Herpetological Study for Feronia, Boteka Oil Palm Plantation

Transcription

1 Herpetological Study for Feronia, Boteka Oil Palm Plantation High Conservation Value Assessment Project Number: Prepared for: Feronia PHC March 2015 Digby Wells and Associates (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd). Co. Reg. No. 2010/008577/07. Fern Isle, Section 10, 359 Pretoria Ave Randburg Private Bag X10046, Randburg, 2125, South Africa Tel: , Fax: , Directors: AR Wilke, DJ Otto, GB Beringer, LF Koeslag, AJ Reynolds (Chairman) (British)*, J Leaver*, GE Trusler (C.E.O) *Non-Executive

2 This document has been prepared by Digby Wells Environmental. Report Type: Project Name: Project Code: High Conservation Value Assessment Herpetological Study for Feronia, Boteka Oil Palm Plantation Name Responsibility Signature Date Caitlin O Connor Report Writer March 2015 Phil Patton Pr.Sci.Nat. Report Review April 2015 Brett Coutts (Cand.Sci. Nat) Report Reviewer May 2015 This report is provided solely for the purposes set out in it and may not, in whole or in part, be used for any other purpose without Digby Wells Environmental prior written consent. Digby Wells Environmental i

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the most important countries in Africa for biodiversity conservation. It has the highest number of species for almost all groups of organisms with the exception of plants in which it is second to South Africa. Reptiles and particularly amphibians have high species richness and endemism in the DRC, This is largely due to the varied and diverse habitat types which exist within the country. Information is scarce regarding possible endemics and geographic variations. Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening biodiversity. Extensive deforestation has not only resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, but has also caused the fragmentation of the existing remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches. The impacts of oil palm plantation agriculture on biodiversity have proven severe, leading to increased human wildlife conflict, homogenization of structurally and species diverse ecosystems, and destruction of habitat for globally threatened species. Two hundred and eighty (280) species of reptiles are expected to occur within the DRC. The information supporting the species is not largely available and it is regarded to be poorly understood. A total of 224 species of amphibians, 6 families, 39 genera, are expected to occur within the DRC. Forty eight (48) of these amphibian species are endemic to the DRC. It appears that the majority of the amphibian species occur in the rainforest and almost all the endemics are confined to it. The Boteka Feronia Oil Palm Plantation lies in the Northern DRC, within the province of Equator. The area lies within the Central Congolian Lowland Forest. The vegetation consists of rainforest vegetation, which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable. Boteka Oil Palm Plantation is located on the Southern Bank of the Momboyo River, a tributary of the Ruki River. The project area covers approximately hectares. The findings of the study present the Boteka Concession to be moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. Natural, Secondary forest (especially with streams), Swamp Forest and Riverine Forest Habitats are regarded to have the highest ecological sensitivity due to the moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. These areas are all regarded to be important to conserve for herpetological species. Digby Wells Environmental ii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction Site Geography Climate Methodology Baseline assessment Field Survey Findings Desktop Reptiles Amphibians Field Survey Reptile field survey findings Amphibians Habitat Types Natural Forest Habitat Secondary forest habitat Swamp Forest Habitat Riverine Forest and Open Water Plantation with termite mound habitat Village Discussion Conclusion References Field Guides Digby Wells Environmental iii

5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Regional setting of Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo.. 3 Figure 2: Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo... 4 Figure 3: Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo... 6 Figure 4: A: Graceful Chameleon (Chameleo gracilis) is arboreal, but is also often observed on the ground, in villages and along paths (IUCN, 2015) B: Forest Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys erosa) inhabits the lowland evergreen forest, marshy areas, and forest galleries growing along rivers and streams, where it is locally threatened by clearance of forest for cultivation and hunting pressure (Luise L and Diagne T, 2015)... 8 Figure 5: Expected Reptile SSC, Boteka; A. and B: Critically Endangered Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) which is likely to occur within the Boteka Concession (IUCN, 2015) Figure 6: Endemic Species A: Christy's tree frog (Leptopelis christyi), B: Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) (DD) C: (Leptopelis calcaratus) D: Marbled Running Frog (Kassina maculosa) Figure 7: Reptile species identified during the field survey at Boteka Oil Palm Plantation, Feronia, DRC; A: Black-necked Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) B. Tropical House Gekko (Hemidactylus mabouia) C: Snake species Figure 8: Amphibian Species Identified During the Field Survey of the Boteka Concession.1. African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) Figure 9: Natural Forest Habitat within Boteka Concession A: Closed canopy with thick understory vegetation B: Thick Leaf litter and large-leaved ground covers Figure 10: Secondary Forest Habitat; 1. Opened canopy as a result of tree clearing, 2. welleveloped shrub layer with many species adapted to much higher lux than usually found in natural forest Figure 11: Swamp Forest Habitat A. Permanent or semi-permanent water with thick leaf litter, B. Raphia Palm Multi-stem Trunk with Ferns Figure 12: Riverine and Open Water Habitat A. View of Riverine forest from the river showing Riverine vegetation, providing sheltered habitat B: Water lily and Water grass provide varied habitat at water s edge, C: Trees adapted to permanent inundation along mud banks Figure 13: Plantations and termite mounds Habitat A. Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guinensis) Plantation, B. Immature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Plantation C. Typical Termitaria within plantation and D. Typical Termitaria within plantation Figure 14: Village Habitat within Boteka Concession Digby Wells Environmental iv

