Blanding's Turtle. Summary. Protection Threatened in New York State, not listed federally.

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1 Blanding's Turtle Blanding's Turtle Scientific Name Family Name Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838) Emydidae Box Turtles and Pond Turtles Photo credits: Jesse W. Jaycox Did you know? Sex determination in Blanding's turtles is temperature dependent. Research conducted by Gutzke and Packard (1987) found that when eggs are incubated at 31.0 degrees Celsius (87.8 degrees Fahrenheit), all of the hatchlings were female. If the eggs were incubated at 26.5 degrees Celsius (79.7 degrees Fahrenheit), all of the hatchlings turned out to be male. Summary Protection Threatened in New York State, not listed federally. This level of state protection means: A native species likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in New York (includes any species listed as federally Threatened by the United States). It is illegal to take, import, transport, possess, or sell an animal listed as Threatened, or its parts, without a permit from NYSDEC. 1) Any native species likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future in New York. 2) Any species listed as threatened by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Rarity G4, S2S3 A global rarity rank of G4 means: Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. A state rarity rank of S2S3 means: Imperiled or Vulnerable in New York - Very vulnerable to disappearing from New York, or vulnerable to becoming imperiled in New York, due to rarity or other factors; typically 6 to 80 populations or locations in New York, few individuals, restricted range, few remaining acres (or miles of stream), and/or recent and widespread declines. More information is needed to assign a single conservation status. Conservation Status in New York There are currently 64 extant Blanding's turtle occurrences in Dutchess, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Niagara, and Erie counties. Given the mobility of this species, there are many closely associated sites that should be considered as single populations. Taking this into consideration, many of the Dutchess, St. Lawrence, and Jefferson County populations would be combined into single occurrences and many of these occurrences are threatened by habitat fragmentation from development and associated mortality from NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii)

2 automobiles and predation. Short-term Trends Although new populations have been identified in recent years, Blanding's turtle populations are believed to have been in decline for many decades. Some of the populations are in areas of the state that are subject to intense development pressure, which may lead to habitat fragmentation, increased road mortality, and compromised wetland quality. Long-term Trends Because of the long life span of this species, it is difficult to assess long-term trends. Given the disjunct nature of New York populations and evidence of remains farther south than the species is known to occur at present, an overall decline in the population is likely. Conservation and Management Threats Threats include loss of wetland and upland habitat, hydrological changes to wetlands, habitat fragmentation, obstructions to dispersal, road mortality, subsidized predators, and illegal collection. Research Needs Additional radio-telemetry studies of some populations will help determine the full extent of the habitat used and identify critical habitat. Habitat This species prefers shallow wetlands such as shrub swamps, marshes, and shallow ponds. Vernal pools are used in the spring. Blanding's turtles will frequently travel through uplands and cross roads, especially during the nesting period or when moving between wetlands. Associated Ecological Communities Appalachian Oak-hickory Forest A hardwood forest that occurs on well-drained sites, usually on ridgetops, upper slopes, or south- and west-facing slopes. The soils are usually loams or sandy loams. This is a broadly defined forest community with several regional and edaphic variants. The dominant trees include red oak, white oak, and/or black oak. Mixed with the oaks, usually at lower densities, are pignut, shagbark, and/or sweet pignut hickory. Appalachian Oak-pine Forest A mixed forest that occurs on sandy soils, sandy ravines in pine barrens, or on slopes with rocky soils that are well-drained. The canopy is dominated by a mixture of oaks and pines. Deep Emergent Marsh A marsh community flooded by waters that are not subject to violent wave action. Water depths can range from 6 in to 6.6 ft (15 cm to 2 m). Water levels may fluctuate seasonally, NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 2

