RATTAN PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 PD 334/05 Rev. 2(I) DEMONSTRATION AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION TECHNOLOIES FOR RATTAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES [ITTO-Phiippines-ASEAN Rattan Poject] Technoogy uide 02 RATTAN PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAEMENT ARMANDO M. PALIJON, REORIO E. SANTOS, JR. and AIDA BAJA-LAPIS Fo moe infomation, pease contact: ITTO-Phiippines-ASEAN Rattan Poject Ecosystems Reseach and Deveopment Bueau Coege, Laguna 4031 Phiippines Teefax: ; Te.No.: , oca 230 E-mai: Website: Executing Agency: Ecosystems Reseach and Deveopment Bueau - Depatment of Envionment and Natua Resouces Coaboating Agencies: Foest Poducts Reseach and Deveopment Institute - Depatment of Science and Technoogy and Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños Coege of Foesty and Natua Resouces Paticipating ASEAN membe Counties: Funding suppot: Intenationa Topica Timbe Oganization

2 ABOUT THE AUTHORS D. ARMANDO MANITO PALIJON is a Univesity Pofesso at the Institute of Renewabe Natua Resouces, Coege of Foesty and Natua Resouces, Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños, Coege 4031 Laguna. He has been with the Univesity fo sevea decades teaching, doing eseach and extension wok on sivicutue of timbe and non-timbe foest poduct poducing species, aboicutue and uban foesty. He has been activey invoved in the impementation of nationa and intenationa eseach and deveopment pojects. He obtained his undegaduate and gaduate studies at the Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños. Fo. REORIO E. SANTOS JR. is Senio Science Reseach Speciaist assigned at the Coasta Zone and Feshwate Ecosystems at the Ecosystems Reseach and Deveopment Bueau. He seved as the Supeviso of the Los Baños Expeiment Station engaged in the estabishment of attan, bamboo and medicina pant gene banks and deveopment of ago-foesty and tee pantation demonstation aea. He is vey much active in technoogy tansfe. He finished his undegaduate studies at Westen Mindanao State Univesity in Zamboanga City and his maste s degee at the Deveopment Academy of the Phiippines in Pasig City, Meto Mania, Phiippines. D. AIDA BAJA LAPIS is a Supevising Science Reseach Speciaist seving as the chief of assand Rehabiitation Section of assand and Degaded Aeas Reseach Division of the Ecosystems Reseach and Deveopment Bueau. At the same time, she is the Deputy Poject Diecto of the ITTO-Phiippines-ASEAN Rattan Poject. She has been in the eseach fied fo moe than 35 yeas and has accompished sevea oca and intenationa pojects. She finished he undegaduate and post-gaduate studies at the Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños, Coege, Laguna, Phiippines. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Cata, C.A. and A.M. Paijon The stat of something big: The TABARA expeience. Phiippine Agofoesty Deveopment News. Institute of Agofoesty, Coege of Foesty and Natua Resouces, Univesity of the Phiippines, Coege, Laguna pp Dea Cuz, L.U Nutitiona, ight and wate equiements of some commecia attan species. Coege of Foesty, Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños, Coege, Laguna, Phiippines. (Poject Repot, Unpubished). Fenando, E.S. and W.R. Paaypayon Sma scae attan faming: Notes on a case study of two sites in Panay. Poceedings of the Nationa Symposium-Wokshop on Rattan, Cebu City p Ketphanh, S., Damacio, F.L. and Santande, M.L County Repot of Rattan Poduction and Utiization in Lao Peope s Repubic. In: Poceedings of Regiona Confeence on Sustainabe Deveopment of Rattan in Asia hed on Jan , 2004 at Mania Paviion Hote, Mania Phiippines. Odinaio, F Fetiization of attan. A pape pesented duing the attan R&D Semina Wokshop, Coege, Laguna (Unpubished). PCARRD, Phiippine ecommends fo attan poduction. Phiippine Counci fo Agicutue, Foesty and natua Resouces Reseach and Deveopment, Los Baños, Laguna. (Phiippine Recommends Seies No. 55-A). pp, 95. Raza, R.A. and A.M. Paijon. Undated. Non-Wood Foest Poducts of the Phiippines. Coege of Foesty and Natua Resouces, Univesity of the Phiippines Los Baños, Coege, Laguna, UP Pess (In-Pess). Wiyono, B. and.e. Santos, J. (2004). Pesent Status of Sustainabe Rattan Poduction and Utiization in Indonesia. In:. Poceedings of Regiona Confeence on Sustainabe Deveopment of Rattan in Asia. Hed on Jan , 2004 at Mania Paviion Hote, Mania Phiippines. ISBN: Pubished by ITTO-Phiippines-ASEAN Rattan Poject 33

