Model Summary(b) Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

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1 REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI BCOV R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT Mean /METHOD=ENTER Log_L Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID,*ZPRED ) /RESIDUALS DURBIN HIST(ZRESID) NORM(ZRESID) Regression: Mean Std Deviation N Mean, , Log_L Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol Variables Entered/Removed(b) Variables Entered Variables Removed Method Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC(a) Enter a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: Mean Summary(b) R R Square Adjusted R Square Std Error of the Estimate 80(a) a Predictors: (Constant), Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC b Dependent Variable: Mean Change Statistics Durbin-Watson Sig F Change R Square Change F Change df df ANOVA(b) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig Regression 8,868, ,77, (a) Residual 0,58, ,59962 Total 29,386, a Predictors: (Constant), Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC b Dependent Variable: Mean Coefficients(a) Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig B Std Error Beta (Constant) 3, Log_L 3, Log_RC -3,6832 3, Log_ML 2, , Log_Vol a Dependent Variable: Mean 95% Confidence Interval for B Correlations Collinearity Statistics Zero-order Partial Part Tolerance VIF B Std Error, , , , , , , , Coefficient Correlations(a) Log_Vol Log_ML Log_L Log_RC Correlations Log_Vol Log_ML Log_L Log_RC Covariances Log_Vol 82, , , ,34997 Log_ML -29, ,433, , ,844, Log_L -6, , , ,76674 Log_RC 244, ,844, , ,095, a Dependent Variable: Mean Collinearity Diagnostics(a) Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index Variance Proportions Log_RC a Dependent Variable: Mean

2 Log_ML Log_Vol (Constant) Log_L Residuals Statistics(a) Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Predicted Value ,74568, Residual , Std Predicted Value Std Residual a Dependent Variable: Mean REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI BCOV R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT Range /METHOD=ENTER Log_L Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID,*ZPRED ) /RESIDUALS DURBIN HIST(ZRESID) NORM(ZRESID) Regression Notes Output Created 3-Aug-2008 :40:50 Comments Input Data C:\Documents and Settings\Stig Walsh\My Documents\First Paper\Frequency_loggedsav Active Dataset DataSet0 Filter <none> Weight <none> N of Rows in Working Data File 24 Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as missing Cases Used Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used Syntax REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI BCOV R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT Range /METHOD=ENTER Log_L Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol /SCATTERPLOT=(*ZRESID,*ZPRED ) /RESIDUALS DURBIN HIST(ZRESID) NORM(ZRESID) Resources Elapsed Time 00:00:0 Memory Required 2396 bytes Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots 888 bytes Processor Time 00:00:0 Descriptive Statistics Mean Std Deviation N Range 2, , Log_L Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol Variables Entered/Removed(b) Variables Entered Variables Removed Method Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC(a) Enter a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: Range 2

3 Summary(b) R R Square Adjusted R Square Std Error of the Estimate 794(a) , a Predictors: (Constant), Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC b Dependent Variable: Range Change Statistics Durbin-Watson Sig F Change R Square Change F Change df df ANOVA(b) Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig Regression 65,25, ,303, (a) Residual 38,34, ,007, Total 03,349, a Predictors: (Constant), Log_Vol, Log_ML, Log_L, Log_RC b Dependent Variable: Range Coefficients(a) Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig B Std Error Beta (Constant) 5,83750, Log_L 7,00204, Log_RC -7, , Log_ML 4,5830 5, Log_Vol a Dependent Variable: Range 95% Confidence Interval for B Correlations Collinearity Statistics Zero-order Partial Part Tolerance VIF B Std Error 2, , , , ,2459 4, , , , Coefficient Correlations(a) Log_Vol Log_ML Log_L Log_RC Correlations Log_Vol Log_ML Log_L Log_RC Covariances Log_Vol 299, , , , Log_ML -795, ,20,73496,04, ,066, Log_L -223,570773,04,90727,597, ,590, Log_RC 885, ,066, ,590, ,974, a Dependent Variable: Range Collinearity Diagnostics(a) Dimension Eigenvalue Condition Index Variance Proportions Log_RC Log_ML Log_Vol a Dependent Variable: Range (Constant) Log_L Residuals Statistics(a) Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Predicted Value , , , Residual -, , , Std Predicted Value Std Residual a Dependent Variable: Range 3