6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Expected Reptile SSC for the Boteka Concession according to (Uetz, P et al., 2015) and the IUCN database (IUCN, 2015)... 8 Table 2: Expected Amphibian SSC, Boteka according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) and Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Table 3: Summary of species associated with each habitat type within Boteka Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Table 4: Species associated with various habitats within Boteka Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) (IUCN, 2014) Appendix A: Expected Reptile Species Appendix B: Expected Amphibian Species LIST OF APPENDICES Digby Wells Environmental v

7 1 Introduction The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the most important countries in Africa for biodiversity conservation. It has the highest number of species for almost all groups of organisms with the exception of plants in which it is second to South Africa (Fauna and Flora International, 2015). There are a number of species, which are extremely important, and in critical danger, and others which are unknown to science. High Conservation Value Assessments are critical to ensure whether Oil Palm plantations could have a negative impact on the natural environment. The DRC has a number of rural communities who depend largely on the forest resources and it is important to identify the resources that are used and to define the degree of dependence on these resources (HCV, 2014). Habitat loss is the most significant environmental driver threatening biodiversity. Extensive deforestation has not only resulted in the large-scale loss of forest cover, but has also caused the fragmentation of the existing remaining habitat into numerous isolated patches. Conversion of forests into agro-forestry plantations reduces vertebrate species richness, including herpetozoans (Palacios et al, 2012). Threatened species are scarce in plantations (Palacios et al, 2012). Nearly, 70 % out of 10,707 threatened terrestrial animal species are endangered by landscape transformations associated with agricultural and forestry-related activities (IUCN, 2010). Agricultural and forestry systems are expected to expand to satisfy growing demands of food and forestry products, which will increase pressure upon natural habitats and its biota. The need to reduce the impact of agriculture upon biological diversity is a pressing need (Palacios et al, 2012). The impacts of oil palm plantation agriculture on biodiversity have proven severe, leading to increased human wildlife conflict, homogenization of structurally and species diverse ecosystems, and destruction of habitat for globally threatened species (Yaap et al, 2009). Amphibians have particularly important roles within nature and their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions may help us determine the health of an ecosystem (IUCN, 2015). Amphibians have been identified as being the most threatened vertebrate group assessed so far, with around 41% at risk of extinction. Extinctions and large-scale declines of amphibian species have been attributed to habitat loss, pollution, fires, climate change, disease and over-exploitation. Action must be taken urgently to protect the remaining populations of amphibians across the world (IUCN, 2015). Reptiles and particularly Amphibians have high species richness and endemism in the DRC (IUCN, 2015). This is largely due to the varied and diverse habitat types which exist within the country. Information is scarce regarding possible endemics and geographic variations (WWF, 2015). An estimated number of 338 species of reptiles occur within the DRC (WWF, 2015) of which 26 are regarded to be endemic. A total of 224 species of Amphibians, are expected to occur within the DRC. (Frétley et al, 2011). In addition to this 48 amphibian species are endemic to Digby Wells Environmental 1

8 the DRC. It appears that the majority of the amphibian species occur in the rainforest and almost all the endemics are confined to it (IUCN, 2015). This herpetological study forms part of a High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment. As a result the study focuses predominantly on Herpetological habitat assessment, expected numbers of species and the likely occurrence of herpetological Species of Special Concern (SSC). 2 Site Geography The Boteka Feronia Oil Palm Plantation lies in the Northern DRC, Equator Province. The area lies within the Central Congolian Lowland Forest. The vegetation consists of rainforest vegetation which straddles the Congo River and its tributaries. This habitat type is regarded to be Vulnerable. (WWF, 2015). Boteka Oil Palm Plantation is on the southern bank of the Momboyo River, a tributary of the Ruki River which is a tributary of the Congo River. The project area covers approximately hectares (Ha). Digby Wells Environmental 2

9 Figure 1: Regional setting of Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 3

10 Figure 2: Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 4

11 2.1.2 Climate The study area experiences four seasons, two wet seasons and two dry seasons.. The annual rainfall is high, ranging from 1,600 mm to 2,000 mm. Temperatures rarely fall below 18 C, even at night. Daytime maximum temperatures rarely rise above 35 C.Humidity remains high throughout the year and is rarely very low during the hottest part of the day. 3 Methodology In order to undertake the High Conservation Value (HCV) assessment for herpetofauna a number of steps were undertaken (Sections ). 3.1 Baseline assessment Baseline research on Herpetofauna of the Boteka Oil Palm Plantation Concession included; Analysis of aerial photography for habitat types; Review of all reports and studies undertaken in the area or in close proximity to the study area; and An integrated expected species (including red data listed species) was compiled using the following sources; The Reptile Database, (Uetz, P et al., 2015); Amphibian Species List for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Amphibians of the World: an Online Reference (Frost D, 2013) Amphibian species lists in Amphibiens D`Afrique Centrale Et D`Angola; Clé De Détermination Illustrée Des Amphibiens Du Gabon Et Du Mbini; Illustrated Identification Key Of The Amphibians From Gabon And Mbini (Fretey, T et al, 2014); and Red List of Threatened International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN, 2015). 3.2 Field Survey A field survey was undertaken from the 16 th January 23 rd January 2015: Amphibians were sampled during the early morning and late night; Amphibians were sampled for each habitat type by actively searching in foliage, around tree roots, at waters edge and under leaves in order to determine if each supports a different species suite; Reptiles were sampled primarily whilst carrying out transect walks and active searches during the day, in each habitat type; and Reptiles and amphibians that are important to the community were recorded. Figure 3 illustrates transects and sample sites in Boteka. Digby Wells Environmental 5

