Herpetological Study for Feronia, Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation

Transcription

1 Herpetological Study for Feronia, Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation High Conservation Value Assessment Project Number: Prepared for: Feronia PHC March 2015 Digby Wells and Associates (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 2010/008577/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: , Fax: , Directors: AR Wilke, DJ Otto, GB Beringer, LF Koeslag, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive

2 This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental. Report Type: Project Name: Project Code: High Conservation Value Assessment Herpetological Study for Feronia, Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation Name Responsibility Signature Date Caitlin O Connor Report Writer March 2015 Brett Coutts (Cand.Sci. Nat) Report Reviewer May 2015 Rudi Greffrath (Cert.Sci.Nat.) Report Reviewer April 2015 This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent. Digby Wells Environmental i

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the most important countries in Africa for biodiversity conservation. It has the highest number of species for almost all groups of organisms with the exception of plants in which it is second to South Africa. Reptiles and particularly Amphibians have high species richness and endemism in the DRC, This is largely due to the varied and diverse habitat types which exist within the country. Information is scarce regarding possible endemics and geographic variations. Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening biodiversity. Extensive deforestation has not only resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, but has also caused the fragmentation of the existing remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches. The impacts of oil palm plantation agriculture on biodiversity have proven severe, leading to increased human wildlife conflict, homogenization of structurally and species diverse ecosystems, and destruction of habitat for globally threatened species. 280 species of reptiles are expected to occur within the DRC. The information supporting the species is not largely available. A total of 224 species of Amphibians, 6 families, 39 genera, are expected to occur within the DRC 48 of these amphibian species are endemic to the DRC. It appears that the majority of the amphibian species occur in the rainforest and almost all the endemics are confined to it. This herpetological study forms part of a High Conservation Value assessment. As a result the study focuses predominantly on Herpetological habitat assessment, expected numbers of species and the likely occurrence of herpetological Species of Special Concern. The Yaligimba Feronia Oil Palm Plantation lies in the Northern DRC, within the province of Equator. The area lies within the North-eastern Congolian Lowland Forest, which extends into the South-eastern portion of the Central African Republic. The vegetation consists of sub-montane rainforest vegetation, which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable. Yaligimba is located inland o the Northern Bank of the Congo River. The project area covers approximately hectares. The findings of the study present the Yaligimba Concession to be moderate species richness and habitat provision in terms of herpetology. Natural, Secondary forest (especially with streams), Swamp Forest and Riverine Forest Habitats are regarded to have the highest ecological sensitivity due to the moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. These areas are all regarded to have moderate to high conservation value for herpetological species. Digby Wells Environmental ii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction Site Geography Climate Methodology Baseline assessment Field Survey Findings Desktop Reptiles Amphibians Field Survey Reptile field survey findings Amphibians Habitat Types Natural Forest Habitat Secondary forest habitat Swamp Forest Habitat Wetland and Open Water Habitat Plantation with termite mound habitat Village Discussion Conclusion References Field Guides Digby Wells Environmental iii

5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Regional setting of Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo... 3 Figure 2: Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo... 4 Figure 3: Transects and sample sites within the Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo... 6 Figure 4: Expected reptile pecies within Yaligimba Concession; A. Rhampholeon boulangeri B. Green Night Adder (Causus resimus) C. Elongate Quill-snouted Snake (Xenocalamus mechowii) D. Günther's Green Tree Snake (Dipsadoboa unicolor) E. Lamprophis fuliginosus F. Zygaspis quadrifrons... 8 Figure 5: Amphibian Species A: Christy's tree frog (Leptopelis christyi), B: Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) (DD) C: (Leptopelis calcaratus) D: Marbled Running Frog (Kassina maculosa) Figure 6: Reptile species identified during the field survey, Yaligimba Concession, A. Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica) B. Male Black Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) C. Female Black Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) Figure 7: Amphibian Species Identified During the Field Survey of the Yaligimba Concession.1. African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) Figure 8: Natural Forest Habitat (Closed canopy): A. Natural Forest Habitat (Closed canopy), B. Leaf litter within the Natural Forest Habitat Figure 9: Secondary Forest Habitat within Yaligimba Concession: A. Opened canopy as a result of tree clearing, B. Stream with large macrophyte habitat Figure 10: Swamp Forest Habitat within Yaligimba Concession: A. Typical wet substrate with swamp forest, B. Barrages constructed by locals within the swamp forest Figure 11: Wetland and Open Water Habitat within Yaligimba Concession; A. Ferns vegetation and thick leaf litter alongside water, B. Reeds growing in shallow sand substrate, C, D. Papyrus swamp vegetation alongside open water Figure 12: A. Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Plantation, B. Typical Termitaria within plantation. C. Recently planted Oil Palm Plantation Figure 13: Village Habitat within Yaligimba Plantation Digby Wells Environmental iv