4 REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogRC /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT Loglength /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Regression Notes Output Created Comments Input Missing Value Handling Syntax Data Active Dataset Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File Definition of Missing Cases Used E:\Stigsav DataSet <none> <none> <none> 28-AUG :36:8 59 User-defined missing values are treated as missing Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT Loglength /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Page

5 Notes Resources Variables Created or Modified Elapsed Time Memory Required Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots Processor Time PRE_20 RES_20 ZPR_20 SRE_20 SDR_9 MAH_9 COO_9 LEV_9 DFB0_20 DFB_20 DFB2_20 DFB3_20 DFB4_20 DFB5_20 DFB6_20 DFB7_20 DFB8_20 DFB9_20 SDB0_9 SDB_9 SDB2_9 SDB3_9 SDB4_9 SDB5_9 SDB6_9 SDB7_9 SDB8_9 SDB9_ bytes 0 bytes 0:00:0002 0:00:0002 Unstandardized Predicted Value Unstandardized Residual Standardized Predicted Value Studentized Residual Studentized Deleted Residual Mahalanobis Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value DFBETA for (Constant) DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for (Constant) Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Less_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for More_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for Closed_ terrestrial Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for [DataSet] E:\Stigsav Page 2

6 Descriptive Statistics Loglength Mean Std Deviation N Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N Loglength Loglength Loglength Complex_ Loglength multiphrase Page 3

7 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N Loglength Loglength Loglength Closed_ terrestrial Page 4

8 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N Loglength Loglength Loglength Variables Entered/Removed b Variables Entered, Singlephras e,, Closed_ terrestrial, More_ than_20, Multiphras e,, Complex_ multiphras e, Less_ than_20 a Variables Removed a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: Loglength Method Enter Page 5

9 Summary b Adjusted R Std Error of R R Square Square the Estimate 752 a Summary b Change Statistics R Square Durbin- Change F Change df df2 Sig F Change Watson a Predictors: (Constant),,,,,,,,, b Dependent Variable: Loglength ANOVA b Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig a a Predictors: (Constant),,,,, More_than_ 20,,,, b Dependent Variable: Loglength Coefficients a (Constant) Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std Error Beta t Sig Page 6

10 Coefficients a (Constant) a Dependent Variable: Loglength Correlations Zero-order Partial Part Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Condition Eigenvalue Index Page 7

11 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Variance Proportions Complex_ (Constant) multiphrase Page 8

12 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension a Dependent Variable: Loglength Variance Proportions Closed_ terrestrial Residuals Statistics a Predicted Value Std Predicted Value Standard Error of Predicted Value Adjusted Predicted Value Residual Std Residual Stud Residual Deleted Residual Stud Deleted Residual Mahal Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value a Dependent Variable: Loglength Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Page 9

13 REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogRC /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Regression Notes Output Created Comments Input Missing Value Handling Syntax Resources Data Active Dataset Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File Definition of Missing Cases Used Elapsed Time Memory Required Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots Processor Time E:\Stigsav DataSet <none> <none> <none> 28-AUG :35:28 59 User-defined missing values are treated as missing Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogRC /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA 3380 bytes 0 bytes 0:00:0008 0:00:0008 Page

14 Notes Variables Created or Modified PRE_9 RES_9 ZPR_9 SRE_9 SDR_8 MAH_8 COO_8 LEV_8 DFB0_9 DFB_9 DFB2_9 DFB3_9 DFB4_9 DFB5_9 DFB6_9 DFB7_9 DFB8_9 DFB9_9 SDB0_8 SDB_8 SDB2_8 SDB3_8 SDB4_8 SDB5_8 SDB6_8 SDB7_8 SDB8_8 SDB9_8 Unstandardized Predicted Value Unstandardized Residual Standardized Predicted Value Studentized Residual Studentized Deleted Residual Mahalanobis Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value DFBETA for (Constant) DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for (Constant) Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Less_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for More_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for Closed_ terrestrial Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for [DataSet] E:\Stigsav Descriptive Statistics LogRC Mean Std Deviation N Page 2