12 Figure 3: Boteka Oil Palm Concession, Democratic Republic of Congo Digby Wells Environmental 6

13 4 Findings 4.1 Desktop Reptiles Reptile Habitat and Ecology The Congolese rainforests are inhabited by a wide variety of reptiles, with differing ecologies. Species include forest floor dwellers, fossorial, aquatic or semi-aquatic, and arboreal types. Most rainforest reptiles are strongly associated with complex microhabitats (e.g., tree trunks, logs, rocks) (Kanowski et al. 2006). Plantations provide abundant food in the form of lizards, small birds, rodents, skinks, geckos, fruit bats and tree frogs. According to Akani et al (2007), oil palms are very important ecologically in the equatorial rainforest; these trees provide one of the most favourable nesting sites and weaving materials for birds, and also bats may roost on them in massive numbers Thus, oil palms are important foraging habitats for carnivorous animals (e.g., snakes, birds of prey, and genets) because, when bearing fruits and, with fruits being often ripe during the drier months, these trees attract an array of small prey animals (e.g., snails, insects, spiders, squirrels, rats, mice, lizards, geckoes and birds) for the predators (Akani et al, 2007). Snake activity is much less intense during the dry season compare to the wet season in other habitats in the rainforest. Thus, oil palms may provide ideal microhabitats for snakes and their prey, during the climatically suboptimal dry season (Akani et al, 2007) Expected reptile species richness One hundred and fifteen reptile species are likely to occur within Boteka according to (Uetz, P et al., 2015) and the IUCN database (IUCN, 2015). This number is derived from the existing habitats, which occur within the Boteka Concession and species distributions. Thirteen families and 50 genus make up this number illustrating high diversity. Species such as the Graceful Chameleon (Chameleo gracilis) and Forest Hinge-back Tortoise (Kinixys erosa) (seen in Figure 4) are expected to occur within the Boteka Concession. Digby Wells Environmental 7

14 A B Figure 4: A: Graceful Chameleon (Chameleo gracilis) is arboreal, but is also often observed on the ground, in villages and along paths (IUCN, 2015) B: Forest Hingeback Tortoise (Kinixys erosa) inhabits the lowland evergreen forest, marshy areas, and forest galleries growing along rivers and streams, where it is locally threatened by clearance of forest for cultivation and hunting pressure (Luise L and Diagne T, 2015) Expected reptile Species of Special Concern Fifteen endemic reptile species are expected to occur within the Boteka Concession (Table 1), 4 of these are listed as Data Deficient (DD) while 11 are listed as Not Evaluated (NE). 1 Critically Endangered CR Species and 1 Vulnerable (VU) and 1 Least Concern species possibly occur. Table 1: Expected Reptile SSC for the Boteka Concession according to (Uetz, P et al., 2015) and the IUCN database (IUCN, 2015) Family Species Common name Endemic IUCN Amphisbaenidae Dalophia gigantea x NE Amphisbaenidae Dalophia luluae x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis adercae x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis kabindae Kabinda Worm Lizard x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis remaclei x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis scalper x NE Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis schoutedeni x NE Gekkonidae Lygodactylus depressus Zaire dwarf gecko x NE Digby Wells Environmental 8

15 Family Species Common name Endemic IUCN Scincidae Leptosiaphos rhodurus Red Five Toed Skink x DD Atractaspididae Amblyodipsas rodhaini Rodhain's purple-glossed snake x DD Atractaspididae Atractaspis battersbyi Battersby's burrowing asp x NE Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Burrowing asp species x NE Atractaspididae Xenocalamus michellii Michell's Quill-snouted Snake x DD Pelomedusidae Pelusios chapini Central African mud turtle x NE Pelomedusidae Pelusios upembae Upemba mud turtle x DD Crocodylidae Mecistops cataphractus Slender-snouted Crocodile CR Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocoldile LC Crocodylidae Osteolaemus tetraspis African Dwarf Crocodile VU Figure 5 illustrates the Critical Endangered (IUCN, 2015) Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), which is expected to occur within the Boteka concession according to dektop research (Uetz, P et al., 2015) and the IUCN database (IUCN, 2015). Digby Wells Environmental 9