6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Expected Reptile SSC for the Yaligimba Concession... 9 Table 2: Expected Amphibian SSC, Yaligimba according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) and Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Table 3: Summary of species associated with each habitat type within Yaligimba Concession(Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Table 4: Species associated with various habitats within Yaligimba Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Appendix A: Expected Reptile Species Appendix B: Expected Amphibian Species LIST OF APPENDICES Digby Wells Environmental v

7 1 Introduction The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the most important countries in Africa for biodiversity conservation. It has the highest number of species for almost all groups of organisms with the exception of plants in which it is second to South Africa (Fauna and Flora International, 2015). There are a number of species, which are extremely important, and in critical danger, and others, which are unknown to science. High Conservation Value Assessments are critical to ensure whether Oil Palm plantations could have a negative impact. The DRC has a number of rural communities who depend largely on the forest resources and it is important to identify the resources that are used and to define the degree of dependence on these resources (HCV, 2014). Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening biodiversity. Extensive deforestation has not only resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, but has also caused the fragmentation of the existing remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches. Conversion of forests into agro-forestry plantations reduces vertebrate species richness, including herpetozoans (Palacios et al, 2012). Threatened species are scarce in plantations (Palacios et al, 2012). Nearly, 70 % out of 10,707 threatened terrestrial animal species are endangered by landscape transformations associated with agricultural and forestry-related activities (IUCN, 2010). Agricultural and forestry systems are expected to expand to satisfy growing demands of food and forestry products, which will increase pressure upon natural habitats and its biota. The need to reduce the impact of agriculture upon biological diversity is a pressing need (Palacios et al, 2012). The impacts of oil palm plantation agriculture on biodiversity have proven severe, leading to increased human wildlife conflict, homogenization of structurally and species diverse ecosystems, and destruction of habitat for globally threatened species (Yaap et al, 2009). Amphibians have particularly important roles within nature and their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions may help us determine the health of an ecosystem (IUCN, 2015). Amphibians have been identified as being the most threatened vertebrate group assessed so far, with around 41% at risk of extinction. Extinctions and large-scale declines of amphibian species have been attributed to habitat loss, pollution, fires, climate change, disease and over-exploitation. Action must be taken urgently to protect the remaining populations of amphibians across the world (IUCN, 2015). Reptiles and particularly Amphibians have high species richness and endemism in the DRC (IUCN, 2015). This is largely due to the varied and diverse habitat types which exist within the country. Information is scarce regarding possible endemics and geographic variations (WWF, 2015). An estimated number of 338 species of reptiles occur within the DRC (WWF, 2015) of which 26 are regarded to be endemic. A total of 224 species of Amphibians, are expected to occur within the DRC. (Frétley et al, 2011). In addition to this 48 amphibian species are endemic to Digby Wells Environmental 1

8 the DRC. It appears that the majority of the amphibian species occur in the rainforest and almost all the endemics are confined to it (IUCN, 2015). This herpetological study forms part of a High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment. As a result the study focuses predominantly on Herpetological habitat assessment, expected numbers of species and the likely occurrence of herpetological Species of Special Concern (SSC). 2 Site Geography The Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation lies in the Northern Democratic Republic of Congo, on the Northern Bank of the Congo River. As seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2 the Plantation lies north of the Equateur within the province of Orientale. This area lies within the North-eastern Congolian Lowland Forest, which extends into the South-eastern portion of the Central African Republic (CAR). The vegetation consists of sub-montane rainforest vegetation which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable. (WWF, 2015). The concession area covers approximately hectares. Digby Wells Environmental 2

9 Figure 1: Regional setting of Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 3

10 Figure 2: Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 4

11 2.1.2 Climate The study area experiences two seasons, the wet season, extending from March to December, and the dry season during January February. The annual rainfall is moderately high, ranging from 1,200 mm to 2,000 mm. Temperatures rarely fall below 18 C, even at night. Daytime maximum temperatures, rarely rise above 35 C.Humidity remains high throughout the year and is rarely very low during the hottest part of the day. 3 Methodology In order to undertake the High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment for herpetofauna a number of steps were undertaken (Sections ). 3.1 Baseline assessment Baseline research on Herpetofauna of the Yaligimba Oil Palm Plantation Concession included; Analysis of aerial photography for habitat types; Review of all reports and studies undertaken in the area or in close proximity to the study area; and An integrated expected species (including red data listed species) was compiled using the following sources; The Reptile Database, (Uetz, P et al., 2015); Amphibian Species List for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Amphibians of the World: an Online Reference (Frost D, 2013) Amphibian species lists in Amphibiens D`Afrique Centrale Et D`Angola; Clé De Détermination Illustrée Des Amphibiens Du Gabon Et Du Mbini; Illustrated Identification Key Of The Amphibians From Gabon And Mbini (Fretey, T et al, 2014); and Red List of Threatened International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN, 2015). 3.2 Field Survey A field survey was undertaken from the 16 th January 23 rd January 2015: Amphibians were sampled during the early morning and late night; Amphibians were sampled for each habitat type by actively searching in foliage, around tree roots, at waters edge and under leaves in order to determine if each supports a different species suite; Reptiles were sampled primarily whilst carrying out transect walks and active searches during the day, in each habitat type; and Digby Wells Environmental 5