15 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogRC LogRC LogRC Complex_ LogRC multiphrase Page 3

16 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogRC LogRC LogRC Closed_ terrestrial Page 4

17 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogRC LogRC LogRC Variables Entered/Removed b Variables Entered, Singlephras e,, Closed_ terrestrial, More_ than_20, Multiphras e,, Complex_ multiphras e, Less_ than_20 a Variables Removed a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: LogRC Method Enter Page 5

18 Summary b Adjusted R Std Error of R R Square Square the Estimate 585 a Summary b Change Statistics R Square Durbin- Change F Change df df2 Sig F Change Watson a Predictors: (Constant),,,,,,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogRC ANOVA b Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig a a Predictors: (Constant),,,,, More_than_ 20,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogRC Coefficients a (Constant) Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std Error Beta t Sig Page 6

19 Coefficients a (Constant) a Dependent Variable: LogRC Correlations Zero-order Partial Part Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Condition Eigenvalue Index Page 7

20 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Variance Proportions Complex_ (Constant) multiphrase Page 8

21 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension a Dependent Variable: LogRC Variance Proportions Closed_ terrestrial Residuals Statistics a Predicted Value Std Predicted Value Standard Error of Predicted Value Adjusted Predicted Value Residual Std Residual Stud Residual Deleted Residual Stud Deleted Residual Mahal Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value a Dependent Variable: LogRC Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Page 9

22 REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogVol /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogML /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Regression Notes Output Created Comments Input Missing Value Handling Syntax Data Active Dataset Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File Definition of Missing Cases Used E:\Stigsav DataSet <none> <none> <none> 28-AUG :34:47 59 User-defined missing values are treated as missing Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogML /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Page

23 Notes Resources Variables Created or Modified Elapsed Time Memory Required Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots Processor Time PRE_8 RES_8 ZPR_8 SRE_8 SDR_7 MAH_7 COO_7 LEV_7 DFB0_8 DFB_8 DFB2_8 DFB3_8 DFB4_8 DFB5_8 DFB6_8 DFB7_8 DFB8_8 DFB9_8 SDB0_7 SDB_7 SDB2_7 SDB3_7 SDB4_7 SDB5_7 SDB6_7 SDB7_7 SDB8_7 SDB9_ bytes 0 bytes 0:00:0003 0:00:0003 Unstandardized Predicted Value Unstandardized Residual Standardized Predicted Value Studentized Residual Studentized Deleted Residual Mahalanobis Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value DFBETA for (Constant) DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for (Constant) Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Less_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for More_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for Closed_ terrestrial Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for [DataSet] E:\Stigsav Page 2

24 Descriptive Statistics LogML Mean Std Deviation N Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogML LogML LogML Complex_ LogML multiphrase Page 3

25 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogML LogML LogML Closed_ terrestrial Page 4

26 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogML LogML LogML Variables Entered/Removed b Variables Entered, Singlephras e,, Closed_ terrestrial, More_ than_20, Multiphras e,, Complex_ multiphras e, Less_ than_20 a Variables Removed a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: LogML Method Enter Page 5

27 Summary b Adjusted R Std Error of R R Square Square the Estimate 500 a Summary b Change Statistics R Square Durbin- Change F Change df df2 Sig F Change Watson a Predictors: (Constant),,,,,,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogML ANOVA b Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig a a Predictors: (Constant),,,,, More_than_ 20,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogML Coefficients a (Constant) Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std Error Beta t Sig Page 6

28 Coefficients a (Constant) a Dependent Variable: LogML Correlations Zero-order Partial Part Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Condition Eigenvalue Index Page 7

29 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Variance Proportions Complex_ (Constant) multiphrase Page 8

30 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension a Dependent Variable: LogML Variance Proportions Closed_ terrestrial Residuals Statistics a Predicted Value Std Predicted Value Standard Error of Predicted Value Adjusted Predicted Value Residual Std Residual Stud Residual Deleted Residual Stud Deleted Residual Mahal Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value a Dependent Variable: LogML Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Page 9