16 A B Figure 5: Expected Reptile SSC, Boteka; A. and B: Critically Endangered Slendersnouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) which is likely to occur within the Boteka Concession (IUCN, 2015) Amphibians Amphibian Habitat and ecology Canopy cover, food availability, proximity to water and thickness of leaf litter play an important role in the provision of habitat for many amphibian species (Wanger et al., 2009). Several factors influence the richness, distribution and abundance of species within native vegetation fragments, including incident light, temperature and relative humidity (Urbina- Cardona, 2006). As a result there is an obvious difference in the amphibian species in pristine rainforest and those, which are able to survive in, modified habitats (secondary forest and plantations). There is a proven marked reduction in pristine-forest specialist amphibians as disturbance-tolerant species become dominant in disturbed forests (Wanger et al., 2009) Expected amphibian species richness Ninety-four (94) amphibian species are likely to occur within Boteka Concession and immediate surrounds according to the Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014). This number is derived from the existing habitats, which occur within the Boteka Concession and species distributions. Figure 6 below illustrates a few of the expected amphibian species. Digby Wells Environmental 10

17 A B calphotos.berkeley.edu C calphotos.berkeley.edu D calphotos.berkeley.edu iucnredlist.org Figure 6: Endemic Species A: Christy's tree frog (Leptopelis christyi), B: Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) (DD) C: (Leptopelis calcaratus) D: Marbled Running Frog (Kassina maculosa) Expected amphibian Species of Special Concern Seventeen (17) amphibians may possibly occur within the Boteka Concession and immediate surrounds according to the Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). Where evaluated, these species are listed as Least Concern (LC) and Data Deficient (DD) (Table 2) according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). Digby Wells Environmental 11

18 Table 2: Expected Amphibian SSC, Boteka according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) and Frost (Frost D, 2013) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) Family Species Common name Ende mic IUCN Bufonidae Mertensophryne schmidti Schmidt's snouted frog x DD Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi x NE Hemisotidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog x LC Hemisotidae Hemisus olivaceus Olive shovelnose frog x LC Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax minutus x DD Hyperoliidae Kassina mertensi x DD Hyperoliidae Hyperolius hutsebauti x DD Hyperoliidae Hyperolius schoutedeni x LC Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dartevellei x NE Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus gastoni x DD Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus scapularis x LC Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus parkeri x LC Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus giorgii x DD Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus cryptotis x DD Pipidae Hymenochirus boulengeri Eastern dwarf clawed Frog x DD Pipidae Xenopus lenduensis Lendu Plateau clawed frog x NE Ptychadenidae Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Grass Frog x LC 4.2 Field Survey Reptile field survey findings The Black-Necked Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) was found throughout the Boteka Concession area, typically in clearings and villages, where children catch them and play with them (Figure 7). A number of Tropical House Gekko (Hemidactylus mabouia) were found in the village and the plantation buildings. None of these species are SSC according to the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) and Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014). Digby Wells Environmental 12

19 A B C Figure 7: Reptile species identified during the field survey at Boteka Oil Palm Plantation, Feronia, DRC; A: Black-necked Tree Agama (Agama cyanogaster) B. Tropical House Gekko (Hemidactylus mabouia) C: Snake species Snakes are caught regularly by plantation workers who eat them. Crocodiles were reported to occur, though the species were described as very hard to find. It is expected that these could be any of three species; Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) or African Dwarf Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Their shyness is likely due to high hunting pressure by the local population Amphibians During the field survey the African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), and African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) were positively confimed. These species are mixed land use species that can adapt to a high level of anthropogenic disturbance (Figure 8). A B calphotos.berkeley.edu Figure 8: Amphibian Species Identified During the Field Survey of the Boteka Concession.1. African common toad (Amietophrynus regularis), African Gutteral Toad (Amietophrynus gutturalis) Digby Wells Environmental 13

20 4.3 Habitat Types Six broad herpetological habitat types were identified in the Boteka Plantation: Natural Forest habitat; Secondary Forest habitat; Swamp Forest habitat; Riverine Forest and Open River habitat. Plantations and termite mound habitat; and Village habitat. Table 3 below describes the numbers of expected reptile and amphibian species for each habitat within Boteka. Table 3: Summary of species associated with each habitat type within Boteka Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) HABITAT Percentage of expected species in the habitat Amphibians (94 species expected) Reptiles (115 species expected) Natural Forest 79% 86% Secondary Forest 85% 86% Swamp Forest 76% 84% Riverine Forest 66% 94% Natural Forest Habitat Description of natural forest habitat The Natural forest habitat comprises a closed canopy at a height of approximately metres. Epiphytes, lianas, and vines provide shelter at lower levels within the trees (between 1 30m). The understory is not well developed as a result of the low lux. Grasses and large leaved plants occur in areas where there is light penetration. There is an extremely thick layer of leaf litter (approximately mm) and little to no soil. Buttress roots and exposed root structures provide ideal habitat for multiple herpetological species. Two types of stream habitat occur in the forests; very shallow sand substrate streams which provide habitat to a number of aquatic or amphibian species, and a deeper sand substrate stream with a layer of leaves approximately 300mm thick. Digby Wells Environmental 14

