdate in Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta
Update in Veterinary Medicine Dr. Maria M. Crane Zoo Atlanta Overview of Discussion Medical management of captive orangutans Preventative Medicine Anesthesia Protocols Vaccinations TB testing Current Health
More informationEnzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis: Milk Screening and Verification ELISA: VF-P02210 & VF-P02220 Introduction Enzootic Bovine Leukosis is a transmissible disease caused by the Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV)
More informationVaccination to Improve Reproductive Health. Cow/Calf Meetings. Sandy Stuttgen, DVM UWEX Agriculture Educator, Taylor County
Vaccination to Improve Reproductive Health Cow/Calf Meetings Sandy Stuttgen, DVM UWEX Agriculture Educator, Taylor County June, 2013 Reproductive Diseases Bacteria Brucella Camplyobacter (Vibrio) Leptospira
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationPCR detection of Leptospira in. stray cat and
PCR detection of Leptospira in 1 Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran 2 Department of Microbiology, School of Veterinary
More informationJohne s Disease. for Goat Owners
Johne s Disease Q&A for Goat Owners The National Johne s Education Initiative recognizes Dr. Elisabeth Patton and Dr. Gretchen May with the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection
More informationMilk quality & mastitis - troubleshooting, control program
Milk quality & mastitis - troubleshooting, control program Jim Reynolds, DVM, MPVM University of California, Davis Tulare Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center 18830 Road 112 Tulare, CA 93274
More informationJohne s Disease Control
Johne s Disease Control D. Owen Rae DVM, MPVM College of Veterinary Medicine UF/IFAS Gainesville, FL Introduction Johne s disease is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP). The
More informationPREVALENCE OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG NATIVE AND IMPORTED SHEEP HERDS IN ZABOL. Sari-Iran.
PREVALENCE OF BORDER DISEASE VIRUS ANTIBODIES AMONG NATIVE AND IMPORTED SHEEP HERDS IN ZABOL B. Shohreh 1, M.R. Hajinejad 2, S. Yousefi 1 1 Department of Animal Sciences Sari University of Agricultural
More informationFinnzymes Oy. PathoProof Mastitis PCR Assay. Real time PCR based mastitis testing in milk monitoring programs
PathoProof TM Mastitis PCR Assay Mikko Koskinen, Ph.D. Director, Diagnostics, Finnzymes Oy Real time PCR based mastitis testing in milk monitoring programs PathoProof Mastitis PCR Assay Comparison of the
More informationDifferential Somatic Cell Count with the Fossomatic 7 DC - a novel parameter
Differential Somatic Cell Count with the Fossomatic 7 DC - a novel parameter By: Dr. Daniel Schwarz, Cattle Disease Specialist, FOSS, Denmark Dedicated Analytical Solutions Somatic cell count (SCC) represents
More informationWhat is Dairy Production Medicine?
VE TE R INAR Y ME DIC INE TE AC HING AND RE S E AR C H CE NTE R S enior R otations in Dairy P roduc tion Medic ine LE AR NING OB J E C T IV E S What is Dairy Production Medicine? Production medicine is
More informationHistologic and Molecular Correlation in Shelter Cats with Acute Upper Respiratory Infection
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 2011, p. 2454 2460 Vol. 49, No. 7 0095-1137/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/jcm.00187-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Histologic
More informationTHE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS DIPLOMA EXAMINATION IN VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY. Tuesday 22 August PAPER 1 (3 hours)
DIPLOMA EXAMINATION IN VETERINARY DERMATOLOGY Tuesday 22 August 2000 PAPER 1 Candidates are required to answer FOUR questions only. 1. What is meant by the term staphylococcal virulence factors. Indicate
More informationTick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean?
Tick-borne Disease Testing in Shelters What Does that Blue Dot Really Mean? 2017 ASPCA. All Rights Reserved. Your Presenter Stephanie Janeczko, DVM, MS, DABVP, CAWA Senior Director of Shelter Medical Programs
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Membership Examination. Veterinary Epidemiology Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Membership Examination June 2016 Veterinary Epidemiology Paper 1 Perusal time: Fifteen (15) minutes Time allowed: Two (2) hours after perusal
More informationParvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs. Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK
Parvovirus Type 2c An Emerging Pathogen in Dogs Sanjay Kapil, DVM, MS, PhD Professor Center for Veterinary Health Sciences OADDL Stillwater, OK Properties of Canine Parvovirus Single-stranded DNA virus
More information2013 Antech Diagnostics. All rights reserved. March/April 2013 Focus: Dermatopathology. Skin biopsy do s & don ts
News, Advice and Research from ANTECH Diagnostics ANTECHINSIGHTS March/April 2013 Focus: Dermatopathology Get familiar with ANTECH s DermPath consult service Dual review by boarded specialists offers advantages
More informationAsian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ISSN (Print) (Online)
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015, 1 (2), 350-358; doi: 10.3329/ajmbr.v1i2.25629 Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ISSN 2411-4472 (Print) 2412-5571 (Online) www.ebupress.com/journal/ajmbr Article
More information