Status of the Nile Monitor in South Florida. Todd Campbell, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Department of Biology, University of Tampa

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1 Status of the Nile Monitor in South Florida Todd Campbell, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Department of Biology, University of Tampa

2 Problem: Large Old World lizards (Varanidae) in the New World Nile monitor Varanus niloticus

3 Cape Coral

4 Status in Cape Coral: A large, breeding, expanding nightmare Pine Island Cape Coral Ft. Myers Sanibel Island

5 Can we prevent Nile monitors from invading CISMA, ENP, and beyond?

6 What you need to know to set up an effective monitor lizard EDRR Program: 1. Biology of the critter 2. Known and potential impacts 3. How to find them (surveys) 4. How to capture them (efficiently) 5. How to euthanize them 6. What to do with the carcasses 7. Other issues specific to CISMA 8. EDRR Success on Sanibel Island

7 1. Biology of Nile monitors in Africa and Cape Coral

8 Biology Large Long-lived Prolific Abundant Mobile Carnivorous Intelligent David Curl (V. panoptes, Cogger & Zweifel 1998)

9 Body Size SVL = 805 mm Tail = 1120 mm SVL = 130 mm Tail = 205 mm TL = 1925 mm WT = 12,300 g TL = 335 mm WT = 31 g

10 Weight Percent Testis Mass as Percent of Body Mass From Auffenberg Month

11 Reproductive Cycle in Cape Coral Hatchlings Enlarged testes Developing follicles Eggs with yolk Banded oviducts Contracted oviducts Corpora leutea Month

12 Population Demography via Skeletochronology

13 Sections of Femur and Fibula Castanet and De Buffrénil 2000

14 Castanet and De Buffrénil 2000

15 Temp (ºF) Cape Coral Month Mean High Temp Mean Low Temp = Mean body temperature of African Nile monitors = active when temp is above 78.8ºF Data from weather.com

16 11 Annual Precipitation in Cape Coral Month Data from weather.com

17 Rings!

18 900 Size-Age Curve Females Males Median Age (years)

19 900 Size-Age Curve Size at maturity Females Males Median Age (years)

20 Habitat Preferences: Habitat in Cape Coral

21 Native Habitat

22

23 Hadejia - N Guru Wetlands, Nigeria

24 Lake Chad, Africa

25 TRAPPED MONITOR

26 CAPTURES OF ONE DAY

27 2. Impacts

28 Impacts = Predation

29 Invertebrates

30 Oak Toad (Bufo quercicus)

31 16 Cuban treefrogs!! Alan Blake Sheldon

32 Anolis sagrei (adults and eggs)

33

34 Pygmy Rattlesnake

35 Whole Clutches of Turtle and Snake Eggs

36 Bird Feathers and Mammal Hair

37 Florida Burrowing Owl

38 Relative Frequency Gut Contents (whole sample, n=160) Mollusca Arachnida Insecta Crustacea Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Plant parts Bait Unknown

39 Are introduced bugs, lizards, and frogs subsidizing the diets of Nile monitors? Invasional Meltdown (Simberloff and Von Holle 2000)

40 Species Potentially at Risk Amphibians, lizards, snakes Freshwater and box turtles Gopher tortoises? American alligators? Ground-nesting birds Burrowing owls Wading birds, rookeries Small mammals

41 3. How to Find Them (and then kill them)

42

43 Look for wetlands with breeding habitat nearby

44 Habitat Surveys

45

46 Track Surveys

47

48

49

50

51

52

53 Burrow Surveys Gregg Klowden

54 Ask the Public!

55 Press Releases: Involving the Public in EDRR Efforts

56 # of Calls per Month Frequency of phone calls by month

57 4. How to catch them

58 The hand grab

59 Noose Mats

60 Hand-catching adults is ineffective at best

61 Havahart Traps (Models 1078 and 1079)

62

63

64

65

66

67 Baits: rotting squid, chicken, and fish Acetaminophen as a Poison Bait (USDA-WS)

68 Now what?

69 5. How to euthanize them

70 Ethical Euthanization

71 Transfer to Kill Tube

72 Isoflurane Chloroform CO 2

73 6. What to do with the carcass

74 Data to Collect Dig in! Size, shape, color, pattern Abdominal fat body weight Reproductive condition Tissues for genetics & ecotox Stomach content analysis External & internal parasites **Pursue questions that lead to eradication!!**

75 7. Other Issues: -How to document progress -The utility of radiotracking -Public education & outreach -Recruiting the public to help

76 8. Sanibel Island EDRR: A Potential Success Story Pine Island Cape Coral Ft. Myers Sanibel Island

77 EDRR on Sanibel Island 1. Motivation of the City of Sanibel 2. Focus on breeding individuals 3. Extensive surveys for nesting habitat 4. Agency involvement (FWS, SCCF) 5. Public education and outreach 6. Sufficient, regular, follow-up 7. Long-term commitment 8. Willing to help eradicate the source

78 Importance of Early Detection, Rapid Response, and Accurate Identification Monitor Lizard from West Palm Beach

79 CISMA and ENP Issues: 1. Propagule Pressure 2. Canals and corridors 3. Vast, ideal habitats 4. Remote locations 5. Lizards will be missed **Focus on Reproducing Lizards!**

80 Happy Hunting!

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