Paul F. Healy Erin Thornton Martin T. Fuess

Transcription

1 Paul F. Healy Erin Thornton Martin T. Fuess The Post-Saladoid Faunal Assemblage From The Coconut Hall Site, Antigua, West Indies

2 Abstract Excavations conducted in 1993, at the Coconut Hall site, Antigua, revealed a coastal shell midden representing, in part, the remains of a prehistoric subsistence processing site. Fine mesh screening of midden deposits from a single excavation has provided a well preserved collection of faunal (vertebrate and invertebrate) ecofacts. This report outlines preliminary results of zooarchaeological analyses. These indicate a diverse fishing, hunting, and gathering subsistence regime at ca. AD , based on radiocarbon determinations and artifact analysis, during the Mamoran Bay-Troumassoid (Post-Saladoid) period of the Lesser Antilles. The faunal classes represented at Coconut Hall closely resemble those previously identified from roughly coeval sites (Indian Creek, Muddy Bay) in eastern Antigua. Marine fish (e.g., parrotfish, surgeonfish) are predominant in the vertebrate assemblage, and indicate that reef and banks fish were particularly important to the Coconut Hall Post-Saladoid diet. The recovered invertebrate assemblage indicates heavy exploitation of the near-shore zone, although some species (turkey wing) were likely only available during low tide. The site also has produced evidence for animal domesticates (dog, guinea pig) and other introduced species (agouti). 190 Resumen Las excavaciones en 1993 en el sitio de Coconut Hall, Antigua, revelaron un conchal que representa en parte los restos de un sitio prehistórico de procesamiento de alimentos. El cribado en fina malla de depósitos provenientes de una sola excavación, produjo una colección de ecofactos (vertebrados e invertebrados) con buena preservación. Este informe presenta los resultados preliminaries del análisis zoo-arqueológico de esta excavación. Se indica un régimen diverso de subsistencia basado en la pesca, la caza, y la recolecta cerca del 900 al 1200 D.C., durante el Periodo Mamoran Bay-Troumassoid (Post- Saladoide) de las Antillas Menores, fechado de acuerdo con determinaciones de radiocarbono y el análisis de artefactos. Los tipos de fauna representados en Coconut Hall tienen una gran similitud con aquellos previamente identificados en sitios aproximadamente contemporáneos en la Antigua oriental (Indian Creek, Muddy Bay). Peces marinos (el pez loro y el navajón sobretodo) dominan los restos vertebrados, indicando que los peces de arrecife y cardumes eran particularamente importantes para la dieta Post- Saladoide de Coconut Hall. Los restos invertebrados recuperados indican una gran explotación de la zona cercana al litoral, aunque algunas especies (pata de mula [Arca zebra]), probablemente solo se podían recolectar en marea baja. Este sito también produjo evidencia de animales domesticados (perro, conejillo de indias), y de otras especies introducidas (aguti). Introduction The prehistoric site of Coconut Hall (PE-15) is located on a peninsula-like point of low-lying bedrock on the east coast of Antigua in the Lesser Antilles (Figure 1). The ancient settlement lies 1.3 km northwest of the modern community of Seatons, in the Parish of St. Peter. A littoral site, it lies between Mercers Creek Bay to the east and Guiana Bay to the north, at elevations that range from sea level to 21 m asl. Mercers Creek Bay is marked by muddy sands while Guiana Bay, by contrast, is made up of sands interspersed with grasses and/or corals, linear bank, fringing reefs, and some mangrove (Weiss and Multer 1988). A small islet, called Crump Island, is located about 200 m east of Guard Point, the eastern tip of Coconut Hall. Vegetation on and around the site today is almost entirely acacia (Acacia tortuosa), with patches of scrub grasses and other thorny succulent species. Cotton plants, remnants of early historic era cultivation, continue to grow in the vicinity of Coconut Hall. The placement of the Coconut Hall site on a low limestone peninsula on the northeastern