12 Reptiles and amphibians that are important to the community were recorded. Figure 3 illustrates transects and sample sites in Yaligimba. Figure 3: Transects and sample sites within the Yaligimba Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 6

13 4 Findings 4.1 Desktop Reptiles Reptile Habitat and Ecology The Congolese rainforests are inhabited by a wide variety of reptiles, with differing ecologies. Species include forest floor dwellers, fossorial, aquatic or semi-aquatic, and arboreal types. Most rainforest reptiles are strongly associated with complex microhabitats (e.g., tree trunks, logs, rocks) (Kanowski et al. 2006). Plantations provide abundant food in the form of lizards, small birds, rodents, skinks, geckos, fruit bats and tree frogs. According to Akani et al (2007), oil palms are very important ecologically in the equatorial rainforest; these trees provide one of the most favourable nesting sites and weaving materials for birds, and also bats may roost on them in massive numbers Thus, oil palms are important foraging habitats for carnivorous animals (e.g., snakes, birds of prey, and genets) because, when bearing fruits and, with fruits being often ripe during the drier months, these trees attract an array of small prey animals (e.g., snails, insects, spiders, squirrels, rats, mice, lizards, geckoes and birds) for the predators (Akani et al, 2007). Snake activity is much less intense during the dry season compare to the wet season in other habitats in the rainforest. Thus, oil palms may provide ideal microhabitats for snakes and their prey, during the climatically suboptimal dry season (Akani et al, 2007) Expected reptile species richness One hundred and fifteen (115) species are likely to occur within Yaligimba. Figure 4 illustrates a few of these expected reptile species. A B calphotos.berkeley.edu calphotos.berkeley.edu Digby Wells Environmental 7

14 C D inaturalist.org E snipview.com F planete-guttata.superforum.fr ispotnature.org Figure 4: Expected reptile pecies within Yaligimba Concession; A. Rhampholeon boulangeri B. Green Night Adder (Causus resimus) C. Elongate Quill-snouted Snake (Xenocalamus mechowii) D. Günther's Green Tree Snake (Dipsadoboa unicolor) E. Lamprophis fuliginosus F. Zygaspis quadrifrons Expected reptile Species of Special Concern Fifteen (15) endemic reptile species are expected to occur within the Yaligimba Concession, four (4) of these are listed as Data Deficient (DD) while eleven (11) are listed as Not Evaluated (NE). The greater area (including the rivers outside the concession), may support 1 Critically Endangered (CR) species, one (1) Vulnerable (VU) species and one (1) Least Concern (LC) species. Digby Wells Environmental 8

15 Table 1: Expected Reptile SSC for the Yaligimba Concession Family Species Common name Endemic IUCN Amphisbaenidae Dalophia gigantea x NE Amphisbaenidae Dalophia luluae x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis adercae x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis kabindae Kabinda Worm Lizard x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis remaclei x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis scalper x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis schoutedeni x NE Gekkonidae Scincidae Lygodactylus depressus Leptosiaphos rhodurus Zaire dwarf gecko x NE Red Five Toed Skink x DD Atractaspididae Amblyodipsas rodhaini Rodhain's purple-glossed snake x DD Atractaspididae Atractaspis battersbyi Battersby's burrowing asp x NE Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Burrowing asp species x NE Atractaspididae Xenocalamus michellii Michell's Quill-snouted Snake x DD Pelomedusidae Pelusios chapini Central African mud turtle x NE Pelomedusidae Pelusios upembae Upemba mud turtle x DD Crocodylidae Mecistops cataphractus Slender-snouted Crocodile CR Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocoldile LC Crocodylidae Osteolaemus tetraspis African Dwarf Crocodile VU Amphibians Amphibian Habitat and ecology Canopy cover, food availability, proximity to water and thickness of leaf litter play an important role in the provision of habitat for many amphibian species (Wanger et al., 2009). Several factors influence the richness, distribution and abundance of species within native vegetation fragments, including incident light, temperature and relative humidity (Urbina- Cardona, 2006). As a result there is an obvious difference in the amphibian species in Digby Wells Environmental 9

16 pristine rainforest and those, which are able to survive in, modified habitats (secondary forest and plantations). There is a proven marked reduction in pristine-forest specialist amphibians as disturbance-tolerant species become dominant in disturbed forests (Wanger et al., 2009). A B calphotos.berkeley.edu C calphotos.berkeley.edu D calphotos.berkeley.edu calphotos.berkeley.edu Figure 5: Amphibian Species A: Christy's tree frog (Leptopelis christyi), B: Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) (DD) C: (Leptopelis calcaratus) D: Marbled Running Frog (Kassina maculosa) Expected amphibian species richness Ninety-four (94) amphibian species are likely to occur within Yaligimba Concession and immediate surrounds according to the Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014). This number is derived from the existing habitats, which occur within the Yaligimba Concession and species distributions. Figure 5 above illustrates a few of the expected amphibian species Digby Wells Environmental 10