21 A B Figure 9: Natural Forest Habitat within Boteka Concession A: Closed canopy with thick understory vegetation B: Thick Leaf litter and large-leaved ground covers Typical species found within natural forest habitat The natural forest habitat is host to the high reptile and amphibian diversity. Ninety nine (99) of the expected reptile species are associated with this habitat (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), Four species of the Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae family), Gecko (Hemidactylus) species, skink species (Scincidae family) and snake species from five different families including; Atractaspididae, Colubridae, Elapidae, Typhlopidae, Viperidae are expected to occur. Seventy four (74) amphibian species are expected to be associated with this habitat according to Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014) Some of these species do also occur in secondary and agricultural habitats, while others are extremely sensitive and cannot survive in disturbed conditions as they require closed canopy Species of Special Concern found in natural forest habitat Reptile SSC include Worm lizard species (Monopeltis) and endemic Dalophia gigantea. The Zaire Dwarf Gecko (Lygodactylus depressus), Five Toed Skink (Leptosiaphos rhodurus), Rodhain's purple-glossed snake (Amblyodipsas rodhaini) and three Asp species potentially occur within this habitat. SSC amphibians are expected to occur within this habitat type. Afrana desaegeri, Phrynobatrachus gastoni, Bufo Schmidti, Afrixalus equatorialis, Hemisus olivaceus, Kassina mertensi, Phrynobatrachus cryptotis, Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus and Hymenochirus boulengeri, are endemic species which are likely to occur in this habitat. None of the repile or amphibian species has IUCN red listing of concern. However the majority of them are regarded to be DD (IUCN, 2014). Digby Wells Environmental 15

22 4.3.2 Secondary forest habitat Secondary forest habitat description Secondary forest habitat type can be described as forest that has been completely cleared in the past. Large trees have been cut down resulting in in more light penetrating the canopy so the forest understory is far more developed Figure 10 below. A B Figure 10: Secondary Forest Habitat; 1. Opened canopy as a result of tree clearing, 2. well-eveloped shrub layer with many species adapted to much higher lux than usually found in natural forest Typical species found in secondary forest Ninety-nine (99) of the expected reptiles potentially exist within this habitat. Eighty (80) of the expected amphibian species are associated with this habitat. Most of the species found within the natural forest habitat are expected to similarly occur within the Secondary forest as they tolerate slightly disturbed conditions or enjoy fringe forest and openings within the forest. Highly sensitive species such as the Congo Banana Frog (Afrixalus equatorialis) are unlikely to occur, as they cannot tolerate habitat modification. This habitat will attract similar reptile and amphibian SSC associated with the Natural and Swamp forest habitat Swamp Forest Habitat Description of swamp forest habitat This habitat type consists of forest, dominated by Raphia sp. and permanently or semipermanently wet ground (Figure 11). The water level fluctuates with rainfall, according to the locals at Boteka Concession. Due to the tree cover there is abundant leaf litter. The canopy is generally closed and therefore there is poor or limited penetration of sunlight. Digby Wells Environmental 16

23 A B Figure 11: Swamp Forest Habitat A. Permanent or semi-permanent water with thick leaf litter, B. Raphia Palm Multi-stem Trunk with Ferns Typical Species in swamp forest habitat Ninety-seven (97) reptile species are likely to occur within swamp habitat in Boteka Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015). Seventy-one (71) amphibian species which prefer stagnant water to streams within the forest canopy are expected to occur within swamp forest habitat according to Frost (Frost D, 2013), Fretey, T et al. (Fretey, T et al, 2014) and the IUCN (IUCN, 2014). This habitat will attract similar reptile and amphibian SSC to the Natural and Secondary forest habitat Riverine Forest and Open Water Riverine and Open Water Habitat Description Riverine and open water habitat comprises forest- type vegetation, adjacent to the Congo River. The tree species are of similar size to those of the Natural Rainforest Habitat however the canopy is more open. The understory is well developed and there is a thick floor of leaf litter. Vegetation alongside water is hydromorphic. Small beaches exist where local fishermen have cleared vegetation to make way for their boats and gain access to the water. Digby Wells Environmental 17

24 A B C Figure 12: Riverine and Open Water Habitat A. View of Riverine forest from the river showing Riverine vegetation, providing sheltered habitat B: Water lily and Water grass provide varied habitat at water s edge, C: Trees adapted to permanent inundation along mud banks Typical Species found in Riverine and Open Water Habitat: One hundred and eight (108) reptile species which are likely to occur within the concession area, are associated with the Wetland and Open Water habitat. This is the obvious habitat for the extremely rare Crocodile species (Crocodylidae), Monitor Lizards (Varanidae), Skinks (Sauridae), Agamas (Agamidae), Freshwater Turtles (Testunidae). Various terrestrial and water snakes (Grayia sp) and water cobras (Naja sp.) are likely to occur in this habitat. Sixty two (62) amphibian species are associated with this habitat. Reptile SSC found within this habitat include Central African mud turtle (Pelusios chapini) and Upemba mud turtle (Pelusios upembae) are the two most exclusive endemic species to this habitat. Most of the reptile species expected to occur within the area have not been assessed by the IUCN and are listed as Not evaluated (NE), Data Deficient (DD). Three IUCN Listed species are expected to occur within this habitat type. Slender-snouted Crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus), Nile Crocoldile (Crocodylus niloticus) and African Dwarf Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis). Amphibian SSC include Afrana desaegeri, Phrynobatrachus gastoni, Bufo schmidti, Afrixalus equatorialis, Hemisus olivaceus, Kassina mertensi, Phrynobatrachus cryptotis, Phrynobatrachus albomarginatus and Hymenochirus boulengeri. Digby Wells Environmental 18