3 coast of Antigua is very similar to the Blackman s Point (GE-4) site, some 5.5 km to the westnorthwest. The land to the north of the road which leads to Coconut Hall shows indications of disturbance due to construction activities that were associated with a proposed hotel and resort complex. In 1993, site survey was conducted by Martin Fuess in the area south of this road, in a relatively undisturbed portion of Coconut Hall, in order to ascertain the age and condition of the site and its geographic extent. Surface reconnaissance indicated that the site may have been comprised of a series of smaller contemporaneous house clusters or shorter-term intensive occupations over time. Surface traces of several concentrated midden clusters consisting of various food refuse remains (i.e., bone, shell, crab), as well as artifacts of stone, shell, and pottery, were noted. Aside from historic period plowing, related to cotton and sugar production at this location, the southern portion of the prehistoric site appears to be largely intact. 191 Excavation To test the proposition that the shell concentrations observed on the surface were, indeed, representative of prehistoric midden deposits, a single 1m by 1m test unit was excavated into one of these concentrations. The test unit (field designated Excavation #1) was located approximately 319 m west of Guard Point, and approximately 32 m south of the road. The unit was excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels within natural strata. All soils were double screened utilizing a combination of.64 cm (1/4 inch) into.32 cm (1/8 inch) mesh. This strategy enabled retrieval of a more complete and finer range of material and environmental data (e.g., macrobotanical samples, minute osteological specimens). Materials recovered from the screenings were placed into artifact provenience bags, labeled by stratum and level. Pollen and soil columns were collected within each arbitrary 10 cm level of the test unit. The unit was excavated to an overall depth of 1 m below ground surface (bgs), and exhibited five distinct strata (field designations F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7). Cultural remains relating entirely to a Post- Saladoid occupation of the site were recovered to a depth of approximately 80 cm bgs. Diagnostic artifacts included: a large quantity of often thick Mamoran Bay-Troumassoid pottery, both red slipped and plain wares and footed griddle fragments; several hundred lithics crafted of both Long Island and local Coconut Hall flint (Knippenberg to Fuess, personal communication, 2002); and a number of shell beads.1 In addition, two shell samples (Strombus gigas) were submitted for radiocarbon testing (Table 1). The dates reinforce a Post-Saladoid chronological placement for Coconut Hall. Coconut Hall Faunal Sample Vertebrate and Malacostracan Fauna The identified vertebrate faunal sample recovered from Excavation 1 at Coconut Hall was large (NISP= 3117; MNI = 246), and all remains are treated here as deriving from the Post-Saladoid (Mamoran Bay) period (Mamoran-Troumassoid Series) (Rouse 1992: , Figure 15). Standard zooarchaeological techniques were used to identify and quantify the remains. All identifications were made to the lowest possible taxon by comparing archaeological specimens with reference skeletons in the zooarchaeological collections at Trent University (Peterborough, Ontario), the Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto, Ontario) and the Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida). The basic quantification is a count of the number of identified specimens (NISP), and minimum number of individuals (MNI), for each taxon. Table 2 provides a detailed breakdown of the vertebrate and crab faunal assemblage from Coconut Hall. A very small number of birds (NISP = 56; MNI = 10) were identified. These included trace indications for the Zenaida dove (Zenaida spp.), the laughing gull (Larus atricilla), purple gallinule (Poryphrula martinica), shearwater (Puffinus spp.), heron (Ardeidae), and the New World warbler (Emberizidae). Among reptiles (NISP = 91; MNI = 8), the iguana (Iguana spp.) was most prevalent,