3 The ITTO attan poject wi assist the community in putting up the foowing nusey faciities that may be buit in the aea. These may incude tempoay soi/potting shed, pot beds (ecovey and hadening pot beds) and wate esevoi (dums) fo wateing. Likewise the poject wi povide nusey and pantation toos and equipment ike gass cutte, boos, scythe, spades and shoves, puning sheas, digging bas and puning saws and nusey and pantation suppies and mateias such as gasoine, poy-bags, office suppies (ba pen, making pens, ecod books and othes). Recod Keeping Inevitaby, a eevant activities eated to the opeations of the nusey and piot demonstation shoud be ecoded popey. This wi be vey impotant to detemine whethe the activities ae consistent with the pan o the pan needs to be modified to be abe to optimize the use of esouces (time, taent and teasue). Recods ae vey cucia if updating about the poject is needed and aso if panning and decision-making ae to be made. Refeences Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Ahmad, J.H.A., Mabong, D.H., and Aoyo, C County Status Repot on Rattan Industy of Bunei Daussaam. In: Poceedings of Regiona Confeence On Sustainabe Deveopment of Rattan in Asia hed on Jan. 22 to 23, 2004 at Mania Paviion Hote, Mania Phiippines. Baizan, R. and Rivea, M.C County Repot on the Status of Rattan Resouces and Rattan Industies In Maaysia. In: Poceedings of Regiona Confeence on Sustainabe Deveopment of Rattan in Asia. Hed on Jan , 2004 at Mania Paviion Hote, Mania Phiippines Bavo, D. and N. Andin How to estabish and opeate a attan nusey and pantation. How-to-Seies Voume 1 No. 3, Ecosystem Reseach and Deveopment Bueau, Coege, Laguna, Phiippines. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Rationae 2 II. Rattan Pantation Estabishment 2 Phases: A. Site and species seection 2 1. Citeia fo the seection of the species 3 2. Citeia fo site seection 3 3. Aeas suitabe fo attan pantation deveopment 5 B. Site pepaation activities 9 1. Suvey, bounday deineation and compatmentaization 9 2. Design and ayout of the pantation Spacing of attans fo specific poducts Ceaing and bushing Cown modification Staking and hoing 17 C. Out-panting 18 III. Pantation Management 20 Phases: A. Cae, maintenance and potection of Rattan Pantation Basa fetiize appication Mounding Muching Weeding Cutivation Nutition Repanting Integated Pest Management Thinning Potection of the pantation 26 B. Havesting Havesting techniques 26 C. Management Oganization fo attan pantation Toos, equipment, and faciities Recod keeping of pantation activities 32 Refeences

4 I. Rationae Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- A. Why is thee a need to estabish attan pantation? 1. Rattan suppy fo the funitue industy comes mainy fom the seconday and vigin foests. 2. The continuous convesion of the natua foests into othe and uses has temendousy caused the dwinding suppy of aw attans fo the funitue industy. 3. If suppy of high quaity attan poes can be assued, gowth and expansion of the attan-dependent industies can be futhe enhanced. 4. Rattan pantation estabishment has a ot of benefits: 4.a Can augment the suppy of high quaity attan fo the industy 4.b Can hep upift the socio-economic status of the community engaged in attan poduction, pocessing and tade. 4.c Since attan pants need suppot tees fo thei gowth and deveopment, estabishment of attan pantation wi definitey contibute to the cae, potection and consevation of tees. 4.d he tees conseved due to attan ae essentia in maintaining not ony the aesthetics of the andscape but aso in sustaining the ecoogica conditions in the aea. B. Why is the technoogy guide impotant? 1. Povides the how-to on pantation estabishment, maintenance and management. 2. Usefu fo the oca communities, pivate individuas, non-govenment oganizations (NO) and othes who ae inteested in attan poduction. II. Pantation Estabishment What ae the phases of attan pantation estabishment? These incude site and species seection, site pepaation and outpanting. A. Site and species seection In estabishing a attan pantation, it is vey impotant that the site chaacteistics match with the site equiements of the species o vice vesa. If species- Figue 23. Havested edibe attan shoots being sod in oca maket in Thaiand. The community peope who wi be attending the taining on attan wi quaify to be paticipant-beneficiay of the attan poject. Specificay, they wi be pimaiy invoved in the attan seeding cutue and in the estabishment and management of attan piot demonstation. In the impementation of the pan, mateia inputs ike pastic bags, fetiizes, pesticide wi be povided to the paticipants/beneficiaies of the poject. The quaity and quantity of invovement of the paticipants/beneficiaies in a of the activities wi be ecoded and kept. Site Coodinato wi supevise and monito a eevant activities. The benefits o incentive that wi accue to each of the paticipants/beneficiaies wi depend on the quaity and quantity of the output. Faciities, toos and equipment fo the estabishment of pantation In the poduction of the attan panting stocks needed fo pantation deveopment, estabishment of home nusey wi be encouaged. The paticipants/ beneficiaies ae given the option to goup themseves and estabish thei own home nusey. 2 31

5 pocessing industies using any avaiabe tanspotation faciities in the site. 2. Havesting attan edibe shoots 2.a As pacticed in Lao PDR (Ketphanh, Damacio, and Santande, 2004), afte 8 months fom estabishment, the shoot with the ongest stem is emoved duing the fist havesting (Figue 22). Afte two weeks anothe shoot can be havested fom the same hi. Poduction of shoot fom each cump can be done once a month. This can be done the whoe yea ound paticuay if thee is pope iigation, nutition and cutua management. Figue 23 shows the havested shoots being sod in the oca maket in Thaiand 2.b If no iigation is empoyed, then the poduction may be imited ony duing the ainy season. C. Management Figue 22. Havesting shoots (Coutesy Thai Rattan Scientist) Oganization fo attan pantation Specific fo this poject, the pan togethe with the vaious appoaches and activities wi be cafted, though paticipatoy appoach, by the community. The cafting of this pan wi be faciitated by the site coodinato. 30 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- site compatibiity is assued then pantation estabishment can be highy successfu. 1. What ae the citeia fo the seection of the species? 1.a. Species possesses the foowing chaacteistics: 1.a.1 Suitabiity to the existing site conditions 1.a.2 Appopiate to the poduct o combination of poducts (shoot, cane, dye o fuits) desied 1.a.3 Avaiabiity of maket 1.a.4 Potentia as atenative souce of iveihood fo the community 1.a.5 Pefeed by the community. 2. What ae the citeia fo site seection? Site factos infuencing the habitat equiements of the species ae inteacting and vaied. The site factos that must be consideed in seecting a site fo the estabishment of pantation incude: physiogaphy, sois, cimate and vegetation (PCARRD, 1991; Raza and Paijon, Undated). 2.a Physiogaphy 2.a.1 Each species has its own ange of eevation whee it is gowing natuay we. 2.a.2 Some species ike paasan (Caamus meiii) thive we in ow eevations whie othes ike imuan (Caamus onatus va. phiippinensis) ae vey vigoous and obust in high atitude. 2.a.3 Knowedge of eevation equiements of the species to make sue of the noma gowth and deveopment of the species is necessay. 2.a.4 In estabishing a pantation, it is suggested that aeas be situated in owe eevations, accessibe and in not vey steep sopes fo easie maintenance and management of the pantation. 2.b Sois 2.b.1 Rattan species have vaying needs fo substates in thei gowth and suviva. 2.b.2 Most species of attans pefe sois that ae eithe sandy oam o cay oam with the foowing chaacteistics (Raza and Paijon, Undated): 3