17 Expected amphibian Species of Special Concern Seventeen (17) amphibians may possibly occur within the Yaligimba Concession and immediate surrounds according to the Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). These species are listed as Least Concern (LC) and Data Deficient (DD) (Table 2) according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). Table 2: Expected Amphibian SSC, Yaligimba according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) and Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Family Species Common name Ende mic IUCN Bufonidae Mertensophryne schmidti Schmidt's snouted frog x DD Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi x NE Hemisotidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog x LC Hemisotidae Hemisus olivaceus Olive shovelnose frog x LC Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax minutus x DD Hyperoliidae Kassina mertensi x DD Hyperoliidae Hyperolius hutsebauti x DD Hyperoliidae Hyperolius schoutedeni x LC Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dartevellei x NE Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus gastoni x DD Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus scapularis x LC Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus parkeri x LC Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus giorgii x DD Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus cryptotis x DD Pipidae Hymenochirus boulengeri Eastern dwarf clawed Frog x DD Pipidae Xenopus lenduensis Lendu Plateau clawed frog x NE Ptychadenidae Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Grass Frog x LC 4.2 Field Survey Reptile field survey findings Three reptile species were found during our survey. This figure is not regarded to be representative of the species existing on site in consideration of the existing habitat. Snakes were said to be prolific in the area and especially regarded to be a nuisance to field and plantation workers. An unidentified tree dwelling snake was found. A Gaboon Viper (Bitis Digby Wells Environmental 11

18 gabonica) was identified when it was caught in the Palm plantations and beheaded by a worker. This species is extremely poisonous. It ambushes its prey (generally birds and small mammals) by lying still. The ornate markings on its body afford effective camouflage. Figure 6 illustrates these species. The black necked Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) was found throughout the project area, typically in clearings and villages, where children catch them and play with them, as illustrated below. None of these species is regarded to be SSC. Digby Wells Environmental 12

19 A B C Figure 6: Reptile species identified during the field survey, Yaligimba Concession, A. Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica) B. Male Black Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) C. Female Black Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) Amphibians During the field survey the African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), and African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) were positively confirmed. These species are mixed land use species that can adapt to a high level of anthropogenic disturbance (Figure 7). A B calphotos.berkeley.edu Figure 7: Amphibian Species Identified During the Field Survey of the Yaligimba Concession.1. African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) Digby Wells Environmental 13

20 4.3 Habitat Types Six broad herpetological habitat types were identified in the Yaligimba Plantation: Natural Forest habitat; Secondary Forest habitat; Swamp Forest habitat; Wetland and open water habitat; Plantations and termite mound habitat; and Village habitat. Table 3 below describes the numbers of expected reptile and amphibian species for each habitat within Yaligimba. Table 3: Summary of species associated with each habitat type within Yaligimba Concession(Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) HABITAT Percentage of expected species in the habitat Amphibians (94 species expected) Reptiles (115 species expected) Natural Forest 79% 86% Secondary Forest 85% 86% Swamp Forest 76% 84% Riverine Forest 66% 94% Plantations 30% 70% Village 5% 2% Natural Forest Habitat Description of natural forest habitat The Natural forest habitat comprises of a closed canopy at a height of approx m s. Epiphytes, lianes and vines provide shelter at lower levels within the trees. The understory is not well developed as a result of the low lux. Grasses and large leaved plants occur in areas where there is light penetration. There is an extremely thick layer of Leaf litter and little to no soil. Buttress roots and exposed root structures provide ideal habitat for multiple herpetological species. Two types of stream habitat occur in the forests; a very shallow sand substrate streams within these forests provide habitat to a number of aquatic or amphibian species and then a deeper sand substrate stream with a thick layer of leaves. Digby Wells Environmental 14

21 A B Figure 8: Natural Forest Habitat (Closed canopy): A. Natural Forest Habitat (Closed canopy), B. Leaf litter within the Natural Forest Habitat Typical species found within natural forest habitat The natural forest habitat, despite being very small within the Yaligimba Concession is host to the high reptile and amphibian diversity. Ninety nine (99) of the expected reptile species are associated with this habitat (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), Four species of the Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae family), Gecko (Hemidactylus) species, skink species (Scincidae family) and snake species from five different families including; Atractaspididae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Typhlopidae, Viperidae are expected to occur. Seventy four (74) amphibian species are expected to be associated with this habitat according to Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) Some of these species do also occur in secondary and agricultural habitats, while others are extremely sensitive and cannot survive in disturbed conditions as they require closed canopy. Reptile SSC include Worm lizard species (Monopeltis) and endemic Dalophia gigantea. The Zaire Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus depressus), Five Toed Skink (Leptosiaphos rhodurus), Rodhain's purple-glossed snake (Amblyodipsas rodhaini) and three Asp species potentially occur within this habitat.ssc amphibians are expected to occur within this habitat type. Afrana desaegeri, Phrynobatrachus gastoni, Bufo schmidti, Afrixalus equatorialis, Hemisus olivaceus, Kassina mertensi, Phrynobatrachus cryptotis, Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus and Hymenochirus boulengeri, are endemic species which are likely to occur in this habitat. None of the repile or amphibian species has IUCN red listing of concern. However the vast majority of them are regarded to be DD (IUCN, 2014). Digby Wells Environmental 15