4 but with evidence of both non-poisonous (Colubridae) and poisonous (Viperidae) snakes occuring. Lizards (Ameiva spp.) and marine turtles (Chelonidae) are also represented. Mammals (NISP = 515; MNI = 34) are the second most abundant class of animals represented. Of these, rice rats (Oryzomyini cf. megalomys spp.) are the most prominent, but with dog (Canis familiaris), agouti (Dasyprocta spp.) and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) also present. The latter three mammals are species introduced to the Caribbean islands, presumably from South America. Dog and guinea pig were both domesticates. Cavia spp. is particularly interesting as it has a long history of domestication in the Andean subarea of South America, but is relatively rare in the Lesser Antilles (Wing et al. 1968). Rice rats, iguana, and agouti are no longer present on Antigua (Murphy and Healy 1995: 276). Excavations at Coconut Hall also produced one human (Homo sapiens) tooth. Bony fishes were (by far) the single most abundant class (NISP = 2073; MNI = 162) occurring at Coconut Hall. Some fifteen different families of fish, all marine, were identified. If hundreds of other unidentified fish spines were included in calculations, marine fish would stand out even more dominant than present tabulations show. Most of the species represented were reef and banks dwellers, suggesting Coconut Hall fishers had the technology and maritime skills required to exploit this rich ecozone successfully. Parrotfish (such as Scarus spp.and Sparisoma spp.), and surgeonfish (Acanthurus spp.), both reef herbivores, were the most common fish, followed by groupers (Serranidae, such as Epinephelus spp. and Myctoperca spp.) and grunts (Haemulidae, especially Haemulon spp.), reef carnivores, which likely required a hook-and-line fishing technology for their capture. Inshore and estuarine species such as the bonefish (Albula spp.) occur, as do barracuda (Sphyraena spp.) which feed in all marine habitats (pelagic waters, reef areas, and inshore zones). Snapper (Lutjanidae) and jack (Caranjidae) are also present at Coconut Hall, but in much smaller quantities. 192 Crabs (Malacostraca) are fairly common (NISP =382; MNI = 32), with both land crabs (Gecarcinidae) and marine crabs (Majidae, such as Mithrax spinossimus) present. Overall, Terrestrial Habitat species (birds, reptiles, and mammals) compose less than one-quarter (21% of NISP; 20% of MNI) of the vertebrate fauna; while Marine Habitat species (fish), excluding shell fish and crabs, represent the clear majority (>65%) of the Coconut Hall fauna. If shell fish and marine crabs were included, the already heavy reliance on marine species, which is evident at the site, would be even more pronounced. Molluscs The shellfish recovered from excavations at Coconut Hall were diverse (Table 3). The molluscan assemblage identified from Coconut Hall range between three littoral biotopes: supralittoral (i.e., open-air splash zone), mesolittoral (i.e., the high energy, shallow, intertidal zone), and the infralittoral (or sublittoral) zone (i.e., calmer, slightly deeper waters). From the supralittoral zone we have evidence for periwinkles. Most of the molluscan species present in the Coconut Hall assemblage, however, derive from the mesolittoral zone, including various nerites, conch, murex, tulips, star shells, and ceriths. Identified bivalve species from this intertidal biotope include several varieties of Venus and Lucina clams, oysters, limpets, chitons, and mussels. Among the infralittoral zone species found at Coconut Hall were several varieties of arks. One of these, the turkey ark (Arca zebra), likely collected at low tide, comprised 28% of the recovered molluscan assemblage, suggesting particular dietary importance. Post-Saladoid Faunal Exploitation in Antigua: In the past decade, several studies have been completed of Post-Saladoid faunal use from the island of Antigua, and these provide useful comparisons to the Coconut Hall assemblage described herein (Table 4).

5 Wing (1999) described the faunal remains from the Indian Creek (PA-4) site, of the Parish of St. Paul, in southeast Antigua (Rouse and Morse 1999a). The site was first excavated in 1973, and is marked by a series of shell mounds covering eight hectares (Rouse 1974; Rouse and Morse 1999a; Morse and Rouse 1999). The shell mounds are arranged roughly in an oval ring. Site history is divisible into three successive periods of occupation: Indian Creek (AD 1-600), Mill Reef (AD ), and Mamora Bay (AD ), based on artifact assemblage and radiocarbon dates (Murphy 1999: Table 1; Rouse 1976:37; Rouse and Morse 1999:45-47). Only the latter phase, which overlaps and is coeval with the Coconut Hall site, is discussed here. 193 The Mamora Bay faunal sub-assemblage from the Indian Creek site was derived from the upper levels (0-50 cm) of Excavation 3 (Sections E-2 and E-4) for Midden #3 (Wing 1999:Table 5). The Post-Saladoid faunal sample (NISP = 105; MNI= 34) is much smaller than that of Coconut Hall, but very similar in species representation. The most abundant terrestrial vertebrate at Indian Creek is the rice rat (Oryzomine, probably of the genus Megalomys), as at Coconut Hall. Land crabs (Gecarcinidae) were also common at Indian Creek. Among the bony fish, snook (Centropomus spp.) and parrotfish (Scaridae, especially Scarus spp.and Sparisoma viride) were notable. The former is absent at Coconut Hall but the latter is very common. Sea turtles (Cheloniidae), dog (Canis familiaris) and iguana (Iguana iguana) occur at both sites. The analysis of ecofacts from Indian Creek did not include molluscs (Wing 1999: 61). Wing (1999:65, Table 7) comments that Terrestrial Habitat fauna (endemic and introduced) constitute a large portion (39% of NISP; 43% of MNI) of the late vertebrate faunal assemblage at Indian Creek. The inshore-estuarine species of fish, like tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and snook (Centropomus sp.), constitute a major sub-group (21%), and rival the reef fish species (32%), such as grouper (Epinephelus sp.), parrotfish (Scaridae), surgeonfish (Acanthurus spp.), jacks (Caranx sp.), and barracuda (Sphyraena sp.), in relative abundance during the Mamora Bay (Post-Saladoid) period. She questions whether the apparent intensification of fishing of the inshore waters reflected less productive reef fish populations at this time near Indian Creek. A similar exploitation pattern is not evident at Coconut Hall and, therefore, may be a consequence of the small sample recovered at Indian Creek. Introduced species like the dog (Canis sp.), and pelagic fish like mackeral and tunas (Scombridae), compose only 3% (of MNI), respectively, of the Mamoran Bay faunal sub-assemblage at Indian Creek (Wing 1999:Table 5). Another important Post-Saladoid site on Antigua is Muddy Bay (PH-14) of the Parish of St. Phillip (Healy and Murphy 1995; Murphy and Healy 1995; Murphy 1996, 1999). Like Coconut Hall and Indian Creek, it is situated on the east coast of Antigua, on Nonsuch Bay. As with the other two sites noted here, Muddy Bay is marked by a shell midden, in this case covering about two hectares. The site was excavated in 1993, 1994, and 1996, and is dated primarily to the Mamora Bay (AD ) period, based on abundant Post-Saladoid ceramics and several radiocarbon determinations. The faunal sample (NISP = 4457; MNI = 396) is larger than those of either Coconut Hall or Indian Creek, but similar in species composition (see Cruz 2001: ). As at Coconut Hall, molluscan remains were examined for the Muddy Bay site (Cruz 2001:Table 11). Murphy (1996:130) concluded that, aside from deep pelagic waters for which there was little evidence, the Muddy Bay inhabitants heavily exploited all resource zones to procure fish, shellfish, and other fauna. Cruz (2001:122) identified a strong emphasis on marine fishing and mollusc gathering for Muddy Bay. Fish, which represented 64% of the total (non-molluscan) NISP (68% of MNI), were likely obtained using a variety of technologies, including traps, hook-and-line, and nets (Cruz 2001: Table 11; Murphy 1996; see also Wing and Reitz 1982). Reef and banks species, such as surgeonfish (Acanthurus sp.) and parrotfish (Scaridae), were most abundant, as at Coconut Hall, and were probably captured using traps (Murphy 1996:122; Murphy and Healy 1995:276).