31 REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogVol /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA Regression Notes Output Created Comments Input Missing Value Handling Syntax Resources Data Active Dataset Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File Definition of Missing Cases Used Elapsed Time Memory Required Additional Memory Required for Residual Plots Processor Time E:\Stigsav DataSet <none> <none> <none> 28-AUG :34:09 59 User-defined missing values are treated as missing Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any variable used REGRESSION /DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N /MISSING LISTWISE /STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA COLLIN TOL CHANGE ZPP /CRITERIA=PIN(05) POUT(0) /NOORIGIN /DEPENDENT LogVol /METHOD=ENTER /RESIDUALS DURBIN /SAVE PRED ZPRED MAHAL COOK LEVER RESID SRESID SDRESID DFBETA SDBETA 2260 bytes 0 bytes 0:00:0005 0:00:0004 Page

32 Notes Variables Created or Modified PRE_7 RES_7 ZPR_7 SRE_7 SDR_6 MAH_6 COO_6 LEV_6 DFB0_7 DFB_7 DFB2_7 DFB3_7 DFB4_7 DFB5_7 DFB6_7 DFB7_7 DFB8_7 DFB9_7 SDB0_6 SDB_6 SDB2_6 SDB3_6 SDB4_6 SDB5_6 SDB6_6 SDB7_6 SDB8_6 SDB9_6 Unstandardized Predicted Value Unstandardized Residual Standardized Predicted Value Studentized Residual Studentized Deleted Residual Mahalanobis Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value DFBETA for (Constant) DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for (Constant) Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for Less_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for More_ than_20 Standardized DFBETA for Closed_ terrestrial Standardized DFBETA for Standardized DFBETA for [DataSet] E:\Stigsav Descriptive Statistics LogVol Mean Std Deviation N Page 2

33 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogVol LogVol LogVol Complex_ LogVol multiphrase Page 3

34 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogVol LogVol LogVol Closed_ terrestrial Page 4

35 Correlations Pearson Correlation Sig (-tailed) N LogVol LogVol LogVol Variables Entered/Removed b Variables Entered, Singlephras e,, Closed_ terrestrial, More_ than_20, Multiphras e,, Complex_ multiphras e, Less_ than_20 a Variables Removed a All requested variables entered b Dependent Variable: LogVol Method Enter Page 5

36 Summary b Adjusted R Std Error of R R Square Square the Estimate 405 a Summary b Change Statistics R Square Durbin- Change F Change df df2 Sig F Change Watson a Predictors: (Constant),,,,,,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogVol ANOVA b Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig a a Predictors: (Constant),,,,, More_than_ 20,,,, b Dependent Variable: LogVol Coefficients a (Constant) Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients B Std Error Beta t Sig Page 6

37 Coefficients a (Constant) a Dependent Variable: LogVol Correlations Zero-order Partial Part Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Condition Eigenvalue Index Page 7

38 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension Variance Proportions Complex_ (Constant) multiphrase Page 8

39 Collinearity Diagnostics a Dimension a Dependent Variable: LogVol Variance Proportions Closed_ terrestrial Residuals Statistics a Predicted Value Std Predicted Value Standard Error of Predicted Value Adjusted Predicted Value Residual Std Residual Stud Residual Deleted Residual Stud Deleted Residual Mahal Distance Cook's Distance Centered Leverage Value a Dependent Variable: LogVol Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation N Page 9

40 Scan Parameters Notes: The following briefly detail the resolution and settings of µct scans obtained for this project In many cases data available for one scan was not available for another, so there is some degree of variation in the information for each species All scans were performed without filtering unless otherwise indicated Personal names that appear next to specimen numbers indicate people to whom we are grateful for being allowed access to pre-existing datasets; where no name appears, specimens were either scanned as part of this project, or by LW as part of earlier projects Abbreviations: FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; FRIM, Forest Research Institute, Malaysia; LDUCZ, Museum of Zoology, University College, London; NHM, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London; TMM and TNHC, Texas Memorial Museum, Austin; UCA, S E Evans Comparative Anatomy Collection, Department of Anatomy, University College London; UCMZ, Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge; UF, Florida Museum of Natural History; USNM, Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; YPM, Yale Peabody Museum, Newhaven Squamata: Colubridae Ahaetulla nasuta (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (87 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0027 mm 2, slice thickness 0027 mm (584 x 665 pixels); field of view 583 mm Crocodylia: Alligatoridae Alligator mississipiensis (TMM M-983; Brochu 999) Specimen scanned was immature Specimen scanned in the horizontal plane (35 slices) using an SMS 0 scanner that was built in the 980s Slice thickness 0480 mm; interslice spacing 0480 mm Squamata: Polycrotidae Anolis grahami (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (955 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (65 x 475 pixels); field of view 738 mm Squamata: Polycrotidae Anolis sagrei (NHM 96479) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (954 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (649 x 474 pixels); field of view 733 mm

