Biology, Management, Diseases and Uses of Nonrodent Species. Purpose. And the answer is..

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1 Biology, Management, Diseases and Uses of Nonrodent Species Purpose Provide a summary of the biology, management, diseases and research uses of non primate, non rodent, non livestock mammals CPT Joanna Fishback 10 August 2014 (This is not one of the research uses.) Chiroptera Dasypus novemcinctus Manis sp. Didelphidae Procyon lotor Odocoileus virginianus Zalophus californianus Trichechus manatus Caenorhabditis elegans Octopodidae Outline Match that Name! White tail deer Manatee Bat Octopus Raccoon Roundworm Sea Lion 9 banded armadillo Opossum Pangolin And the answer is.. Chiroptera Dasypus novemcinctus Manis sp. Didelphidae Procyon lotor Odocoileus virginianus Zalophus californianus Trichechus manatus Caenorhabditis elegans Octopodidae Bat 9 banded armadillo Pangolin Opossum Raccoon White tail deer Sea Lion Manatee Roundworm Octopus Order (2 Suborders.lots of Superfamilies Chiroptera Chiropteran Biology Enormous size variation Only mammal capable of true and sustained flight Vast population distribution Huge variety of food sources Unique to species! Vampire bats flying foxes 1

2 The Vampire Bat Blood is food source 15 50gm Females > Males Central & South America Chiropteran Biology: Desmodus rotundus Vampire Bat Biology Hematophagous/ Sanguivorous Upper incisors and canines well developed GI tract specialized Kidneys specialized Bovine or ovine blood Efficient quadruped Vampire Bat Management 21 24C 50% relative humidity No prolonged exposure to light Specialized caging available Modified rat cage 5 grouped Waste removal! Feeder Vampire Bat Management Handling Isoflurane Manual preferred (hold by humerus) Taming? Vampire Bat Diseases Parasitic Ectoparasites T. cruzi Bacterial Various Viral, etc. Rabies, lyssavirinae Small cage Salivary anticoagulants Draculin Rhone Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Collegeville, PA Renal physiology Reproduction Infrared detection Social behavior Vampire Bat Uses 2

3 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Biology Greater Horseshoe Bat Europe, Africa & Asia Insectivorous Caves or houses Greater Horseshoe Bat Biology 57 71mm long mm tail mm wingspan Up to 30gm Constant vocalization, not pulses Horseshoe nose helps it hear Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Photos courtesy of Gregory W. Lawson DVM, PhD, DACLAM and John David, DVM Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Net to catch the bats Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Feeding area Fortified mealworms Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Plastic plants provide complex eco texture for bat enrichment. Note metal grate Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Wires allow plants to be moved weekly 3

4 Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Rocks plastered to ceiling imitate caves Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Plastic tarps further mimic caves Black mosquito nets Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Greater Horseshoe Bat Management Bat detector converts ultrasonic sounds to audible frequencies Greater Horseshoe Bat Diseases Candida albicans Greater Horseshoe Bat Uses Echolocation/hearing 4

5 Dasypus novemcinctus (Nine banded armadillo) Superorder: Xenarthra ( strange joints includes sloths and aneaters) Order: Cingulata Family: Dasypodidae Armadillo Biology kg Head + body length cm; total cm Ossified dermal plates, keratinized scutes cover body except ears and belly Poor eyesight but great sense of smell Nocturnal, solitary, terrestrial animals that burrow Primarily insectivores but not picky Armadillo Biology Able to delay implantation up to 4 months Tetraparous (identical quadruplets) Low body temp ( C or F) Susceptible to leprosy (M. leprae) Wild populations reported % Armadillo Diseases Pasteurella multocida Salmonellosis Intestinal impaction Chemical burns Armadillo Management Burrowing animals 2 inches of substrate (indoors) 6 feet below ground (outdoors) 4 foot high walls (Can jump 3 4 feet straight up in the air) Provide water baths Armadillo Techniques Wear heavy gloves; lift by tail Swim well/walk underwater; not contained by moats Can remain under water up to 6 minutes Saphenous, subclavian, cephalic, and ventral tail veins for blood collection and IV injection IM injection in hindleg or spinal muscles through skin between 2 dorsal carapace bands 5