6 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 2.b.2.a High moistue content 2.b.2.b Rich in oganic matte 2.b.2.c Sighty acidic o with ph anging fom 5 to amost neuta. 2.c Cimate 2.c.1 Some attan species have wide distibution whie othes ae confined to a naow geogaphic situation due to diffeences in cimatic conditions paticuay in tems of the amount and distibution of ainfa 2.c.2 Paasan (Caamus meiii) is one of the species with a vey wide distibution in the county. It is consideed as one of the species with the highest cimatic adaptabiity chaacteistics. 2.c.3 Rattan pantation estabished in aeas having unponounced dy and wet season is moe successfu than in aeas with distinct and die sites (PCARRD, 1991). 2.d Existing vegetation 2.d.1 Rattans gow we and poduce high quaity canes depending on the kind of vegetation pesent in the aea. 2.d.2 Rattans pimaiy need tee-vegetated aeas fo shade and suppot. 2.d.3 Rattans can gow tae with suppot tees (Figue 1A). Rattan pants without suppot tees (Figue 1B) tend to odge with its cane incuding the fonds, cius and/o fageum entanging with each othe. 2.d.4 The density o numbe of individua tees pe unit aea and the thickness of the cown of the tees infuence the gowth and deveopment of attans. 2.d.5 Most attan species equie 50% to 70% eative ight intensity (Bavo and Andin, 1990). 2.d.6 Tee-vegetated aeas to be seected shoud aow enough ight iumination. 2.d.7 If canopy does not pemit sufficient ight tansmission then the type of vegetation shoud aow sivicutua teatments ike cown thinning/modification to suit the ight equiements of the attan species. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 1.j.1 In havesting big diamete cane, the base and top potion of the stem and the cius and fageum ae cut fo sevea days o weeks to aow the fonds and thons to dy fo easy puing and ceaning befoe they ae finay coected. Figue 20. Pematue and impope havesting of paasan (C. meiii) cane. Figue 21. Havested attan poes deiveed in the pocessing cente. 1.j.2 The attan stems ae cut into desied ength usuay anging fom3.1 m to 4.1 m. The canes numbeing to about 10 to 20 ae tied togethe and haued manuay to a designated coection aea. Then the tades tanspot the canes to the aw cane maket o 4 29

7 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Figue 19. Puing down the cane fom the tee. Best done if puing is done by a team of 2 to 3 pesons. 1.e.2 The scythe is used fo cutting the cane on top of the tee, fond and fageum o cius cinging on the banches of the suppot tee. 1.e.3 Aftewad, the cane is pued down manuay o with the use of animas. 1.e.4 Recenty, the use of winch has been tied paticuay if the aea is accessibe. 1.f Puing down the cane without cutting the fonds, cius and fageum is moe often impossibe. If it is possibe, the method causes consideabe damage to banches of suppot tees and ony sma potion of the commecia cane can be extacted. Pematue and impope havesting causes consideabe wastage (Figue 20). 1.g Canes with at east 16 m in ength can be havested fom evey pant. 1.h If canes ae havested fom the foests, ony attan with a ength of 25 inea mete o onge sha be cut and gatheed. 1.i The big diamete cane, whethe havested fom the foests o pantation, is nomay cut into 4 m mechantabe poes (Figue 21) (PCARRD 1991). 1.j In Indonesia (Wiyono and Santos J. 2004), seective cutting system (i.e. ony matue canes ae havested) is widey empoyed. Sma diamete canes ae commony havested 6 yeas to 8 yeas afte pantation estabishment whie 12 yeas to 15 yeas fo big diamete canes. (A) (B) Figue 1. owth of attan pants with (A) and without (B) suppot tees. 3. What ae the aeas that can be utiized fo attan pantation estabishment? In the Phiippines, sevea govenment-owned aeas have been identified as avaiabe fo the estabishment of attan pantation (Phiippine Maste Pan fo Foest Deveopment- DENR, 1990). These incude ogged-ove aeas, efoestation aeas and industia tee pantation. 3.a Logged-ove o seconday foests (Figue 2) 3.a.1 Ae aeas with sufficient canopy openings that coud aow 50% to 70% iumination is suitabe fo attan pantation. 3.a.2 Ae aeas that nomay have bette soi conditions (i.e, high humus/oganic matte, favoabe soi moistue and ph) fo the gowth and deveopment of attan. 3.a.3 One of the constaints nomay met by attan pemit-hodes who ae supposed to do epanting and enhancement, howeve, is that the seconday foests ae within the ogging concessions and thus the emova of the suppot tees ae unde the conto of the concessionaies. 3.a.4 In Maaysia, age-scae cutivation of attan in ogged-ove natua foests using the most economicay impotant attan species, the age diamete cane C. manan, was epoted to have been stated in the mid-1980 s and was intensified in the 1990 s (Baizan and Rivea, 2004). 28 5