3 but the substrate is rarely dry, and there is usually standing water in the fall. Hemlock-northern Hardwood Forest A mixed forest that typically occurs on middle to lower slopes of ravines, on cool, mid-elevation slopes, and on moist, well-drained sites at the margins of swamps. Eastern hemlock is present and is often the most abundant tree in the forest. Medium Fen A wetland fed by water from springs and seeps. These waters are slightly acidic (ph values generally range from 4.5 to 6.5) and contain some dissolved minerals. Plant remains in these fens do not decompose rapidly and thus the plants in these fens usually grow on older, undecomposed plant parts of woody material, grasses, and mosses. Pitch Pine-oak-heath Rocky Summit A community that occurs on warm, dry, rocky ridgetops and summits where the bedrock is non-calcareous (such as quartzite, sandstone, or schist), and the soils are more or less acidic. This community is broadly defined and includes examples that may lack pines and are dominated by scrub oak and/or heath shrubs apparently related to fire regime. Shrub Swamp An inland wetland dominated by tall shrubs that occurs along the shore of a lake or river, in a wet depression or valley not associated with lakes, or as a transition zone between a marsh, fen, or bog and a swamp or upland community. Shrub swamps are very common and quite variable. Other Probable Associated Communities Northern white cedar swamp Oak-tulip tree forest Shallow emergent marsh Associated Species Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) Identification Comments Identifying Characteristics This is a medium to large turtle with a carapace (upper shell) length of 5 to 10 inches ( cm) (Ernst and Barbour 1972). The black carapace is elongated, domed, and smooth and is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks. The plastron (lower shell) is bright yellow, with large, dark, symmetrically arranged blotches on the posterior lateral third of each scute and these blotches may hide the yellow color on older adults. A well-developed hinge lies between the pectoral and abdominal scutes on the plastron, but the hinge may not always be apparent on young turtles (Conant 1951). The head is large, black or dark brown in color, and may have scattered yellow spots. This species has a long neck with a yellow throat and chin. The yellow undersurface of the neck appears at 3 years of age (Vogt 1981). The tail and limbs are dark with some yellow or light NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 3

4 brown spots and the hind feet are weakly webbed. Characteristics Most Useful for Identification The bright yellow coloration of the chin and throat is a useful diagnostic characteristic that can be used on both captured and observed individuals. Best Life Stage for Identifying This Species Diet Adults and juveniles are similar in appearance and can be identified by the yellow chin and throat. Blanding's turtles are omnivorous (Graham and Doyle 1977) and will eat food both in and out of the water (Pope 1939, Vogt 1981). For turtles in New England and Michigan, crayfish and other crustaceans were documented to comprise about 50% of the diet, insects 25%, and other invertebrates and vegetable matter 25% (Lagler 1943, DeGraaf and Rudis 1983). Turtles in Missouri are primarily carnivorous, specializing in crayfish, followed by insects. Fish, fish eggs, and frogs have also been documented as food items, with small amounts of duckweed and algae always in association with animal food (Kofron and Schreiber 1985). In Nova Scotia where crayfish are absent, Blanding's turtles eat dragonfly nymphs, aquatic beetles, and other aquatic insects, as well as snails and some fish (Bleakney 1963). The quality of the diet may be the most important factor influencing growth. Evidence suggests that turtles from eutrophic environments grow faster and achieve larger maximum size on a carnivorous diet than do turtles on an herbivorous diet. Size differences between Michigan and Massachusetts populations have been explained by differences in food quality and availability, which affect growth rates (Graham and Doyle 1977). Blanding's turtles have been observed consuming pondweed seeds (Potamogeton sp.), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) where high nutrient levels from sewage effluent have stimulated the growth of high protein foods in Massachusetts (Graham and Doyle 1977). The Best Time to See Generally inactive during cold winter months in north. Primarily diurnal. In Massachusetts (Graham 1979), daily activity is bimodal during warmer weather and unimodal when the temperature drops. At 25 C the turtles have a short activity period from 5:00 to 6:00 AM EST, then rest until noon with a larger period of afternoon activity lasting until approximately 5:00 PM EST. When the temperature falls to 15 C the turtles show a continuous 8:00 to 5:00 "workday". However, the amount of total movement, movement per hour, and diet activity is greater at 25 C than 15 C, probably due to metabolism changes associated with changes in body temperature (Graham 1979). In Massachusetts, active dispersal of hatchlings from nests to wetlands occurred primarily in early to mid-morning and in late afternoon (Butler and Graham 1995). NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 4

5 Present Reproducing Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Similar Species The time of year you would expect to find Blanding's Turtle in New York. Eastern Box Turtle(Terrapene carolina): Eastern box turtles are similar to Blanding's turtles in that they also have a plastral hinge, but unlike Blanding's turtles, box turtles can close up tightly (Conant and Collins 1998). Box turtles also have a hooked beak (Conant and Collins 1998) and do not have the yellow chin and throat coloration that is characteristic of Blanding's turtles. Spotted Turtle(Clemmys guttata): Spotted turtles may be confused with juvenile Blanding's turtles, but this species has fewer, well separated yellow spots and no plastral hinge (Conant and Collins 1998). Spotted turtles do not have the yellow chin and throat coloration that is characteristic of Blanding's turtes and they are also much smaller in size than adult Blanding's turtles. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Synonyms Animalia Craniata Order Turtles (Chelonia) Family Turtles (Cryptodeira) Emys blandingii ((Holbrook, 1838)) Additional Resources Links Emydidae (Box Turtles and Pond Turtles) NatureServe Explorer GII Google Images New York State Department of Environmental Conservation NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 5