22 4.3.2 Secondary forest habitat Secondary forest habitat description This habitat type can be described as degraded natural Rainforest. The structure is slightly different as a result of anthropogenic influences. Clearing of large trees has meant that increased light penetrates the canopy. The forest understory is far more developed. There remains a thick layer of leaves, however the soil is far more developed and hard. Within these areas the rivers have been dammed using a system of barrages. This alteration of the natural habitat has resulted in the creation of a new habitat, as seen in Figure 9 below. Digby Wells Environmental 16

23 A B Figure 9: Secondary Forest Habitat within Yaligimba Concession: A. Opened canopy as a result of tree clearing, B. Stream with large macrophyte habitat Typical species found in secondary forest Ninety-nine (99) of the expected reptiles potentially exist within this habitat. Eighty (80) of the expected amphibian species are associated with this habitat. Most of the species found within the Natural forest habitat are expected to similarly occur within the Secondary forest as they tolerate slightly disturbed conditions or enjoy fringe forest and openings within the forest. Highly sensitive species such as the Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) are unlikely to occur, as they cannot tolerate habitat modification. This habitat will attract similar reptile and amphibian SSC associated with the Natural and Swamp forest habitat Swamp Forest Habitat Description of swamp forest habitat This habitat type consists typically of forest, dominated by Raphia sp. and permanently or semi permanently wet ground. The water level is expected to fluctuate from season to season. Due to the tree cover there is abundant leaf litter. The canopy is generally closed and therefore there is poor or limited sunlight. The substrate is generally dark brown, black and grey. Digby Wells Environmental 17

24 A B Figure 10: Swamp Forest Habitat within Yaligimba Concession: A. Typical wet substrate with swamp forest, B. Barrages constructed by locals within the swamp forest Typical Species in swamp forest habitat Ninety-seven (97) reptile species are likely to occur within swamp habitat in Yaligimba Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015). Seventy-one (71) amphibian species which prefer stagnant water to streams within the forest canopy are expected to occur within swamp forest habitat according to Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). This habitat will attract similar reptile and amphibian SSC to the Natural and Secondary forest habitat Wetland and Open Water Habitat Description of Wetland and Open Water Habitat This habitat is comprised of wetland type vegetation and riverine forest vegetation which lies alongside the water courses and rivers associated with the Yaligimba concession. Vegetation is hydromorphic in nature immediately aside the water. Large beds of reeds and banks with thick leaf matter occur in these area. Digby Wells Environmental 18

25 A B C D Figure 11: Wetland and Open Water Habitat within Yaligimba Concession; A. Ferns vegetation and thick leaf litter alongside water, B. Reeds growing in shallow sand substrate, C, D. Papyrus swamp vegetation alongside open water Typical Species found in Wetlands and Open Water Habitat: One hundred and eight (108) reptile species which are likely to occur within the concession area, are associated with the Wetland and Open Water habitat. This is the obvious habitat for the extremely rare Crocodile species (Crocodylidae), Monitor Lizards (Varanidae), Skinks (Sauridae), Agamas (Agamidae), Freshwater Turtles (Testunidae). Various terrestrial and water snakes (Grayia sp) and water cobras (Naja sp.) are likely to occur in this habitat. Sixty two (62) amphibian species are associated with this habitat. Digby Wells Environmental 19

26 Reptile SSC found within this habitat include Central African mud turtle (Pelusios chapini) and Upemba mud turtle (Pelusios upembae) are the two most exclusive endemic species to this habitat. Most of the reptile species expected to occur within the area have not been assessed by the IUCN and are listed as Not evaluated (NE), Data Deficient (DD). Three IUCN Listed species are expected to occur within this habitat type. Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), Nile Crocoldile (Crocodylus niloticus) and African Dwarf Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Amphibian SSC include Afrana desaegeri, Phrynobatrachus gastoni, Bufo schmidti, Afrixalus equatorialis, Hemisus olivaceus, Kassina mertensi, Phrynobatrachus cryptotis, Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus and Hymenochirus boulengeri Plantation with termite mound habitat Plantations and termite mound habitat description The plantation habitat Figure 12 is typical of a Oil Palm Plantation. The under-storey and Size of trees varies from block to block. More mature plantation offers a closed canopy habitat while younger, recently planted plantation offers little shelter. The under-storey of the plantation varies and depends on the clearing schedule of the plantation. Digby Wells Environmental 20