8 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 1. Havesting canes. 1.a Rattan pantation fo cane poduction eady fo havesting fom the 9 th to the 15 th yea afte estabishment (PCARRD, 1991) (Figue 18). Figue 2. Logged-ove foests fo attan gowing 3.b Refoestation aeas 3.b.1 Miions of hectaes of gassands and bushands have been efoested though contacts using a vaiety of tee species (Figue 3 ) ike: 3.b.1.a Yemane (meina aboea) 3.b.1.b Mahogany (Swietenia macophya) 3.b.1.c Naa (Pteocapus indicus) 3.b.1.d Knife acacia (Acacia auicuifomis) 3.b.1.e Mangium (Acacia mangium) 3.b.1.f Mouccan sau (Paaseianthes facataia) 3.b.1.g Bagas (Eucayptus degupta). 3.b.2 Many of the efoestation aeas have become suitabe fo attan pantation due to pesence of tee species that can seve as nuse and suppot tees fo the attans. 3.b.3 Soi conditions in these aeas have consideaby been impoved due to the panted tee species. 3.b.4 If the intention of the efoestation is to havest the tees at matuity, then inte-panting attan shoud be panned so that havesting age of attan coincides with the havesting age of the tee species. 3.c Industia tee pantations (ITPs) 3.c.1 Pubic foestands eased fo ITPs, pimaiy to poduce timbe in commecia scae, can be used fo inte-panting attan. The wood o timbe seves as the main cop whie the attan poes as secon- Figue 18. Nine yea od paasan (Caamus meiii). 1.b Natuay depends on the ate of gowth and deveopment as infuenced by the kind of cutua management and envionmenta conditions. 1.c Successive havesting can be done at an inteva of 3 ½ yeas. This is paticuay appied on the succeeding canes of custeing attan species ike paasan. 1.d Havesting by: 1.d.1 Puing down the cane ( Figue 19) fom the suppot tees needs appopiate toos and skis. 1.d.2 Taditionay, if the attan cane has enough ength that can be cut, the skied cane coecto cimb the tee, cut the top most potion of commecia quaity. 1.d.3 On the way down, the fageum o the cius is cut to make extaction easie. Puing down the cane is moe effective if done by a team, at east a pai of coectos (Vitucio and Sy, 1988). 1.e Anothe method of havesting is bone by: 1.e.1 Using scythe attached to the poe. 6 27

9 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 9. Thinning 9.a Fo custeing attan species ike C. scipionum, C. onatus, C. meiii (Figue 17) thinning of some of the stems is done to educe competition fo gowth within the cump. This aows the emaining suckes to gow moe vigoousy (Baizan and Rivea 2004). Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- day poducts. Figue 3. Refoestation aeas that can be utiized fo attan pantation. Figue 17. Custeing attan (Paasan, Caamus meiii). 10. Potection of the pantation With egad to potection of the attan pantation, the activities incude: 10.a Constuction and maintenance of fie beaks. 10.b Depoyment of pantation potection cew to see to it that the pantation is safe not ony fom poaches, bowsing animas, but aso fom fie (Raza and Paijon, Undated). 10.c Since attans commony panted unde tee-vegetated aeas ike tee fams and pantations, the potection activities ae ony suppementay to the potection of the atte. B. Havesting Technoogies Havesting and post havesting technoogies vay depending on the intended poducts fom the pantation. 4. What ae othe aeas in the Phiippines that can be used fo attan gowing? These aeas incude: CBFM aeas, mutipe-use and sustainabe-use zones of many potected aeas, pivate tee fams/pantations, ago-foesty fams and home gadens. 4.a Community-based foest Management Pogams (CBFM aeas)- 4.a.1 Most CBFM aeas have existing seconday natua vegetation and atificiay panted tee species that can ikewise be used fo attan gowing. 4.b Buffe and mutipe-use/sustainabe use zones of potected aeas- 4.b.1 Zones in many potected aeas ike the Bico Natua Pak (Figue 4) have been ecenty estabished. Aside fom the stict potection zone, eceation zone, estoation zone, buffe zone, the mutipe use zone (MUZ) and sustainabe-use zone (SUZ) wee incuded. These MUZ and SUZ ae utiized fo attan panting in BNP. 4.b.2 In mutipe use/sustainabe use zones imited o eguated extaction of non-timbe foest poducts paticuay attan, bamboos and vines is aowed though a esouce utiization pemit (RUP). The pemit is given paticuay to communities situated vey nea to the potected aea that have been invoved in the deveopment 26 7