25 4.3.5 Plantation with termite mound habitat Plantations and termite mound habitat description: Mature plantation with full-grown palm trees (approximately 7 metres tall) offers a closed canopy habitat while younger, recently planted plantation (with trees of approximately 1 to 3 metres tall) offers little shelter. The understorey of the plantation varies and depends on the clearing schedule of the plantation. In some areas there is a well-developed shrub and ground cover habitat while in others there is only grass. Termite mounds are present throughout the plantations. A B Digby Wells Environmental 19

26 C D Figure 13: Plantations and termite mounds Habitat A. Mature Oil Palm (Elaeis guinensis) Plantation, B. Immature Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Plantation C. Typical Termitaria within plantation and D. Typical Termitaria within plantation Typical Species found in plantations and termite mound habitat: Eighty (80) reptile species are expected to occur within this habitat. Many of these species are tolerant species which would usually be found in the Natural Forest habitat. (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015)..Twenty-eight (28) amphibian species are expected to occur within this habitat (Fretey, T et al, 2014) (IUCN, 2014). Species richness and diversity in is regarded to be lower than the Natural, Secondary and Swamp forest habitats due to modification and anthropogenic influences. No SSC are expected to be exclusively associated with this habitat Village Village habitat description The villages are comprised of mud and timber structures with clearings around them. There is ample shelter for various species of amphibian and reptile. Many of the species which occur within this habitat are actually forest species which have adapted to live in villages and compounds as a result of their habitat being cleared. They live inside the palm frond roofing of houses and other small spaces, emerging to feed. Digby Wells Environmental 20

27 Figure 14: Typical Village Habitat within Boteka Concession Typical Species found within the village A low number of reptile and amphibian species are expected to occur within this habitat. Black Necked Agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) are typical and prolific species found within the village areas. Various reptile species are expected to move through the villages, however their association with this habitat is expected to be transient. No reptile or amphibian SSC are expected to be associated with this habitat, however typical forest dwelling SSC associated with the Natural or Secondary Rainforest habitat may move through these areas (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015). 5 Discussion Based on the findings of the study, show that Boteka is moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. The Digby Wells study concludes that the greatest biodiversity value, in terms of herpetology, is in the forests The natural and secondary forest (especially with streams), the swamp forest and the riparian forest are all regarded as having moderate conservation value for herpetological species. The plantation areas have moderate to low biodiversity value. Palacious argues that plantations should not to be regarded as biological deserts (Palacios et al, 2012). However, it is has been found that plantations support an impoverished subset of species (Palacios et al, 2012). Amphibians and reptiles respond differently to the transformation of forests into plantations (Palacios et al, 2012); Species richness of amphibians has been proven to be significantly lower in plantations than in forests. The presence of threatened amphibian species also decreases in plantations compared to forests The plantation areas have moderate to low biodiversity value. Palacious argues that plantations should not to be regarded as a biological desert (Palacios et al, 2012). However it is has been found that plantations support an impoverished subset of species Digby Wells Environmental 21

28 (Palacios et al, 2012). Various herpetological species are expected and were confirmed to exist in these areas. However none of these species is regarded to be important and therefore the areas are not seen to be a highly valuable habitat. The following table (Table 4) gives a breakdown of species occurrence according to habitats within the Boteka Concession. Table 4: Species associated with various habitats within Boteka Concession (Uetz, P et al., 2015) (IUCN, 2015), (Frost D, 2013), (Fretey, T et al, 2014) (IUCN, 2014) HABITAT Percentage of expected species in the habitat Amphibians (94 species expected) Reptiles (115 species expected) Percentage of expected SSC in the habitat Amphibian (17 species expected) Reptiles (15 species expected) Conservation Importance for Herpetological species Natural Forest 79% 86% 70% 87% High Secondary Forest 85% 86% 88% 87% High Swamp Forest 76% 84% 100% 73% High Riverine Forest 66% 94% 88% 80% High Plantations 30% 70% 41% 73% Low Village 5% 2% - - Low 6 Conclusion The forest areas are host to important levels of biodiversity. Natural, Secondary Forest and Riverine Forest in Boteka are regarded being ecologically sensitive due to the moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. Natural, Secondary forest (especially with streams), Swamp Forest and Riverine Forest Habitats are regarded to have the highest ecological sensitivity due to the moderate to high in species richness and habitat provision. These areas are all regarded to be important to conserve for herpetological species. Digby Wells Environmental 22