41 Squamata: Anomochilidae Anomolochilus leonardii (FRIM 0026; Jessie Maisano) Poor image quality due to both small size of specimen and movement during scanning 024x024 6-bit TIFF images II, 80 kv, 0088 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= 0044 mm), SOD 2 mm, 600 views, 4 samples per view, inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= 0044 mm), field of reconstruction 55 mm (maximum field of view 688 mm), reconstruction offset 0000, reconstruction scale 500 Total slices = 553 Struthioniformes: Apterygidae Apteryx hastelquistii (NHM S/9722) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (03 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0047 mm 2, slice thickness 0047 mm (584 x 665 pixels); field of view 583 mm Archaeopterygiformes: Archaeopterygidae (NHM 3700) Scanned twice at the University of Texas at Austin, at 20 kv and 80 kv Specimen scanned along coronal axis (two independent series of 33 slices output as a 6-bit TIFF stack); pixel resolution 00205, slice thickness mm; field of view 20 mm Anseriformes: Anatidae Aythya fuligula (NHM S/98727) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (944 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0036 mm 2, slice thickness 0036 mm (882 x 72 pixels); field of view 454 mm Falconiformes: Accipitridae Buteo buteo (NHM S/ ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (354 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (034 x 228 pixels); field of view 4343 mm Crocodylia: Alligatoridae Caiman crocodylus (FMNH 737; Jessie Maisano) Specimen scanned at along the coronal axis (945 slices) Slice thickness 042 mm; interslice spacing 042 mm; field of reconstruction of 670 mm No other information available Struthioniformes: Casuariidae Casuarius casuarius (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (469 slices output as 6-bit DCM stack); pixel resolution 0487 mm 2, slice thickness 0487 mm (694 x 690 pixels); field of view 032 mm 2

42 Squamata: Viperidae Cerastes cerastes (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (954 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (649 x 474 pixels); field of view 733 mm Squamata: Scincidae Chalcides occelatus (YPM 2690; Jessie Maisano) Specimen scanned along coronal axis (630 slices) Slice thickness mm; interslice spacing mm No other information available Testudines: Cheloniidae Chelonia mydas (NHM ) Scanned at the Royal Veterinary College in the axial axis at 20 Kv, no filter (38 slices output as 6-bit DCM stack) Pixel resolution mm 2 Slice thickness 5 mm (520 x 520 pixels); field of view 50 mm Testudines: Chelydridae Chelydra serpenta (UF 2259; Jessie Maisano) Specimen scanned along horizontal axis (570 slices) Slice thickness 0246 mm; interslice spacing 0246 mm; field of reconstruction of 07 mm No other information available Ciconiiformes: Ciconidae Ciconia ciconia (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (237 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (64 x 232 pixels); field of view 5308 mm Ciconiiformes: Ciconidae Ciconia nigra (NHM S/95203) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (378 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (234 x 98 pixels); field of view 4936 mm Passeriformes: Corvidae Corvus corax (NHM S/ ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (379 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (07 x 273 pixels); field of view 476 mm 3