6 Armadillo Uses Leprosy (aka Hansen s Dz) Chronic granulomatous dz affecting skin and peripheral nerves Why use armadillo for research? Natural host Nerve involvement Full range of clinical signs Full histopathological spectrum Sooty mangabey, chimps, rabbits and mice can also be infected Used for early detection, treatment and a source of M. leprae for other research Armadillo Uses Monozygotic quadruplets Organ transplant, drug metabolism, teratology, mutagenesis Natural reservoir for: Trypanosoma cruzi (Chaga s Disease) Toxoplasma gondii Leptospira sp. <iframe width="560" height="315" src="// m/embed/hhngdnufq YM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></ifram e> Journal Articles The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases. Disease Models & Mechanisms Jan;6(1): Natural flexible dermal armor. Advanced Materials Jan 4;25(1): Trypanosoma cruzi III from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus novemcinctus) from Northeastern Venezuela and its biological behavior in murine model. Risk of emergency of Chagas disease. Experimental Parasitology Nov;132(3): Nothing recent in JAALAS/CompMed Manis sp. (Scaly anteater or pangolin) Pangolin Biology Tropical Asia and Africa cm body length Females smaller than males Large keratin scales covering skin Family: Manidae 6

7 Pangolin Biology Elongated tongues extend into thorax Heavy claws preclude walking on palmar surface of thoracic limbs Tongue + claws = insectivore Arboreal and terrestrial Good swimmers Threatened Bushmeat Traditional Chinese medicine Pangolin Biology day gestation African singletons Asian 1 3 Burrowing species: young stay in burrow for 2 4 weeks Others cling to mother s tail Wean 3 months Sexual maturity 24 months Low body temperature Pangolin Management Excellent escape artists Parasites (acanthocephalan) Pangolin Diseases Difficult to maintain in captivity Pangolin Uses Oxygen binding studies Burrowing, low body temperature Histiogenesis & organ culture Marsupials Order Didelphimorphia American opossums Order Diprotodontia Koalas, wombats, kangaroos, wallabies, and Australian possums Family Phalangeridae 7

8 Didelphidae Didelphis Biology Didelphis virginianus The Virginia opossum Only North American marsupial Monodelphis domestica The laboratory (or Brazilian or rainforest) opossum Found in Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay Most primitive and least specialized of the marsupials Opposable big toes, prehensile tail, forked penis, paired lateral vaginae Small brain (5x smaller than raccoon) 1 set of 50 teeth Lifespan=2 3 years Sexual maturity at 6 8 months Birth at ~ 12 days gestation* Fully developed marsupium No umbilical scar Lab opossum up to 3 litters/year Didelphis Biology Didelphis Management Indoors cat or rabbit cages with shelf for climbing Adults housed individually Dog and/or cat food Supplemented with fresh meat Not ad lib Cups/bowls preferable 12 hour light/dark, 72F Can be repeatedly bled by cardiac puncture under anesthesia (BB p. 1012) Playing possum Didelphis Diseases Bacterial Leptospirosis Mycobacterium (most sp.) Leishmania chagasi Vegetative endocarditis Streptococcus viridans, S. pyogenes, a & b hemolytic strep Disease model Viral Rabies low incidence Aujeszky s (pseudorabies) Herpes B Didelphis Diseases Parasites Ticks, fleas, mites Protozoa (Chagas disease T. cruzi) Acanthocephalans Cestodes Nutritional & other diseases Vitamin D, Calcium 8