29 7 References Akani G, Ebere, N, Luiselli L and Eniang E, (2007) Community structure and ecology of snakes in fields of oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis) in the Niger Delta, southern Nigeria, African Journal of Ecology, 46, , Blackwell Publishing Ltd Fauna and Flora International Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Accessed May 2015 Fretey, T Dewynter, M; Blanc, Charles P (2014) Amphibiens D`Afrique Centrale Et D`Angola; Clé De Détermination Illustrée Des Amphibiens Du Gabon Et Du Mbini; Illustrated Identification Key Of The Amphibians From Gabon And Mbini Frost, D R. (2013) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA International Union for the Council of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, available online at accessed February, 2015 Kanowski, J., Reis, T., Catterall, C.P. and Piper, S (2006) Factors affecting the use of reforested sites by reptiles in cleared rainforest landscapes in tropical and subtropical Australia. Restoration Ecology 14, Luise L and Diagne T. (2015) Kinixys erosa (Schweigger 1812) Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinged Tortoise, Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5 Palacios, C, Aguero, B and Simonetti A (2012) Agroforestry systems as habitat for herpetofauna: is there supporting evidence? Agroforest Systems Volume 71. No 3, Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, accessed February 2015 Urbina-Cardona J, Olivares-Perez M, Reynoso V (2006) Herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture edge interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments, Biological Conservation 131 pg Wanger T, Saro A, Iskandar D, Brook B, Sodhi N, Clough Y and Tscharntke T (2009) Conservation value of cacao agroforestry for amphibians and reptiles in South-East Asia: combining correlative models with follow-up field experiments, British Ecological Society, Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, World Wildlife Fund and Proforest, Juillet Forêts de Haute Valeur pour la Conservation en RDC, available online at Yaap B., Struebig M., Paoli G., and Pin Koh L.,(2009) Mitigating the biodiversity impacts of oil palm development, Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources , No. 019 Digby Wells Environmental 23

30 7.1 Field Guides Branch, B (2008) Tortoises, Terrapins & Turtles of Africa, Struik Publishers, Cape Town Chippaux. J P, (2003) Les serpents d Afrique occidentale et centrale, 2nd ed., Paris Digby Wells Environmental 24

31 Appendix A: Expected Reptile Species

32 HABITAT FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME Agamidae Acanthocercus atricollis Black-necked Agama LC x Agamidae Agama agama Common Agama LC Amphisbaenidae Dalophia gigantea x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis adercae x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis kabindae Kabinda Worm Lizard x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis remaclei x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis scalper x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis schoutedeni x NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis guentheri Western Congo Worm Lizard DD x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Monopeltis vanderysti NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Zygaspis quadrifrons NE x x x x x Amphisbaenidae Dalophia luluae x NE x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis battersbyi Battersby's burrowing asp x NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Burrowing asp species x NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Xenocalamus michellii Michell's Quill-snouted Snake x DD x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis reticulata Mole Viper DD x x x x x Atractaspididae Aparallactus modestus Western Forest Centipede-eater NE x x x x x ENDEMICITY IUCN Natural Forest Secondary Forest Swamp Forest Riverine Forest Plantation Villages

33 Atractaspididae Atractaspis boulengeri Mole Viper NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis congica Congo Stiletto Snake NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis corpulenta Mole Viper NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Atractaspis irregularis Variable Burrowing Asp NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon gabonensis Gaboon Snake-eater NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon notatus NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Polemon robustus Zaire Snake-eater NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Xenocalamus mechowii Elongate Quill-snouted Snake NE x x x x x Atractaspididae Amblyodipsas rodhaini Rodhain's purple-glossed snake x DD x x Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo gracilis Graceful. Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon boulengeri Boulenger s Pygmy Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Rhampholeon spectrum Spectral Pygmy Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Trioceros cristatus Sail Backed Chameleon LC x x x x x Chamaeleonidae Trioceros ituriensis Ituri Forest Chameleon LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis fasciata Central African Egg-eating Snake LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Egg Eater LC x x x x x Colubridae Dasypeltis atra African Egg-eating Snak NE x x x x x Colubridae Dendrolycus elapoides Cameroon Rainforest Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa duchesnii NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa shrevei Shreve's (Nocturnal) Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa unicolor Günther's Green Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa viridis NE x x x x x Colubridae Dipsadoboa weileri NE x x x x x

34 Colubridae Dispholidus typus Boomslang NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis fuliginosus NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis lineatus Striped House Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lamprophis olivaceus Olive House Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lycophidion irroratum Pale Wolf Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Lycophidion laterale Flat Wolf Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Gonionotophis poensis Western Forest File Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Gonionotophis stenophthalmus Small-eyed File Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Meizodon coronatus Western Crowned Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Meizodon regularis Eastern crowned smooth snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Natriciteres fuliginoides Collared Marsh-Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus bequaerti Bequaert's Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus carinatus Thirteen-scaled Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus dorsalis Striped Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus heterodermus Emerald Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus heterolepidotus Slender Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus hughesi Hughes' Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus nitidus Green Bush Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus ornatus Ornate Green Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Philothamnus semivariegatus Spotted Bush Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Prosymna ambigua East African Shovelsnout Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Psammophis lineatus Striped Swamp Snake NE x x x x x

35 Colubridae Psammophylax acutus Striped Beaked Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Psammophylax variabilis Grey-bellied Grass Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Rhamnophis aethiopissa Large-eyed Green Treesnake NE x x x x x Colubridae Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus NE x x x x x Colubridae Toxicodryas blandingii Blandings Tree Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Toxicodryas pulverulenta Fischer's Cat Snake NE x x x x x Colubridae Grayia caesar Caesar's African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia ornata Ornate African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia smithii Smith's African Water Snake NE x Colubridae Grayia tholloni Tholloni's African Water Snake NE x Crocodylidae Mecistops cataphractus Slender-snouted Crocodile CR x x Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocoldile LC x x Crocodylidae Osteolaemus tetraspis African Dwarf Crocodile VU x x Elapidae Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba LC x x x x x Elapidae Dendroaspis jamesoni Jamesons Mamba NE x x x x x Elapidae Elapsoidea laticincta Werner's Garter Snake NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja haje Egyptian Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja nigricollis Black-necked Spitting Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Pseudohaje goldii African Tree Cobra NE x x x x x Elapidae Naja annulata Ringed Water Cobra NE x x Elapidae Naja christyi Christy's Water Cobra NE x x Gekkonidae Lygodactylus capensis Cape Dwarf Gecko LC x x