43 Squamata: Xatusiidae Cricosaura typica (USNM ; Jessie Maisano) 024 x bit TIFF images II, 20 kv, 02 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= 0052 mm), SOD 22 mm, 000 views, 8 samples per view, inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= 0052 mm), field of reconstruction 6 mm (maximum field of view 7204 mm), reconstruction offset 0000, reconstruction scale 020 Total slices = 645 Crocodylia: Crocodilidae Crocodylus acutus (FMNH 5907) Scanned at O Bleness Memorial Hospital, Athens, Ohio, on a GE LightSpeed Ultra Multislice at an energy of 20 kv, a power of 200 ma, and a slice thickness of 0625 mm Crocodylia: Crocodilidae Crocodylus intermedius (FMNH 75662) Scanned at O Bleness Memorial Hospital, Athens, Ohio, on a GE LightSpeed Ultra Multislice at an energy of 20 kv, a power of 200 ma, and a slice thickness of 0625 mm Crocodylia: Crocodilidae Crocodylus johnstonii (TMM M-6807; Jessie Maisano) Skull scanned along coronal axis (77 slices); slice thickness 0223 mm; interslice spacing 0223 mm No other information available Crocodylia: Crocodilidae Crocodylus morelettii (TMM M-4980) This specimen was scanned on along the coronal axis for a total of 663 slices Each slice is 05 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 05 mm and a field of reconstruction of 950 mm Anseriformes: Anatidae Cygnus olor (NHM S/995) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (23 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0050 mm 2, slice thickness 0050 mm (584 x 665 pixels); field of view 583 mm Passeriformes: Dicruridae Dicrurus paradiseus (NHM S/96963) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (94 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (75 x 249 pixels); field of view 5887 mm 4

44 Squamata: Trogonophiidae Diplometopon zarudnyi (FMNH 64429; Jessie Maisano) 024 x bit TIF images II, 80 kv, 033 ma, slice thickness = 2 lines (= 0092 mm), 000 views, 5 samples per view, interslice spacing = 2 lines (= 0092 mm), field of reconstruction 95 mm (maximum field of view 957 mm) Total slices = 459 Struthioniformes: Casuaridae Dromaeus novaehollandiae (NHM S/20050) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (798 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0093 mm 2, slice thickness 0093 mm (93 x 838 pixels); field of view 8500 mm Squamata: Scincidae Eumeces schneideri (YPM 2688; Jessie Maisano) Specimen scanned along coronal axis ( x 024 pixel slices) Slice thickness mm; interslice spacing mm; field of reconstruction 20 mm No other information available Squamata: Crotophytidae Gambelia wislizenii (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (624 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (92 x 845 pixels); field of view 3242 mm Crocodylia: Gavialidae Gavialis gangeticus (TMM M-5490; Jessie Maisano) Scanned for Timothy Rowe of the University of Texas (Department of Geological Sciences) at Scientific Measurement Systems, Inc; original interslice spacing and field of reconstruction unknown, estimated by measuring original specimen Field of reconstruction = 53 mm; interslice spacing mm for the original coronal slices Squamata: Gekkonidae Gekko gecko (NHM 98365) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (578 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0044 mm 2, slice thickness 0044 mm (435 x 858 pixels); field of view 594 mm Squamata: Anguidae Gerrhonotus coeruleus (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (244 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0084 mm 2, slice thickness 0084 mm (665 x 784 pixels); field of view 224 mm 5

45 Squamata: Anguidae Gerrhonotus infernalis (YPM 4379; Jessie Maisano) 024 x bit TIFF images II, 20 kv, 02 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= 0043 mm), SOD 63 mm, 000 views, 2 samples per view, inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= 0043 mm), field of reconstruction 20 mm (maximum field of view 206 mm) Total slices = 845 Squamata: Geckkonidae Gymnodactylus geckoides (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (52 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (726 x 737 pixels); field of view 474 mm Squamata: Helodermatidae Heloderma suspectum (TNHC 62766; Jessie Maisano) 024 x bit TIFF images II, 80 kv, 033 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= 033 mm), inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= 033 mm), field of reconstruction 555 mm (maximum field of view mm) Ring-removal processing done by Rachel Racicot based on correction of raw sinogram data using IDL routine RK_SinoRingProcSimul with default parameters Total slices = 555 Squamata: Geckkonidae Hemitheconyx caudicinctus (YPM 438; Jessie Maisano) 024 x bit TIFF images II, 20 kv, 02 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= mm), inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= mm), field of reconstruction 26 mm (maximum field of view 2839 mm) Total slices = 555 Squamata: Lanthanotidae Lanthanotus borneensis (YPM 6057; Jessie Maisano) Specimen was scanned along oblique axis (204 slices); slice thickness 009 mm; interslice spacing 009 mm No other information available Squamata: Tropiduridae Liolaemis chilensis (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (692 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (002 x 002 pixels); field of view 2335 mm Passeriformes: Muscicapidae Luscinia megarhynchos (NHM S/96844) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (69 slices output as 6-bit DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (486 x 757 pixels); field of view 83 mm 6

