Present practice, on-going research and future potential for non-chemical weed management in vegetable production in Denmark
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1 Chinese-Danish networking on Systemic approaches to Pest Management without Pesticides Present practice, on-going research and future potential for non-chemical weed management in vegetable production in Denmark Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Research Centre Flakkebjerg DK-4200 Slagelse præsen TATION
2 Expertises at Copenhagen University, Faculty of Life Sciences Department of Agriculture and Ecology/Crop Science Associate professor Jesper Rasmussen Weed ecology Modelling crop and weed impacts from mechanical weed control Weed harrowing in cereals and pulse Mechanical weed control in row crops (sugar beets and carrots) Weed detection using sensors and unmanned helicopters 2
3 Intra-row 3
4 AARHUS Hand weeding intra-row weeds 22nd August, 2012 Time consumption for hand weeding Crop Hour/ha Onion sown Carrot sown Sugarbeet sown Transplants Cereals sown 7 4
5 5
6 [From Melander & Rasmussen (2001). Weed Research 41, ]
7 Current mechanical methods Weed harrowing Brush weeding Torsion weeding Rake weeder Rotary tine weeder Ridging Hoeing close to the row Current thermal methods Flame weeding Steaming (Hot water) (Hot( o foam) 7
8 Hoeing close to the row 8
9 Hoeing close to the row Hand -weed ing (h ha -1 ) Intra-row row weed number (pl. m -2 ) 15 cm 5 cm 9 [From Melander & Rasmussen (2001). Weed Research 41, ]
10 Brush weeding Torsion weeding Finger weeding 10
11 Post-emergence brush weeding and selectivity cm tall onions leaves 2-4leaves Yield lo oss (%) Treatment intensity (crop soil cover (%)) 11 [Adapted from Melander (1997). Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 68, 39-50]
12 Transplants Good results in Cabbage Leek and onion Celery (Lettuce) Sugar beets Provided that Crop plants are well anchored Weeds are controlled prior to transplanting Weeding is started early after transplanting and then repeated over a 3-5 week period depending on the control demand of the crop
13 Pre-emergence flame weeding 13
14 Selective post-emergence flame weeding Maize Onion 14
15 Stale seed bed and pre-emergence flaming Stale seed bed days before sowing Pre-emergence flaming Sowing Time Crop emergence 15
16 Direct-sown leek 100 Intra-ro ow weed contro l (%) Flaming + hoeing close to the row Flaming + brush weeding [ From Melander & Rasmussen (2001), Weed Research 41, ] 16
17 Solutions for small-hold farmers 17
18 Conclusions on current tools Advantages Simple technology Relatively low purchase costs High effectiveness possible when combined Both tractor-born and hand-born versions Disadvantages Low selectivity Weather dependent d Unworkable soils Training required 18
19 Lettuce New technologies Robotic weeding Band-steaming Carrot Onion 19
20 Steaming in narrow bands Steaming 50 cm row spacing Soil surface 5-6 cm 5-6 cm 6-7 cm 6-7 cm 20 cm Plough layer 20
21 Camera for row detection Our vision: 1) Band-steaming for intra-row control 2) Hoeing with an automatic steering system for inter-row control 21
22 21 18 [From Melander & Jørgensen (2005) Weed Research 45, ] o C
23 Band steaming before carrot sowing 9 rows, 3 rows per bed 14 cm band width and 5 cm soil depth 600 litre oil and 7000 litre water ha km h -1, capacity ha h -1 23
24 Temperature profiles on sand, target max. 80 o C 0.5 min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 4.5 min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 0 cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 5.5 min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 0 cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 6.5 min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 0 cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 7.5 min 0 cm 2 cm 4 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm 12 cm 14 cm 16 cm 0cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
25 Band-steaming on a sand soil in 2009 and 2010 Year Max temp. ( o C) % effect Stderr Significance P - value o C P = 0.55 Ca. 500 pl. m o C o C Ca. 280 pl. m o C P = 0.008** 25
26 Band steaming in beetroot Band steaming in carrot 26
27 Preliminary conclusions on bandsteaming Advantages High weeding effects Tendency for higher yield in some crops Pest and disease control Substantial savings in labour for manual weeding Release of manpower Disadvantages High fuel and water consumption Low work rates Sterilizes the soil 27
28 Robotic weeding in transplants Robocrop Robovator 28
29 Robocrop 29
30 Robovator 30
31 Preliminary experiences with robotic weeding Advantages Selective weeding Less sensitive to weed growth stage High work rates Easy to operate Application for most transplants Disadvantages High purchase costs No application for direct-sown crops Simpler tools may provide equal weeding effectiveness Repairs Closeness to the crop 31
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