27 A B C Figure 12: A. Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Plantation, B. Typical Termitaria within plantation. C. Recently planted Oil Palm Plantation Typical Species found in plantations and termite mound habitat: Eighty (80) reptile species are expected to occur within this habitat. Many of these species are tolerant species which would usually be found in the Natural Forest habitat. (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015)..Twenty-eight (28) amphibian species are expected to occur within this habitat (Fretey, T et al, 2014) (IUCN, 2014). Species richness and diversity in is regarded to be lower than the Natural, Secondary and Swamp forest habitats. No SSC are expected to be exclusively associated with this habitat Village Village habitat description The village habitat comprises of mud and timber structures with clearings around them. There is ample shelter for various species of amphibian and reptile. Many of the species which occur within this habitat are actually forest species which have adapted to live in villages and compounds as a result of their habitat being cleared. They live inside the palm frond roofing of houses and other small spaces, emerging to feed. Digby Wells Environmental 21

28 Figure 13: Typical Village Habitat Typical Species found within the village A low number of reptile and amphibian species are expected to occur within this habitat. Black Necked Agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) are typical and prolific species found within the village areas. Various reptile species are expected to move through the villages, however their association with this habitat is expected to be transient. No reptile or amphibian SSC are expected to be associated with this habitat, however typical forest dwelling SSC associated with the Natural or Secondary Rainforest habitat may move through these areas (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015). 5 Discussion The findings of the study present the Yaligimba Concession to be moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. The existing forest areas are regarded to have the greatest biodiversity value in terms of herpetology. These areas, including the natural and secondary forest (especially with streams), the swamp forest and the riparian forest are all regarded to have moderate conservation value for herpetological species. The plantation areas have moderate to low biodiversity value. Palacious argues that plantations are not to be regarded as a biological desert (Palacios et al, 2012). However it is has been found that plantations support an impoverished subset of species (Palacios et al, 2012). Various herpetological species are expected to exist in these areas. However none of these species is regarded to be important and therefore the areas are not seen to be a highly valuable habitat. The existing forest areas are host to important levels of biodiversity and this can be maintained and extended if appropriate education and measures are implemented. The plantations are host to fewer species than the original forest, however they are structurally complex and their complexity can be extended through the planting of hedgerows to support Digby Wells Environmental 22

29 more species. The following table (Table 3) gives a breakdown of species occurrence according to habitats within the Yaligimba Concession. Table 4: Species associated with various habitats within Yaligimba Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) HABITAT Percentage of expected species in the habitat Amphibians (94 species expected) Reptiles (115 species expected) Percentage of expected SSC in the habitat Amphibian (17 species expected) Reptiles (15 species expected) Conservation Importance for Herpetological species Natural Forest 79% 86% 70% 87% High Secondary Forest 85% 86% 88% 87% High Swamp Forest 76% 84% 100% 73% High Wetland and Open Water 66% 94% 88% 80% High Plantations 30% 70% 41% 73% Low Village 5% 2% - - Low 6 Conclusion The findings of the study present the Yaligimba Concession to be moderate species richness and habitat provision in terms of herpetology. The existing forest areas are regarded to be degraded in terms of habitat provision, as a result of anthropogenic activities. Natural, Secondary forest (especially with streams), Swamp Forest and Riverine Forest Habitats are regarded to have the highest ecological sensitivity due to the moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. These areas are all regarded to be important to conserve for herpetological species. Digby Wells Environmental 23

30 7 References Akani G, Ebere, N, Luiselli L and Eniang E, (2007) Community structure and ecology of snakes in fields of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis) in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria, African Journal of Ecology, 46, , Blackwell Publishing Ltd Fauna and Flora International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Accessed May 2015 Fretey, T Dewynter, M; Blanc, Charles P (2014) Amphibiens D`Afrique Centrale Et D`Angola; Clé De Détermination Illustrée Des Amphibiens Du Gabon Et Du Mbini; Illustrated Identification Key Of The Amphibians From Gabon And Mbini Frost, D R. (2013) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, available online at accessed February, 2015 Kanowski, J., Reis, T., Catterall, C.P. and Piper, S (2006) Factors affecting the use of reforested sites by reptiles in cleared rainforest landscapes in tropical and subtropical Australia. Restoration Ecology 14, Luise L and Diagne T. (2015) Kinixys erosa (Schweigger 1812) Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinged Tortoise, Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5 Palacios, C, Aguero, B and Simonetti A (2012) Agroforestry systems as habitat for herpetofauna: is there supporting evidence? Agroforest Systems Volume 71. No 3, Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, accessed February 2015 Urbina-Cardona J, Olivares-Perez M, Reynoso V (2006) Herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture edge interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments, Biological Conservation 131 pg Wanger T, Saro A, Iskandar D, Brook B, Sodhi N, Clough Y and Tscharntke T (2009) Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South-East Asia: combining correlative models with follow-up field experiments, British Ecological Society, Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, World Wildlife Fund and Proforest, Juillet Forêts de Haute Valeur pour la Conservation en RDC, available online at Yaap B., Struebig M., Paoli G., and Pin Koh L.,(2009) Mitigating the biodiversity impacts of oil palm development, Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources , No. 019 Digby Wells Environmental 24