10 ike panting and nutuing of the non-timbe esouces. Figue 4. The Bico Natua Pak Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 4.c Pivate tee fams/pantations- 4.c.1 Tee faming in pivatey-owned and aienabe and disposabe ands in many pats of the county have become vey popua. 4.c.2 Fams o pantations not ony of timbe tees ike mahogany, yemane, bagas, mouccan sau, mangium, knife acacia but aso othe cops ike ubbe (Hevea baziiensis), oi pam (Eaeis guinensis) and coconut (Cocos nucifea) ae common in the Phiippines and in othe ASEAN counties. 4.c.3 Some tee fames intecop non-timbe poducing species ike attan and bamboos to divesify the poducts and incease income. 4.d Home gadens and ago-foesty fams- 4.d.1 Integation of edibe fuit-beaing attan ike ituko, Caamus maniensis) in home gadens using foest tees, fuit tees and pams as suppot is common in Nueva Viscaya and some pats of the Codiea. 4.d.2 In Ioio and othe sites in Panay, tees aong fam boundaies and inside the ago-foesty fams ae used as suppot fo the attans (Figue 5)(Cata and Paijon, 2000; Fenando and Paaypayon, 1988). 4.d.3 If integation of attan in agofoesty can be done in some pats of the county, othe ago-foesty fames in othe pats of the Phiippines can ikewise adopt such faming scheme. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- ubbe pantation. The taget fo the fina stocking is at east 60% of the oigina popuation (Baizan and Rivea 2004). 7.d.2 In Indonesia, epanting of dead attan pants using seedings of the same age with the oiginay out-panted ones is done 2 to 3 months afte estabishment (Wiyono and Santos J. 2004). 7.d.3 In Bunei Daussaam, epacement of dead out-panted attans is undetaken duing the fist maintenance activity ((Ahmad, J.H.A., Mabong, D.H., and Aoyo, C. 2004). 8. Integated Pest Management (IPM) 8.a Not much infomation on the pest and diseases of attans in pantation ae avaiabe. 8.b One of the majo pests that obseved is the hinoceos beete, Oyctes hinoceous(l.) (Coeoptea: Scaabaeidae) (Figue16). This beete attacks the shoot of the attan egadess of the gowth stage of attan. 8.c Appication of systemic pesticide ike Fuadan at 20 to 50 g pe hoe befoe panting and duing the subsequent ife stages of attan, as pacticed in Indonesia (Wiyono and Santos, J., 2004) is ecommended. Simiay, duing the eay gowth and deveopment of attan, ats can be potentia pobem since these animas ike to eish the shoot of the newy panted attans. Tapping and/o appication of odenticide (at poison) aound the base of the newy panted attan is ikewise necessay to minimize motaity. Figue 16. Rhinoceos beete (ava stage) infesting shoots of newy panted attans. 8 25

11 6.c.3 Compete fetiize ( ) at 6 g pe hi once a yea (Odinaio, 1975). 6.d In othe ASEAN-membe counties, the foowing nutition management pactices wee undetaken: 6.d.1 In Bunei Daussaam, 100 g compete fetiize ( Mg + TE), 25 g in each of the 4 hoes dug in each of the 4 cadina diections 30 cm away fom the base aound the panted seeding is appied immediatey afte panting (Ahmad, J.H.A., Mabong, D.H., and Aoyo, C. 2004). 6.d.2 In Indonesia, eithe manue with compost o uea about 10g to 20 g pe hoe is nomay appied befoe panting (Wiyono and Santos, J., 2004). 6.d.3 In Lao PDR, oganic fetiizes, pefeaby manue and compost, ae appied a month afte out-panting of attan intended fo shoot poduction (Ketphanh, S., Damacio, F.L. and Santande, M.L.2004). 6.d.4 In Maaysia, sow eease fetiize (AROBLEN Mg) is appied in the panting hoe at 100 g/hi. This is done ony once in attan pantation estabished in ogged-ove foest. On the othe hand, Chistmas Isand Phosphate (CIRP) fetiize at a ate of 100 g/hoe is appied duing panting of attan in ubbe pantation (Baizan and Rivea, 2004). 7. Repanting 7.a Just ike othe pants, attans ae subjected to a ot of stesses. Unavoidaby, some may ikey to die pobaby due to quite a numbe of easons. 7.b Immediatey epace those individuas that did not suvive to maintain fu stocking so that poduction can be maximized. 7.c Usuay done duing weeding opeations schedued within the initia two yeas of pantation estabishment. Rattan seedings shoud theefoe be avaiabe in the nusey fo epacement puposes. 7.d In othe ASEAN membe counties, epacements ae aso done by the foowing methods: 7.d.1 In Maaysia, epacement of dead o unheathy out-panted seedings is done duing the fist 3 yeas of estabishment egadess of whethe the attan pantation is in ogged-ove foests o 24 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Figue 5. Rattan integation in agofoesty fam in Ioio. B. Site pepaation activities What ae the site pepaation activities invoved in attan pantation estabishment? Pio to panting, the foowing site pepaation activities shoud be undetaken popey: suvey, bounday deineation, and compatmentaization; design and ay-out; ceaing/bushing; canopy modification; hoing, staking and out-panting. 1. Suvey, bounday deineation and compatmentaization 1.a Whethe the aea has existing natua seconday foests, pantations o ago-foesty fams, it is necessay to do an actua suvey in ode to assess not ony the extent of the aea but aso the existing bio-physica conditions of the site. 1.b The bounday of the designated pantation shoud be deineated on the gound and popey dawn on the map fo easy panning. 1.c Once the extent and the boundaies of the aea have been detemined, it is ikewise impotant to divide the site into compatments, say 10 o 20 hectaes, fo ease of estabishment and management of the pantation. 2. Design and ay-out of the pantation- Panting design is vey citica because this detemines the numbe of attan pants that can be panted in the aea that 9