46 Psittaciformes: Psittacidae Melopsittacus undulatus (NHM S/966559) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (830 slices output as 6-bit DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (569 x 586 pixels); field of view 222 mm Squamata: Elapidae Naja naja (NHM 59922) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (249 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (46 x 265 pixels); field of view 58 mm Squamata: Gekkonidae Nephrurus levis (YPM 2868; Jessie Maisano) Specimen scanned along coronal axis (554 slices); slice thickness 0047 mm; interslice spacing 0047 mm; field of reconstruction 99 mm No other information available Prophaethontiformes: Prophaethontidae Prophaethon shrubsolei (NHM A683) Scanned at the University of Texas at Austin along coronal axis at 80 kv with Aluminium filter (0 slices output as 6 bit TIFF stack); pixel resolution 0047 mm, slice thickness 00 mm, reconstruction 49 mm Odontopterygiiformes: Odontopterygidae Odontopteryx toliapica (NHM 44096) Scanned at the University of Texas at Austin along coronal axis at 80 kv with Aluminium filter (947slices output as 6 bit TIFF stack); pixel resolution 0047 mm, slice thickness 00 mm, reconstruction 49 mm Squamata: Lacertidae Podarcis scicula (NHM 97844) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (627 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (4 x 020 pixels); field of view 255 mm Psittaciformes: Psittacidae Psittacus erithacus (NHM S/ ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (07 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0036 mm 2, slice thickness 0036 mm (204 x 24 pixels); field of view 4346 mm 7

47 Squamata: Gekkonidae Ptyodactylus hasselquistii (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (954 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (65 x 474 pixels); field of view 738 mm Squamata: Boiidae Python morulus (TNHC 62769; Jessie Maisano) Specimen was scanned from bottom to top; images flipped 024 x bit TIFF images II, 20 kv, 02 ma, slice thickness 2 lines (= 0055 mm), inter-slice spacing 2 lines (= 0055 mm), field of reconstruction 45 mm (maximum field of view mm) Total slices = 80 Passeriformes: Regulidae Regulus regulus (NHM Unregistered Palaeontology Comparative Collection (6)9) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (657 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 004 mm 2, slice thickness 004 mm (48 x 740 pixels); field of view 673 mm Strigiformes: Strigidae Speleotyto cunicularia (NHM S/986753) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (327 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0036 mm 2, slice thickness 0036 mm (830 x 55 pixels); field of view 2996 mm Sphenisciformes: Spheniscidae Spheniscus demersus (UF 234; Nina Triche) Specimen scanned along the coronal axis (954 slices) Slice thickness 09 mm; interslice spacing 09 mm; field of reconstruction of 56 mm No other information available Rhynchocephalia: Sphenodontidae Sphenodon punctatus (LDUCZ x036; Marc Jones) 000 x bit TIFF images Source to object distance mm, Resolution (X) mm, Resolution (Y) mm; voxel size mm 3 No other information available Struthioniformes: Struthionidae Struthio camelus (NHM 92725) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (773 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0372 mm 2, slice thickness 0372 mm (570 x 735 pixels); field of view 7820 mm 8

48 Passeriformes: Estrildidae Taeniopygia guttata (NHM S/200246) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (866 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (44 x 586 pixels); field of view 544 mm Squamata: Scincidae Tiliqua rugosa (NHM 29a) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (77 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0046 mm 2, slice thickness 0046 mm (520 x 785 pixels); field of view 2397 mm Crocodylia: Crocodilidae Tomistoma schlegelii (USNM 2322) Scanned at O Bleness Memorial Hospital, Athens, Ohio, on a GE LightSpeed Ultra Multislice at an energy of 20 kv, a power of 200 ma, and a slice thickness of 0625 mm Squamata: Scincidae Trilobolonotus gracilis (NHM ) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (659 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (284 x 866 pixels); field of view 3698 mm Strigiformes: Tytonidae Tyto alba (NHM S/9839) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (082 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution mm 2, slice thickness mm (929 x 095 pixels); field of view 3798 mm Squamata: Agamidae Uromastyx hardwickii (UCA5; Jessie Maisano) Scanned in horizontal orientation 024 x bit TIFF images II, 20 kv, 02 ma, slice thickness line (= mm), inter-slice spacing line (= mm), field of reconstruction 55 mm (maximum field of view mm Total slices = 486 Squamata: Varanidae Varanus exanthematicus (NHM 93262) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (42 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0045 mm 2, slice thickness 0045 mm (480 x 062 pixels); field of view 992 mm 9

