Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines"

Elmer Gardner
5 years ago
Views:

1 Suggested vector-borne disease screening guidelines SNAP Dx Test Screen your dog every year with the SNAP Dx Test to detect exposure to pathogens that cause heartworm disease, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. Your pet s screening result and what it means Depending on the results of your pet s wellness screening, additional testing or therapies may be required. do next Diagnose Run additional tests to confirm infection indicate either Self-limiting infection Dogs that have likely resolved their infection Subclinical infection Infected dogs without any apparent signs of illness Clinical disease Infected dogs with clinical signs that are recognizable Exposure unlikely of prevention preventives vaccination Retest in year If necessary Retest in year

2 page Suggested Lyme Disease Transmitted by the deer tick or black-legged tick, Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Clinical signs may not appear until several months after infection. Lyme disease has been found throughout North America with cases ranging from mild to severe. Did you know The C 6 peptide used in the IDEXX SNAP Dx, SNAP Dx /and Lyme Quant C 6 tests do not cross-react with antibody response to commercially available Lyme vaccines. Ixodes ticks are known to be vectors for both Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. Dogs with seroreactivity to both B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum may have two times the risk of developing clinical illness than singularly infected dogs. do with your result Ixodes spp. (deer tick or black-legged tick) 8 hours of tick attachment Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, which localizes in tissues of infected dogs do next Infection is likely Determine antibody level with the Lyme Quant C 6 Test and evaluate for proteinuria (UPC) Infection is unlikely Lyme is a chronic infection with clinical signs that may present acutely: Fever, anorexia, lethargy Joint swelling Polyarthritis DO support Lyme disease (C 6 antibody level 0 U/mL) DO NOT support Lyme disease (C 6 antibody level <0 U/mL) Shifting leg lameness Rapidly progressive renal failure Neurologic syndromes Elevated ( 0 U/mL) C 6 antibody level Retest C 6 antibody level with or without UPC in 6 months to confirm treatment success for clinical signs * Serology is typically used to diagnose Lyme disease. B. burgdorferi localizes to the tissues and is therefore rarely detectable in the blood by PCR. Proteinuria. O Connor TP, Esty KJ, Hanscom JL, Shields P, Philipp MT. Dogs vaccinated with common Lyme disease vaccines do not respond to IR6, the conserved immunodominant region of the VlsE surface protein of Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 00;(): Beall MJ, Chandrashekar R, Eberts MD, et al. Serological and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 008;8(): Straubinger RK. PCR-based quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi organisms in canine tissues over a 500-day postinfection period. J Clin Microbiol. 000;8(6):9 99.

page Suggested Canine Anaplasmosis Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum and is transmitted by the deer tick or black-legged tick. A. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen of neutrophils.

3 page Suggested Canine Anaplasmosis Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum and is transmitted by the deer tick or black-legged tick. A. phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen of neutrophils. Many mammalian species, including humans, are susceptible to infection. Did you know Coinfection of Anaplasma species with other vector-transmitted pathogens may lead to more complex disease presentations and a slower response to therapy Anaplasma platys is the cause of infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in dogs, and antibodies to this pathogen cross-react with the A. phagocytophilum spot on the SNAP Dx Test A. platys infects canine platelets and is frequently seen as a coinfection with Ehrlichia canis do with your result Ixodes spp. (deer tick or black-legged tick) < hours of tick attachment Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects canine neutrophils Exposure is unlikely Can present acutely: do next Check for hematologic abnormalities (CBC and/or blood film) Fever, anorexia, lethargy Joint pain and swelling Lameness DO support anaplasmosis DO NOT support anaplasmosis Neurologic signs Thrombocytopenia Lymphopenia Evaluate platelet count in week; if no improvement, pursue other diagnoses Recheck CBC at wellness exams * Additional diagnostics may include PCR or Anaplasma IFA titer. See the Diagnostics for Sick Patients section of this guide for more information on serological and PCR testing. Increased liver enzymes Note Not known to be chronic, but experimental studies have shown persistent infection.. Egenvall A, Lilliehöök I, Bjöersdorff A, Engvall EO, Karlstam E, Artursson K, Heldtander M, Gunnarsson A. Detection of granulocytic Ehrlichia species DNA by PCR in persistently infected dogs. Vet Rec. 000;6(7):86 90.