31 7.1 Field Guides Branch, B (2008) Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa, Struik Publishers, Cape Town Chippaux. J P, (2003) Les serpents d Afrique occidentale et centrale, 2nd ed., Paris Digby Wells Environmental 25

32 Appendix A: Expected Reptile Species

33 HABITAT FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME Agamidae Acanthocercus atricollis Black-necked Agama LC x Agamidae Agama agama Common Agama LC Amphisbaenidae Dalophia gigantea x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis adercae x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis kabindae Kabinda Worm Lizard x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis remaclei x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis scalper x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis schoutedeni x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis guentheri Western Congo Worm Lizard DD x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis vanderysti NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Zygaspis quadrifrons NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Dalophia luluae x NE x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis battersbyi Battersby's burrowing asp x NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Burrowing asp species x NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Xenocalamus michellii Michell's Quill-snouted Snake x DD x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis reticulata Mole Viper DD x x x x x Atractaspididae Aparallactus modestus Western Forest Centipede-eater NE x x x x x ENDEMICITY IUCN Natural Forest Secondary Forest Swamp Forest Wetlands and Open Water Plantation Villages

34 Atractaspididae Atractaspis boulengeri Mole Viper NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis congica Congo Stiletto Snake NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis corpulenta Mole Viper NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis irregularis Variable Burrowing Asp NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon gabonensis Gaboon Snake-eater NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon notatus NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Zaire Snake-eater NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Xenocalamus mechowii Elongate Quill-snouted Snake NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Amblyodipsas rodhaini Rodhain's purple-glossed snake x DD x x Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo gracilis Graceful. Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon boulengeri Boulenger s Pygmy Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon spectrum Spectral Pygmy Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Trioceros cristatus Sail Backed Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Trioceros ituriensis Ituri Forest Chameleon LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis fasciata Central African Egg-eating Snake LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg Eater LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis atra African Egg-eating Snak NE x x x x x Colubridae Dendrolycus elapoides Cameroon Rainforest Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa duchesnii NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa shrevei Shreve's (Nocturnal) Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther's Green Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa viridis NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa weileri NE x x x x x

35 Colubridae Dispholidus typus Boomslang NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis fuliginosus NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis lineatus Striped House Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis olivaceus Olive House Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lycophidion irroratum Pale Wolf Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lycophidion laterale Flat Wolf Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Gonionotophis poensis Western Forest File Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Gonionotophis stenophthalmus Small-eyed File Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Meizodon coronatus Western Crowned Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Meizodon regularis Eastern crowned smooth snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Natriciteres fuliginoides Collared Marsh-Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus bequaerti Bequaert's Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus carinatus Thirteen-scaled Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus dorsalis Striped Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus heterodermus Emerald Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus heterolepidotus Slender Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus hughesi Hughes' Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus nitidus Green Bush Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus ornatus Ornate Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Prosymna ambigua East African Shovelsnout Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Psammophis lineatus Striped Swamp Snake NE x x x x x

36 Colubridae Psammophylax acutus Striped Beaked Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Psammophylax variabilis Grey-bellied Grass Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Rhamnophis aethiopissa Large-eyed Green Treesnake NE x x x x x Colubridae Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus NE x x x x x Colubridae Toxicodryas blandingii Blandings Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Toxicodryas pulverulenta Fischer's Cat Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Grayia caesar Caesar's African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia ornata Ornate African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia smithii Smith's African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia tholloni Tholloni's African Water Snake NE x Crocodylidae Mecistops cataphractus Slender-snouted Crocodile CR x x Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocoldile LC x x Crocodylidae Osteolaemus tetraspis African Dwarf Crocodile VU x x Elapidae Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba LC x x x x x Elapidae Dendroaspis jamesoni Jamesons Mamba NE x x x x x Elapidae Elapsoidea laticincta Werner's Garter Snake NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja haje Egyptian Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja nigricollis Black-necked Spitting Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Pseudohaje goldii African Tree Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja annulata Ringed Water Cobra NE x x Elapidae Naja christyi Christy's Water Cobra NE x x Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis Cape Dwarf Gecko LC x x