49 Squamata: Varanidae Varanus giganteus (UCMZ R9586; M Lowe) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along horizontal axis (507 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0062 mm 2, slice thickness 0062 mm (2000 x 055 pixels); field of view 24 mm Squamata: Varanidae Varanus niloticus (NHM 9753) Elmer Flat panel Specimen scanned along axial axis (008 slices output as DCM stack); pixel resolution 0085 mm 2, slice thickness 0085 mm (70 x 874 pixels); field of view 607 mm Reference Brochu, C A 999 Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea; pp 9 00 in T Rowe, C A Brochu, and K Kishi (eds), Cranial Morphology of Alligator and Phylogeny of Alligatoroidae Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6 0

50 Use of constriction landmark for measuring ECD length In Sphenodon and the Testudines examined here the constriction landmark for ECD length measurements is difficult to find A thorough survey of inner ear morphology across Testudines would be worthwhile to investigate whether the lack of this feature was common to all turtles, but lay outside the scope of the present work The dorsal extent of the fenestra vestibuli was initially considered as the proximal limit of the cochlear duct length measurement, but the impression of the fenestra vestibuli was difficult to detect on many of our dataset scans The constriction between the saccule and cochlear duct was used because this feature was clear on all but three of the taxa included Scaling using basicranial length Basicranial length was chosen as a scaling factor rather than body mass and similar metrics, because it is more closely linked to the size of the braincase and is a straightforward procedure Furthermore, accurate mass estimates were unavailable for many of the taxa in our dataset Basicranial length is often used as a proxy for body size in other studies that involve scaling issues We believe that basicranial length remains the best approach to mitigate size effects, particularly considering the wide range of body forms and phylogenetic groups in our dataset (which includes groups as disparate as turtles and birds) Ontogenetic factors Ontogeny is not a factor in our study as only adult animals were included There is some evidence that the middle ear of squamates may change during ontogeny, but the length of the lizard basilar papilla (and hence the cochlear duct) remains constant throughout life (Wever, 978; Miller, 980) In the case of birds, the size and architecture of the braincase in volant forms is generally fixed on leaving the nest, as the cranial bones become fully fused and the sutures entirely obliterated Consequently ontogeny is probably an unimportant factor using these methods, although this remains to be tested, and is an avenue for further study Choice of divisions for sociality variables In this analysis aggregation sizes beyond pair bonding were divided into groups of 20 or less and groups of over 20 This dividing value was chosen because it was useful for finer distinctions within birds and crocodiles (squamates being mostly solitary) Analysis of solitary forms, species that form pairs and species that form aggregations larger than pairs would be another way to code the analysis, but would have provided only three categories and potentially may have missed patterns in the data A larger dataset would allow a greater number of sociality-related categories to be tested that relate to specific groups, but until we possess such a dataset the 20 individual division has proved to be useful for the purposes of this study Inclusion of Tyto alba (barn owl) In our regression plots the barn owl (Tyto alba) appears to be an outlier However, closer inspection reveals that other species are equally distant from the regression line, albeit on the opposite side We had already expected this relationship based on earlier research (eg, Gleich et al, 2005) and we specifically chose this species because of its long basilar

Lab VII. Tuatara, Lizards, and Amphisbaenids

Lab VII. Tuatara, Lizards, and Amphisbaenids Lab VII Tuatara, Lizards, and Amphisbaenids Project Reminder Don t forget about your project! Written Proposals due and Presentations are given on 4/21!! Abby and Sarah will read over your written proposal