4 page Suggested Canine Ehrlichiosis Canine ehrlichiosis is caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia canis and is transmitted by the brown dog tick. The infection may progress to a subclinical phase, which can last days, months or years. Chronic infections, if left untreated, can lead to bone marrow dysfunction or renal disease. Did you know Dogs coinfected with E. canis and A. platys were found to have more severe anemia and thrombocytopenia than dogs with either single infection. 5 E. canis, and likely A. platys, are transmitted by the same vector, the brown dog tick. In a study of healthy dogs with antibodies to E. canis, 9% were thrombocytopenic. 6 Medical Background Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) Time needed for transmission is unknown do with your result do next Check for hematologic abnormalities (CBC and/or blood film) and changes in serum proteins DO support ehrlichiosis Evaluate platelet count in week; if no improvement, pursue other diagnoses DO NOT support ehrlichiosis Recheck CBC at wellness exams Exposure is unlikely * Additional diagnostics may include PCR or Ehrlichia IFA titer. See the Diagnostics for Sick Patients section of this guide for more information on serological and PCR testing. Ehrlichia canis infects canine monocytes Can present acutely: Fever Anorexia Lethargy Uveitis Lymphadenomegaly Bleeding disorders CNS signs Has a chronic nature: Weight loss Bleeding disorders Polyarthritis Seizures Multisystemic signs Anemia Thrombocytopenia Hyperglobulinemia Hypoalbuminemia Pancytopenia Proteinuria 5. Gaunt SD, Ramaswamy C, Beall M, Caterina K, Breitschwerdt E. Potentiation of thrombocytopenia and anemia in dogs experimentally coinfected with Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis. JVIM. 007;(): Hegarty BC, Diniz PPVP, Bradley JM, Lorentzen L, Breitschwerdt EB. Clinical relevance of annual screening using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SNAP Dx) for canine ehrlichiosis. JAAHA. 009;5():8.

page 5 Suggested Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of heartworm disease, is transmitted by infected mosquitoes when D. immitis larvae are transferred to a healthy dog.

5 page 5 Suggested Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of heartworm disease, is transmitted by infected mosquitoes when D. immitis larvae are transferred to a healthy dog. Heartworm has no obvious clinical signs in the early stages, making preventative measures so much more important especially as advanced infection may result in death. Did you know Despite availability of monthly preventatives, prevalence rates of canine heartworm has remained consistent nationwide. 7 The earliest heartworm antigen and microfilariae can be detected postinfection is 5 months and 6.5 months, respectively. For more information and current recommendations on treating canine heartworm disease, go to heartwormsociety.org or capcvet.org. do with your result HW Ag NEGATIVE No clinical signs Canine heartworm testing HW Ag POSITIVE Clinical signs HW Ag NEGATIVE Mosquitoes Prepatent period approximately 6 months Dirofilaria immitis Asymptomatic at first, later developing: Mild, persistent cough Lethargy Exercise intolerance Reduced appetite Weight loss No action required Confirm with retest Radiographs (assess cardiopulmonary disease) CBC, chemistry and/or other appropriate tests Modified Knott s testing for microfilariae* Radiographs CBC, chemistry and/or other appropriate tests Consider other differential diagnoses If no definitive diagnosis, repeat in months 7. Verdon DR. Heartworm infection continues its climb, survey reports. DVM Newsmagazine. February, 006. Follow-up Refer to the American Heartworm Society (AHS)/Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) guidelines on chemoprophylaxis ment/follow-up according to the American Heartworm Society guidelines Retest 6 months assessing for: - Conversion to Ag negative status - Improvement of cardiopulmonary disease ment/follow-up Dependent upon supplementary test results * Less than % of infections will have microfilariae but not be antigenemic (American Heartworm Society) 0 IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved All /TM marks are owned by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. or its affiliates in the United States and/ or other countries. The IDEXX Privacy Policy is available at idexx.com.

Annual Screening for Vector-borne Disease. The SNAP 4Dx Plus Test Clinical Reference Guide

Annual Screening for Vector-borne Disease The SNAP Dx Plus Test Clinical Reference Guide Every dog, every year For healthier pets and so much more. The benefits of vector-borne disease screening go far