6 Of the terrestrial species of animals found at Muddy Bay, rice rats (Oryzomine) and iguana (Iguanidae) were the most represented of the mammal and reptile classes, respectively. This matches the Coconut Hall vertebrate profile. Land-based birds at Muddy Bay included wood stork (Mycteria americana), pigeon and dove (Columbidae), and shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri). Trace remains of agouti (Dasyprocta aguti) and manatee (Trichechus manatus) were also present. Land crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi), hermit crabs (Coenobita clypeatus), and marine crabs (Menippe cf. mercenaria, Mithrax spinossimus) were represented at the site. Again, there are some similarities in species representation and quantities between Muddy Bay and Coconut Hall. For example, Terrestrial Habitat species (excluding crab) composed about 21% (NISP) of the faunal remains at both Muddy Bay and Coconut Hall (Table 4). Over 20 taxa of molluscs were identified at Muddy Bay (Murphy 1996: Table 13; Cruz 2001: Table 11). Most of these, such as the turkey wing (Arca zebra, 27.9%), Atlantic Pearl Oyster (Pinctada radiata, 15.6%), and nerites (Nerita sp., 10.7%), were derived from shallow water inshore or estuarine habitats. Many of these same shellfish species are present at Coconut Hall, and in similar relative proportions. 194 Murphy (1996:123) concludes that the Muddy Bay inhabitants were heavily dependent on marine resources during the Marmora Bay period, and the site likely functioned as a coastal fishing village. Near shore resources (fish and molluscs) were adequate to sustain the settlement, through fishing on reefs and banks and foraging for shellfish in shallow waters or mangroves. They supplemented their predominantly marine diet with terrestrial species of birds, iguanas and rice rats, especially, with the capture of both land and marine crabs. Conclusion Coconut Hall represents another Post-Saladoid (i.e., Mamora Bay-Troumassoid) coastal settlement in Antigua whose inhabitants, around AD , relied heavily upon marine resources. The site, a windward side, seafront locus matches Murphy s (1996: Table 40) general characteristics for a Post- Saladoid site, with an emphasis on a strong marine economy, evidenced by abundant fish and shellfish remains. Comparison of the Coconut Hall faunal assemblage with two other coeval sites (i.e., Indian Creek and Muddy Bay) reveals a very similar pattern of faunal (predominantly marine) exploitation. What remains unclear is the role and importance of farming in the Post-Saladoid period. The native inhabitants of all three of these late prehistoric sites (Coconut Hall, Indian Creek, and Muddy Bay) were also agriculturalists to some extent. Manioc cultivation, for example, may be reasonably inferred at the sites from secondary evidence in the form of ceramic griddles, presumably utilized for the baking of cassava bread in antiquity. Variations of such griddles remain in use today in South America (Olsen 1974:37-43). In the absence of paleobotanical evidence, and/or isotopic data from human skeletal remains, it is difficult to determine just how important such agricultural staples were compared to foodstuffs obtained by fishing, hunting, and gathering in Post-Saladoid times (Keegan and DeNiro 1988; Newsom 1993; Stokes 1998). Only additional research on ancient subsistence practices will clarify this. In this regard, it is worth repeating a speculation by Wing (1999:64) that the rise in rice rat numbers in Post-Saladoid times in the Lesser Antilles might be due to...an intensification of horticulture and a corresponding improvement in environmental conditions promoting (the) expansion of the rice rat population. Nothing from Coconut Hall dispels this notion but, at the same time, the prominent role of marine resources in the subsistence of Post-Saladoid inhabitants of Antigua is clearly reinforced.