12 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- is aimed at poducing the maximum voume of quaity canes, edibe shoots, edibe fuits o dye. 2.a The panting design fo attan is nomay affected by the foowing: 2.a.1 owth habit of the species whethe custeing o soitay; 2.a.2 Type of poduct (whethe fo cane, edibe fuit, edibe shoot o dye) 2.a.3 Aea avaiabe 2.a.4 Conditions of the existing vegetation. 2.b If the aea is natua seconday foests, ony patches that ae not having natuay gowing attans ae to be enhanced though panting. 2.c If the aea is tee fams/pantations, industia tee pantations, efoestation aeas, the panting scheme wi definitey be dictated by the spacing of the tees that wi seve as suppot fo the attans. 2.d.If the aea is home gadens and/o ago-foesty fams, the panting scheme wi be infuenced by the distibution of the tees aong the fam boundaies and inside the aea. 3. What ae the spacing of attan pants fo specific poduct? Spacing vaies as to the kind of attan poduct the pantation is intended fo. Spacing of attans fo canes 3.a Spacing is vey vaiabe in efoestation aeas, industia tee pantations and tee fams of the Phiippines and othe neighboing ASEAN counties. 3.b Spacing natuay depends on site conditions, type and stuctue of existing vegetation and attan species used. 3.c Spacing of 5m x 5 m fo paasan (Caamus meiii) (Figue 6) is adopted (PCARRD, 1991). This spacing was obseved to be too cose in good sites. The species is custeing o cump-foming i.e., each pant is capabe of poducing five o moe suckes with vigoous gowth, making the aea too cowded with the above spacing (ERDB and NDC as cited in PCARRD, 1991). In Indonesia, this spacing is aso pacticed. 3.d Wide spacing ike 5 m x 7 m o 5 m x 8 m shoud theefoe be consideed when panting in good sites. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- gin to deveop the cane (Ahmad, J.H.A., Mabong, D.H., and Aoyo, C. 2004). 4.e In Maaysia, weeding opeation on attan pantation estabished in ogged ove foests ae done duing the fist 3 yeas afte out-panting, the fequency of which depends on how vigoous the e-gowth of weeds is. Cice weeding with a adius of 1 m o ine weeding with a distance of 1m on both sides of the panting ine is adopted Weeding opeation (about 3 to 4 times a yea) is stopped once the attan pants have stated to cimb on the suppot tees. Howeve, the pathways/ baseines ae ceaned once a yea. Weeding opeation on attan estabished in ubbe pantation is conducted ony when the need aises and usuay done simutaneousy with died fond emova (Baizan and Rivea, 2004). 5. Cutivation 5.a Immediatey afte the weeds have been emoved, the soi shoud be cutivated to make the soi oose hence impoving wate absoption etention and aeation. 5.b It is aso done to maintain the soi mound aound the base of the pant. Futhemoe, muching shoud again be appied. 6. Nutition- Depending on the soi nutient status and the conditions/ equiements of the attan species, 6.a Sufficient amount of oganic and inoganic fetiizes shoud be appied to attan pants to ensue bette gowth and deveopment. 6.b Appy fetiize duing ainy season. Nomay, the type and dosage of fetiizes ae detemined based on the esuts of soi anaysis and the kind of gowth of paticua attan species. 6.c In the Phiippines, the foowing types and dosages of fetiizes wee found to stimuate the gowth and deveopment of attans: 6.c.1 10 gams of compete fetiize ( ) pe hi a month afte panting and with 6 gams of the same type of fetiize pe hi evey 6 months fo 3 yeas afte estabishment; 6.c.2 5 to 7 g of compete fetiize ( ) pe hi once a yea fo thee consecutive yeas with the fist appication to be done at the beginning of the 2 nd weeding opeation (PCARRD, 1991); 10 23

13 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 3.b Muching: 3.b.1 Suppesses the gowth of weeds hence minimizes competition. 3.b.2 Heps conseve moistue and keeps the eve of tempeatue favoabe fo the gowth of the oots. 3.b.3 Lessens soi eosion. Once the much is decomposed, it wi povide additiona nutients that ae needed by the pant fo its gowth. 4.Weeding 4.a Some undegowths ike shubs (e.g. Chomoaena odoata), gasses (e.g. Impeata cyindica), eeds, and vines (e.g Mikania codata) gow pofusey in the attan pantation aea (Figue 15). Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Figue 6. The 5 m x 5 m spacing fo paasan (Caamus meiii) How about the panting design and spacing of attans fo canes in othe ASEAN membe counties? Diffeent panting designs and spacing adopted in othe ASEAN membe counties ae shown beow. Figue 15. Weeds entanging attan pants 4.b Undesiabe pants, if not emoved, definitey wi suppess the attan pants. 4.c Thus, paticuay the fist 2 to 3 yeas of pantation estabishment, it is necessay to conduct weeding. It has been a pactice in the Phiippines to do weeding 3 months afte panting and evey 4 months theeafte (PCARRD, 1991). The pactice definitey changes depending on the extent and ate of gowth of competing weeds. 4.d In Bunei Daussaam, compete weeding and/o bushing cum ing weeding of each out-panted seeding aong each stip is done 1 y afte out-panting and evey six months theeafte unti the attans be- 3.e In ogged ove aeas of Bunei (Ahamad, Mabong and Aoyo, 2004) 3e.1 Panting stips with a width of 5 m nomay spaced at 20 m apat is used. Thee ae thee panting ines in the panting stip. The two outying stips ae each 1 m away fom the edges of the panting stip and 1.5 m apat fom the cente of the panting ine. The attan pants ae panted in quincunx aangement, i.e. 5 seedings ae panted: the fou seedings occupy the cones of the ectange whie the emaining seeding is panted at the cente. Appoximatey, the distance between seedings aong the panting ine is 2.5 m esuting to a panting density of about 495 seedings pe hectae (Figue 7). 3.f In ogged ove-aeas of Maaysia (Baizan and Rivea, 2004) 3.f.1 Line panting fo custeing attan and goup panting fo soitay attan ae adopted. In the fome, the seedings ae panted singy pe panting spot aong the panting ine. In the atte, about 3 to5 seedings, ae panted pe panting point and ae usuay spaced a mete apat. 3.f.2 Both ine and goup panting ae used in stip panting method being adopted in ogged-ove foests