6 References Adams, M. S., and H. F. Clarke A herpetofaunal survey of Long Point, Ontario, Canada. Herpetologica 14(1):8-10. Bickham, J. W., T. Lamb, P. Minx, and J. C. Patton Molecular systematics of the genus Clemmys and the intergeneric relationships of emydid turtles. Herpetologica 52: Bleakney, J. S Notes on the distribution and life histories of turtles in Nova Scotia. Can. Field-Nat. 77(2): Brown, J. R A Blanding's turtle lays its eggs. Canadian Field Naturalist XLI(7):185. Carr, A Handbook of turtles. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York. 542 pp. Coffin, B., and L. Pfannmuller, editors Minnesota's endangered flora and fauna. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 473 pp. Conant, R The reptiles of Ohio. Second edition. American Midland Naturalist 20: Conant, R., and J. T. Collins A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: Eastern and central North America. Third edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series No. 12. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. 450 pp. plus color plates. Conant, R., and J. T. Collins A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp. Cook, F. R Introduction to Canadian amphibians and reptiles. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp. Ernst, C. H., R. W. Barbour, and J. E. Lovich Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. xxxviii pp. Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour Turtles of the United States. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. x pp. Ewert, M. A The embryo and its egg. Pages in M. Harless and H. Morlock, editors. Turtles: Perspectives and Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Feldman, C. R., and J. F. Parham Molecular phylogenetics of emydine turtles: taxonomic revision and the evolution of shell kinesis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: Graham, T. E., and T. S. Doyle Growth and population characteristics of Blanding's turtles EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII in Massachusetts. Herpetologica 33: Gutzke, W. H. N., and G. C. Packard The influence of temperature on eggs and hatchlings of Blanding's turtles, EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII. Journal of Herpetology 21: Harding, J. H Amphibians and reptiles of the Great Lakes region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. xvi pp. Herman, T. B., T. D. Power, and B. R. Eaton Status of Blanding's turtles, EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII, in Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 109: Iverson, J. B A revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Privately printed. Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana. Keys, Jr.,J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.;Smith, M.L Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (cd-rom), Atlanta, GA: U.S. NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 6

7 Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, and map unit tables. Kiviat, Erik Blanding's turtle preliminary population survey at the Nature Conservancy Jolis Trade Lands property, New York. Unpublished report to The Nature Conservancy. 13 pp. Kofron, C. P., and A. A. Schreiber Ecology of two endangered aquatic turtles in Missouri: KINOSTERNON FLAVESCENS and EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII. J. Herpetol. 19: Lagler, K. F Food habits and economic relations of turtles of Michigan with special reference to fish management. American Midland Naturalist 29(2): Moriarty, J. J Studying the turtle with the yellow throat. The Minnesota Volunteer May-June: NatureServe NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, Virginia. USA NatureServe NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.7. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available (Accessed: March 28, 2006). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources Blanding's Turtle fact sheet. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish, Wildlife, and Marine Resources New York State Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Checklist of the amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals of New York State, including their protective status. Nongame Unit. Wildlife Resources Center. Delmar, NY. Penn, G. H Utilization of crawfishes by cold-blooded vertebrates in the eastern United States. American Midland Naturalist 44: Piepgras, S. A., and J. W. Lang Spatial ecology of Blanding's turtle in central Minnesota. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: Pope, C.H Turtles of the United States and Canada. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 343 pp. Reilly, E.M., Jr Turtles of New York. New York State Conservationist. Standing, K. L., T. B. Herman, M. Shallow, T. Power, and I. P. Morrison Results of the nest protection program for Blanding's turtles in Kejimkujik National Park, Canada: Chelonian Conservation and Biology 3: Standing, K. L., T. B. Herman, and I. P. Morrison Nesting ecology of Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) in Nova Scotia, the northeastern limit of the species' range. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: Vogt, R. C Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp. New York Natural Heritage Program 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY Phone: (518) This project is made possible with funding from: - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program - Division of Lands & Forests, Department of Environmental Conservation - New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 7

8 Information for this guide was last updated on Aug 08, 2017 This guide was authored by NYNHP Conservation Guide - Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) 8