7 Acknowledgements Preliminary sorting of the Coconut Hall faunal assemblage was conducted at Trent University by David Cruz and Jessica Musson. PFH expresses his thanks to Dr. Reg Murphy (Nelson s Dockyard National Park-Antigua) for his assistance with archaeological research in Antigua, and to Dr. Morgan Tamplin (Trent) for his assistance with MNI calculations. Funding for faunal analysis and conference participation by PFH was provided by the Trent University-SSHRC Committee on Research. ET wishes to thank the Florida Museum of Natural History for use of its faunal collections. The Spanish translation of the abstract was produced by Rodrigo González-Arriola of Trent University. Notes 1. Included among the shell beads was one specimen carved from a Strombus gigas spire in the shape of a turtle head. 195 Table 1. Radiocarbon Determinations from Coconut Hall (PE-15), Antigua Lab # Material Provenience Uncalib C-14 Age Calib (2 sigma) Intercept of C14 Beta shell Excavation /-60 BP Cal AD Cal AD 1035 Stratum F-6 Level 0-10 cm Beta shell Excavation /- 60 BP Cal AD Cal AD 1045 Stratum F-3 Level cm Table 2. Vertebrate and Crustacean Faunal Assemblage from Coconut Hall (PE-15), Antigua Class Order/Sub Family Genus/Species NISP % MNI % Mammalia Mammalia (small) Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Carnivora Canidae Canis familiaris Rodentia Oryzomini Megalomys spp Muridae Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta spp Caviidae Cavia porcellus Sub-Total

8 Table 2. Vertebrate and Crustacean Faunal Assemblage from Coconut Hall (PE-15), Antigua (Continue) Class Order/Sub Family Genus/Species NISP % MNI % Aves Charadriiformes Laridae Larus atricilla Columbiformes Columbidae Zenaida spp Passeriformes Emberizidae Gruiformes Rallidae Poryphrula martinica Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Procellariiformes Procellariidae Puffinus spp Sub-Total Reptilia Lacertilia Iguanidae Iguana spp Teiidae Ameiva spp Serpentes Colubridae Viperidae Testudines Cheloniidae Sub-Total Osteichthyes cf. Osteichthyes Osteichthyes (large) Perciformes Scaridae Sparisoma spp Sparisoma viride Scarus spp Scarus cf. coelestinus Acaranthuridae Acanthurus spp Serranidae Epinephelus spp

9 Class Order/Sub Family Genus/Species NISP % MNI % 197 Myctoperca cf. bonaci Albulidae Albula spp Haemulidae Anisotremus cf. surinamensis Haemulon spp Labridae Halichoeres spp Bodianus spp Bodianus rufus Lutjanidae cf. Lutjanidae Lutjanus spp Lutjanus griseus Sphraenidae Sphyraena spp Holocentridae Holocentrus spp Caranjidae Caranx ruber Diodontidae Balistidae Belonidae cf. Strongylura spp Tylosaurus spp Gerreidae Sub-Total Malacostraca Decapoda Majidae Mithrax spinossimus Gecarcinidae Gecarcinidae (?) Sub-Total (Identified) Total Unidentified Missing Grand Total 3249