14 1m 1m 1.5m 2.5m 2.5m 1.5m Panting stip 20m Foest Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 1m 1m Figue 7. Panting aangement adopted fo attan in pantation ogged-ove aeas (Dawn as descibed by Ahmad, Mabong and Aoyo, 2004). 3.f.3 Thee ae 3 types of stip panting ay-outs used in Maaysia 3.f.3.a In the 1 st ayout (Figue 8a ), thee ae panting stip and the foest stip. The panting stip can be 5 m to 10 m wide whie the foest stip can be 30 m to 40 m wide. Aong the panting stip, a the tees of no commecia vaue incuding the undegowth ae ceaed whie the tees on the foest stip ae eft undistubed. The minimum distance between seedings aong the panting ine is 1m fo soitay attan whie 2 m fo custeing attan. Two panting ines on the panting stip ae said to be the optimum fo soitay attan whie singe fo custeing attan. 1.5m 1.5m Panting Stip 20m Foest Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 1. Basa fetiize appication 1.a To boost the eay gowth of attan, appy eithe oganic o inoganic fetiize immediatey afte the hoe is pepaed o duing panting. 1.b The amount and kind of fetiize that shoud be appied depend on the conditions of the soi. 1.c Soi samping and anaysis shoud be done pio to pantation estabishment so that appopiate dosage is detemined. 2. Mounding 2.a Done so that enough soi is povided aound the base of the pant paticuay in soping and eativey steep aeas. 2.b Makes the ooting envionment moe favoabe and povides bette anchoage fo the pant. The mound enhances dainage making the soi moist and not wateogged duing ainy season. 3. Muching 3.a Leaf itte and humus ae coected nea the spot whee attan seeding is panted and used as much (Figue 14) m m Foest Stips A tees above 10 m feed Panting ines A tees above 10 m feed Foest Stips A tees above 10 m feed Figue 8a. Stip panting in od ogged foest (Nu Supadi & Aminuddin 1992). Figue 14. Leaf itte ae coected and used as much whee attan seeding is panted

15 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- 3.f.3.b The 2 nd ay-out (Fig 8b), a ane of 1.8 m wide is ceaed of a undegowth on eithe side of the panting ine. Specificay intended fo the soitay attan, the panting distance is 3 m x 4.6 m hence having a popuation of 725 pants/ha. Band of ceaed aea 3 m 1.8m Panting ine 1.8m 1 m Foest Band of ceaed aea Rattan 1.8m Panting ine 1.8m Figue 13. Hauing potted seedings packed in banana eaf sheath. 4. Method of panting 4.a Panting is done by caefuy emoving the poy-bag so that the eathbaed soi aound the oot system is kept intact. 4.b Befoe putting the seeding into the hoe, the bottom of the hoe is fist backfied with a aye of top soi of about 3 cm thick. 4.c The seeding paced at the cente of the hoe shoud be 1 cm owe than the gound suface. The sides of the oot-ba ae competey backfied with oose soi and heeed-in to set the seeding fimy in the panting hoe. III. Pantation Management A. What ae the attan pantation cae, maintenance and potection activities? The attans, just ike tees, have to be nutued/tended to ensue thei noma gowth and deveopment. Among the eay tending (cae and maintenance) opeations that attans need incude basa fetiize (eithe oganic o inoganic) appication, mounding and muching whie the ate tending opeations incude weeding and cutivation, epanting, cown teatment, nutition management and integated pest management. Figue 8b. Line panting ayout fo soitay-stemmed attan species unde seconday foest. Panting distance is 4.6m X 3m (Baizan and Rivea 2004). 3.f.3.c The 3d ay-out is basicay simia with the 2 nd ay-out ony it is intended fo custeing attan with a spacing of 3.4 m x 6.7 m with a popuation of 439 pants/ha (Figue 8c). 3.g In ubbe pantations of Maaysia 3.g.1 Thee types of panting systems fo attan in ubbe pantation have been deveoped. 3.g.1.a In Panting System I (Figue 9a), the attan seedings ae usuay ocated in the cente of the ectange o squae with the cones epesented by the panted ubbe tees. The panting distance of the attan aong the ow is the same as the distance of the ubbe tees ony the ow of the fome is ocated at the cente of the two ows of the atte. Rattans then ae panted in atenatey ows o ubbe tees. The ubbe tees ae commony spaced at 3.05 aong ows m x 6.1 m between ows. With this panting system, panting distance of attan becomes 3.05 m aong ows x 12.2 m between ows. The atio of panting density of ubbe tees and attan theefoe is 2:

16 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Band of ceaed aea 3.4 m 1.8m Panting ine 1.8m 3.1 m Band of ceaed aea Foest Rattan 1.8m Panting ine 1.8m Figue 8c. Line panting ayout fo mutipe-stemmed attan species unde seconday foest. Panting distance is 6.7m X 3.4m (Baizan and Rivea 2004). 3.g.1.b In Panting System II, (Figue 9b), the panting patten of ubbe is the same as in panting system I but the distance of panting aong the ows (aso ocated at the midde of ows of ubbe) fo attan is twice than that of ubbe. The succeeding ow of attan is howeve situated at the midde of the foowing two ows of ubbe tees. The panting distance aong the ow fo attan is the same as in the fist ow ony the panting is one side down making the panting patten of attan in tiangua shape. The panting distance of attan is 6.1 m aong the ows and 6.9 m between pants on the succeeding ows. The panting density atio of ubbe tees and attans is simiay 2:1. 6.1m 12.2m Figue 9a. Panting system I ayput of atenate ow attan panting in ubbe pantation. =ubbe tee at spacing 6.1m X 3.05m; =attan pant at spacing 12.2m X 6m (Baizan and Rivea 2004) m Figue 12. Potted seedings packed in banana eaf sheath eady fo dispatch. 2. Size and quaity of panting mateias 2.a In most ASEAN membe counties, the size of the panting mateias commony out-panted shoud not be ess than 30 cm in height with at east 4 eaves. The panting mateias shoud be hadened fo at east a month (Raza and Paijon, Undated; Ahmad, J.H.A., Mabong, D.H., and Aoyo, C. 2004) 2.b In Lao PDR, good quaity seedings, 9 month to 12 month od, that wee hadened in the nusey ae used fo panting attan fo shoot poduction (Ketphanh, S., Damacio, F.L. and Santande, M.L.2004). 2.c. In Maaysia, potted attan seedings 8 to 12 month od with a height anging fom 30 cm to 50 cm ae used fo panting in ubbe pantation (Baizan and Rivea, 2004). 3. Hauing and tanspot of panting mateias 3.a Rattans seedings ae deicate just ike othe pant seedings. Thus it is necessay to hande the seedings caefuy to avoid damage duing hauing and tanspot. 3.b A numbe of potted seedings can be best bought to the panting site using backpack bamboo baskets o ocay known as kaing and impovised boxes (backpack). O hauing can be done if packed in goups using oca mateias ike banana eaf sheath (Figue 13). 3.c The attan seedings befoe tanspoted to the panting site shoud be paced in shaded aeas if fina hauing to the panting site is to be deayed to avoid exposue to high ight intensity. 19