36 Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical house gecko LC x Gekkonidae Lygodactylus depressus Zaire dwarf gecko x NE x x x Gekkonidae Hemidactylus echinus Hedgehog Leaf-toed Gecko LC x x x x Gekkonidae Hemidactylus richardsonii Richardson's Leaf-toed Gecko LC x x x x Lacertidae Heliobolus nitida NE x x x x Lacertidae Holaspis guentheri Neon Blue Tailed Tree Lizard NE x x x x Pelomedusidae Pelusios chapini Central African mud turtle x NE x Pelomedusidae Pelusios upembae Upemba mud turtle x DD x Scincidae Leptosiaphos rhodurus Red Five Toed Skink x DD x x x x Scincidae Panaspis quattuordigitata DD x x x x Scincidae Afroablepharus seydeli Seydel s snake-eyed skink NE x x x x Scincidae Eumecia anchietae Western Serpentiform Skink NE x x x x Scincidae Feylinia currori Western Forest Feylinia NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis buettneri NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis maculilabris Speckle-lipped Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis perrotetii Teita Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis polytropis Tropical Mabuya NE x x x x Scincidae Trachylepis quinquetaeniata African Five-lined Skink NE x x x x Scincidae Leptosiaphos aloysiisabaudiae Uganda Five-toed Skink LC x Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops congestus Blotched blind snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops punctatus Spotted Blind Snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Letheobia caeca Gabon Beaked Snake NE x x x x Typhlopidae Letheobia sudanensis Sudan Beaked Snake NE x x x x

37 Varanidae Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor NE x x x x Varanidae Varanus ornatus NE x x x x Viperidae Bitis gabonica Gaboon Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Bitis nasicornis Rhinoceros Viper NE x x x x Viperidae Causus maculatus Spotted Night Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Causus resimus Green Night Adder NE x x x x Viperidae Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder NE x x x x

38 Appendix B: Expected Amphibian Species

39 HABITAT FAMILY SPECIES COMMON NAME ENDEMIC IUCN Natural Forest Secondary Forest Swamp Forest Riverine Forest Plantation Villages Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis poecilonotus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis millsoni LC x x x x x Arthroleptidae Trichobatrachus robustus Hairy Frog LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis christyi Christy's tree frog LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis aubryi LC x x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa leucomystax LC x x x Arthroleptidae Astylosternus batesi LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis ocellatus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Dwarf Squeaker LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis cynnamomeus LC x x x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis notatus LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis taeniatus LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis variabilis LC x x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis tuberosus DD x x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa gratiosa LC x x

40 Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis sylvaticus Forest Screeching Frog LC x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa escalerae LC x x Arthroleptidae Scotobleps gabonicus LC x x Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis phrynoides DD x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis fenestratus LC x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis fiziensis LC x x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis rufus LC x x Arthroleptidae Cardioglossa gracilis LC x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis boulengeri Bocage's tree frog LC x Arthroleptidae Leptopelis calcaratus Efulen forest tree frog LC x Bufonidae Amietophrynus regularis African common toad LC x x x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus steindachneri LC x x x x Bufonidae Nectophryne batesii LC x x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus gutturalis African guttural toad LC x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi x NE x x x x x Bufonidae Bufo/ Mertensophryne schmidti Schmidt's snouted frog x DD x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus tuberosus LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus camerunensis LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus gracilipes LC x x x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus lemairii LC x x x x Bufonidae Mertensophryne melanopleura LC x x x x Bufonidae Nectophryne afra LC x x Bufonidae Amietophrynus latifrons LC x

41 Bufonidae Amietophrynus buchneri DD x Hemisotidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog x LC x x x x Hemisotidae Hemisus olivaceus Olive shovelnose frog x LC x x x x Herpelidae Herpele squalostoma Congo Caecilian LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius viridiflavus Common Reed Frog LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Kassina mertensi x DD x x x x x Hyperoliidae Kassina maculosa Marbled Running Frog LC x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius phantasticus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius hutsebauti x DD x x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius tuberculatus LC x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius robustus DD x x Hyperoliidae Phlyctimantis leonardi LC x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius dartevellei x NE x x x x x Hyperoliidae Acanthixalus spinosus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax minutus x DD x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Phlyctimantis verrucosus LC x x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius platyceps LC x x x Hyperoliidae Cryptothylax greshoffii LC x x x Hyperoliidae Hyperolius schoutedeni x LC x Hyperoliidae Alexteroon hypsiphonus LC x Hyperoliidae Afrixalus equatorialis Congo Banana Frog LC x Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus parkeri x LC x x x x x