10 Table 3. Molluscan Assemblage from Coconut Hall (PE-15), Antigua Supralittoral Biotope Beaded Periwinkle Tectarius muricatus Mesolittoral Biotope Checkered Nerite Nerita tessalata Four-toothed Nerite Nerita versicolor Bleeding Tooth Nerite Nerita peloronta Queen Conch Strombus gigas Apple Murex Chicoreus (or Phylloriotus) pomum West Indian Murex Murex brevifrons True Tulip Fasciolaria tulipa Long-spined Star Shell Astreae phoebia Middle-spined Cerith Cerithium algicola West Indian Pointed Venus Anomalocardia brasiliana King Venus Chione paphia Cross-barred Venus Chione cancellata Tiger Lucine Codakia orbicularis Pennsylvania Lucine Lucina pensylvanica Atlantic Pearl Oyster Pinctada imbricata Lister s Tree Oyster Isognomon radiatus Caribbean Oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae Flat Tree Oyster Isognomon alatus Scorched Mussel Brachiodontes exustus Yellow Mussel Brachiodontes citrinus 198 Infralittoral Biotope Turkey Wing Eared Ark Mossy Ark Bearded Ark Leafy Jewel Box West Indian Top Shell Arca zebra Anadara notabilis Arca imbricata Barbatia cancellaria Chama macerophlla Citarium pica Table 4. Comparison of Selected Post-Saladoid Fauna by Class and Site Muddy Bay 1 NISP % Coconut Hall NISP % Indian Creek 2 NISP % Mammals Mammals Mammals Birds Birds Birds Reptiles Reptiles Reptiles Fish Fish Fish Crabs Crabs Crabs Total: Total: Total: Cruz 2001:Table 9 2 Wing 1999: Table 5

11 199 References Cited: Cruz, David M You Are What You Eat: A Comparative Zooarchaeological Analysis of Two Ceramic Age Sites, Antigua, W.I. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Trent University. Peterborough, ON. Fuess, Martin T Preliminary Archaeological Research of Prehistoric Amerindian Sites on Antigua, Northern Lesser Antilles. In Proceedings of the XV International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Ricardo E. Alegria and Miguel Rodriguez, pp Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, in collaboration with the Puerto Rico Foundation for the Humanities, and the University of Turabo. San Juan. Fuess, Martin T. and Jack Donahue 1992 Post-Saladoid Age Pottery in the Northern Lesser Antilles: Lessons Learned from Thin Section Petrography. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Pittsburgh, PA. Fuess, Martin T., Jack Donahue, David R. Watters and Desmond Nicholson 1991 A Report on Thin Section Petrography of the Ceramics from Antigua, Northern Lesser Antilles: Method and Theory. In Proceedings of the XIV Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Alissandra Cummins and Philippa King, pp Barbados Museum and Historical Society, St. Ann s Garrison, Barbados. Healy, Paul F. and A. Reginald Murphy 1995 Excavation at the Muddy Bay (PH-14) Site, Antigua, West Indies: Preliminary Report on the 1994 Investigations. In Proceedings of the XVI International Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Gerard Richard, pp Conseil Regional de la Guadeloupe, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, F.W.I. Keegan, William F. and Michael J. DeNiro 1988 Stable Carbon and Nitrogen-Isotope Ratios of Bone Collagen Used to Study Coral-Reef and Terrestrial Components of Prehistoric Bahamian Diet. American Antiquity 53: Morse, Birgit Faber and Irving Rouse 1999 The Indian Creek Period: A Late Saladoid Manifestation on the Island of Antigua. In Proceedings of the XVI Congress for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Gerard Richard. Conseil Regional de la Guadeloupe, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, F.W.I. Murphy, A. Reginald 1996 Archaeological Investigations at Muddy Bay (PH-14), Antigua, West Indies: A Post-Saladoid Settlement. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Trent University. Peterborough, ON The Prehistory of Antigua, Ceramic Age: Subsistence, Settlement, Culture and Adaptation Within an Insular Environment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. Calgary, AL. Murphy, A. Reginald and Paul F. Healy 1995 Paleoecology of the Muddy Bay (PH-14) Site, Antigua: Preliminary Report. In Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Caribbean Archaeology, edited by Gerard Richard, pp Conseil Regional de la Guadeloupe, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, F.W.I. Newsom, Lee Ann 1993 Native West Indian Plant Use. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL. Olsen, Fred 1974 Indian Creek: Arawak Site on Antigua, West Indies. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. Rouse, Irving 1974 The Indian Creek Excavations. In Proceedings of the V International Congress for the Study

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