17 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- the seedings. 6.d Afte panting, the stake shoud be paced back on the spot as make fo easy maintenance in the futue. Figue 9b. Panting system II attan pants ae panted in tiange shape. =ubbe tee at spacing 6.1m X 3.05m; =attan pant at spacing 6.1m X 6.1m X 6.9m (Baizan and Rivea 2004). C. Outpanting Figue 11. Stip bushing 1. Season fo fied panting 1.a Using high quaity potted attan seedings (Figue 12) o widings, out panting shoud be done duing the most favoabe time of the yea. 1.b In many ASEAN counties, cimatic conditions ae vaiabe. In aeas with ponounced dy and wet season, out-panting shoud be done at the onset of the ainy season. This gives moe time fo the seedings to fuy ecove and be abe to toeate the hash conditions duing the dy season. 1.c In aeas with no ponounced dy and wet season and/o with wedistibuted ainfa thoughout the yea, out-panting may be done anytime, uness thee is abnoma cimatic occuence ike E Nino o poonged dy spe (PCARRD, 1991). 3.g.1.c Panting system III (Figue 9c) is appied when ubbe tees ae panted in a vey wide spacing, e.g, 3.05 aong ows and 8.5 m between ows. Hee the attan pants ae panted in atenate ows, just ike in panting system I. Howeve, the attan pants ae panted in a vey cose spacing aong the ow i.e., ony 1.5 m but vey wide spacing between ows, i.e., 17 m. Panting design fo attan shoot poduction The design is quite diffeent fom the one used fo cane poduction. Likewise, the aeas nomay utiized fo attan shoot poduction ae open aeas and aeys of agofoesty fams. Spacing of attan fo shoot poduction 3.h In Thaiand the spacing fo custeing attan (C. tenuis) that has been poven effective fo maximum poduction of quaity shoot is 0.5 to 1 m x 2.5 m (Figue 10). This spacing is aso adopted in Lao PDR (Ketphanh, Damacio and Santande, 2004) 18 15

18 Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Figue 9c. Panting system III attan pants ae panted in atenate ows of ubbe tees. =ubbe tee at spacing 8.5m X 3.05m; =attan pant at spacing 17.0m X 1.5m (Baizan and Rivea 2004). Panting design and spacing of attan fo fuit poduction. This vaies with the kind of aeas avaiabe fo panting. 3.i In the Nothen Phiippines paticuay Nueva Viscaya and Codiea, whee edibe attan poduction is quite popua, the spacing of 5 m x 5 m is used if the aea is tee pantation. Figue 10. Spacing of 0.5mto 1 m x2.5 m fo edibe shoot poduction. 3.j In agofoesty fams and home gadens, spacing is dictated by the distibution of suppot tees aong the bounday and inside the fam and gaden. Tees ae eithe foest tees o fuit tees. Rattan Pantation Estabishment and Man- Panting design and spacing of attan fo dye poduction. The spacing may just be simia to spacing used fo cane poduction and fuit poduction. 3.k In Indonesia whee gowing of attan specificay fo dye poduction is popua, the spacing used is 3 m x 3m to 4m x 4m 4. Ceaing and bushing 4.a The method empoyed depends on the vegetation type (ogged-ove foest o tee pantations), the kind of panting design/system and the species and density of undegowth that may compete with the attan species 4.b eneay, if the undegowth is thick then stip ceaing (Figue 11) o compete bushing is done. On the contay, if the undegowth is spase then spot ceaing may be the best option. It wi have itte distubance to the site and is ess costy. 5. Cown modification 5.a Remova of excess banches of existing tees aong the panting stips is necessay befoe panting and even afte estabishment. This wi incease the ight that wi pass though the canopy so that attan woud have adequate ight fo thei gowth and deveopment. 5.b The extent of cown eduction wi definitey depend on the ight equiements of the species. In Maaysia, it was epoted that C. manan needs 50% ight o 50% shade duing estabishment (Baizan and Rivea, 2004). 6. Staking and hoing 6.a Stakes made of oca mateias that ae tae than the seedings shoud be paced on each panting spot to diect the men pepaing the hoe fo panting. 6.b As pacticed in Indonesia, panting hoe of about 4 cm to 5 cm deepe than the height of the eath-baed oot system and at east 4 cm wide than the diamete of the eath-ba is pepaed. Such aowances wi give sufficient space aound the sides and bottom of the eath-ba fo backfiing (Wiyono and Santos J. 2004). 6.c In Maaysia the size of the panting hoe vaies fom 20cm x 20cm x 20cm o 30cm x 30cm x 30cm depending on the size of the oot-ba of 16 17