37 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical house gecko LC x Gekkonidae Lygodactylus depressus Zaire dwarf gecko x NE x x x Gekkonidae Hemidactylus echinus Hedgehog Leaf-toed Gecko LC x x x x Gekkonidae Hemidactylus richardsonii Richardson's Leaf-toed Gecko LC x x x x Lacertidae Heliobolus nitida NE x x x x Lacertidae Holaspis guentheri Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard NE x x x x Pelomedusidae Pelusios chapini Central African mud turtle x NE x Pelomedusidae Pelusios upembae Upemba mud turtle x DD x Scincidae Leptosiaphos rhodurus Red Five Toed Skink x DD x x x x Scincidae Panaspis quattuordigitata DD x x x x Scincidae Afroablepharus seydeli Seydel s snake-eyed skink NE x x x x Scincidae Eumecia anchietae Western Serpentiform Skink NE x x x x Scincidae Feylinia currori Western Forest Feylinia NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis buettneri NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis maculilabris Speckle-lipped Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis perrotetii Teita Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis polytropis Tropical Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis quinquetaeniata African Five-lined Skink NE x x x x Scincidae Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae Uganda Five-toed Skink LC x Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops congestus Blotched blind snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops punctatus Spotted Blind Snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Letheobia caeca Gabon Beaked Snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Letheobia sudanensis Sudan Beaked Snake NE x x x x

38 Varanidae Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor NE x x x x Varanidae Varanus ornatus NE x x x x Viperidae Bitis gabonica Gaboon Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Bitis nasicornis Rhinoceros Viper NE x x x x Viperidae Causus maculatus Spotted Night Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Causus resimus Green Night Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder NE x x x x

39 Appendix B: Expected Amphibian Species

40 HABITAT FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis poecilonotus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis millsoni LC x x x x x Arthroleptidae Trichobatrachus robustus Hairy Frog LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis christyi Christy's tree frog LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis aubryi LC x x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa leucomystax LC x x x Arthroleptidae Astylosternus batesi LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis ocellatus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Dwarf Squeaker LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis cynnamomeus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis notatus LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis taeniatus LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis variabilis LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis tuberosus DD x x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa gratiosa LC x x ENDEMIC IUCN Natural Forest Secondary Forest Swamp Forest Wetland and Open Water Plantation Villages

41 Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis sylvaticus Forest Screeching Frog LC x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa escalerae LC x x Arthroleptidae Scotobleps gabonicus LC x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis phrynoides DD x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis fenestratus LC x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis fiziensis LC x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis rufus LC x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa gracilis LC x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis boulengeri Bocage's tree frog LC x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis calcaratus Efulen forest tree frog LC x Bufonidae Amietophrynus regularis African common toad LC x x x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus steindachneri LC x x x x Bufonidae Nectophryne batesii LC x x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus gutturalis African guttural toad LC x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi x NE x x x x x Bufonidae Bufo/ Mertensophryne schmidti Schmidt's snouted frog x DD x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus tuberosus LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus camerunensis LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus gracilipes LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus lemairii LC x x x x Bufonidae Mertensophryne melanopleura LC x x x x Bufonidae Nectophryne afra LC x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus latifrons LC x

42 Bufonidae Amietophrynus buchneri DD x Hemisotidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog x LC x x x x Hemisotidae Hemisus olivaceus Olive shovelnose frog x LC x x x x Herpelidae Herpele squalostoma Congo Caecilian LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius viridiflavus Common Reed Frog LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Kassina mertensi x DD x x x x x Hyperoliidae Kassina maculosa Marbled Running Frog LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius phantasticus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius hutsebauti x DD x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius tuberculatus LC x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius robustus DD x x Hyperoliidae Phlyctimantis leonardi LC x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dartevellei x NE x x x x x Hyperoliidae Acanthixalus spinosus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax minutus x DD x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Phlyctimantis verrucosus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius platyceps LC x x x Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax greshoffii LC x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius schoutedeni x LC x Hyperoliidae Alexteroon hypsiphonus LC x Hyperoliidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog LC x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus parkeri x LC x x x x x

43 Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus gastoni x DD x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus scapularis x LC x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus giorgii x DD x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus cryptotis x DD x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus auritus LC x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus congicus DD x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus scapularis LC x x x x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus natalensis Natal Dwarf Puddle Frog LC x x Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Clawed Toad LC x x x x x x Pipidae Xenopus lenduensis Lendu Plateau clawed frog x NE x x x Pipidae Hymenochirus curtipes Western dwarf Clawed Frog LC x x x x Pipidae Hymenochirus boulengeri Eastern dwarf clawed Frog x DD x x x x Pipidae Hymenochirus boulengeri DD x x x x Pipidae Hymenochirus boettgeri LC x x x x Pipidae Xenopus epitropicalis Cameroon Clawed Frog LC x x x x Pipidae Xenopus fraseri Fraser's Clawed Frog LC x x x x Pipidae Xenopus petersii Peters' Platanna LC x x x x Pipidae Xenopus pygmaeus Bouchia Clawed Frog LC x x x x Pipidae Xenopus victorianus Lake Vistoria Clawed Frog LC x x x x Ptychadenidae Ptychadena tellinii Central Grassland Frog LC x x x Ptychadenidae Ptychadena "mascareniensis" Mascarene Grass Frog x LC x x x Ptychadenidae Ptychadena perreti LC x x x Ptychadenidae Ptychadena pumilio LC x x x