9 Didelphis Uses Bacterial endocarditis model UV induced melanoma Dietary induced hypercholesterolemia (are resistant) Spinal cord repair Genetic research first marsupial species to be sequenced Catatonia studies Rabies studies 1 opossum LD50 = 80,000 x mouse LD x skunk LD times more resistant than a dog Monodelphis domestica (Gray shorttailed or South American opossum) NOT as a pet! Monodelphis Biology Adult weight: g Docile and friendly Temperature (78*F) and humidity (55 60%) No pouch Gestation: days Weaned at 60 days Non seasonal breeder Monodelphis Management and Diseases Techniques: Handle by tail No retro orbital sinus Inhalant anesthesia for cardiac puncture and transection of ventral tail artery Diseases: Rectal prolapse, eye injuries Few parasites Congestive heart failure Salmonellosis Monodelphis Uses Malignant melanoma Xenotransplantation Microsurgery Neuronal development Dermatology Journal Articles Normal Organ Weights, Serum Chemistry, Hematology, and Cecal and Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Cultures in the Gray Short Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica). JAALAS 49(4): , July Cage Change Intervals for Opposums (Monodelphis domestica) in Individually Ventilated Cages. JAALAS 50(5), Sep

10 Procyon lotor (raccoon) Vertical structures to evade threats Most of North America, but now Europe and Japan Raccoon Biology Males heavier than females Rotates hind feet backwards to climb down headfirst Can sweat and pant Omnivorous Raccoon Biology Sense of touch No webbing between paws 2/3 of area for sensory perception in cerebral cortex is specialized for the interpretation of tactile impulses Vibrissae located above claws allow for object identification Raccoon Biology/Managment Dousing Mate late Jan mid Mar Gestation=63 65d Litter=2 5 kits (or cubs) Life span Captivity=20 years Wild= years They re smart! Raccoon Uses Oral rabies vaccine studies Raccoon Polyomavirus Baylisascaris procyonis Journal Articles Spontaneous Lesions in Aged Captive Raccoons (Procyon lotor), JAALAS 50(3) May 2011, pp Pulmonary Idiopathic Alveolar Ossification in a Raccoon (Procyon lotor), JAALAS 49(5) Sept 2010, pp

11 Odocoileus virginianus (White tailed deer) Family=Cervidae Many subspecies Canada South America Solitary small herds Crepuscular Males (and occasional female) have antlers White Tailed Deer Biology No maxillary incisors (dental pad) No gallbladder Sickled erythrocytes Head body length cm Tail cm kg Female seasonally polyestrous Pop Quiz! Name 2 (you have 5 options!) other animals that don t have a gallbladder. White Tailed Deer Management Minimal handling! Fencing >= 8 feet, opaque portion and include barrier to prevent eating Prey species White Tailed Deer Management Yards + barns, or in large pastures Outdoor housing: hay only Individual stalls: hay + grain Deer pellets 5 10 gm/kg + good quality hay Deer pellets 15gm/kg if sole nutrition Automatic watering White Tailed Deer Management Snake chutes must exclude light Chemical restraint severe capture myopathy 11

12 White Tailed Deer Diseases Parasitic External (ticks, fleas, mange, screwworms, nasal bots) Internal Parelaphosngylus andersoni (longissimus dorsi) Pneumostrongylus tenuis (meningeal worm) Dictyocaulus viviparus (lungworm) Bacterial & Fungal Foot rot (Fusobacterium necrophorum) Lyme disease Carriers of the dz, no clinical signs Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) White Tailed Deer Diseases Viral and other Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) of deer Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD, TSE) People are the #1 cause of fatality White Tailed Deer Uses Sickle Cell Anemia studies Zalophus californianus (California Sea Lion) Superfamily: Pinnipeda Marine Mammal Fur Thick SQ fat Vascular adaptations Blood/Chemical adaptations Piscivorous 4,000 kg/yr/male 3,900 kg/yr/female Males 850 pounds/7.3 feet Females 220 pounds/5.7 feet Sea Lion Biology Sea Lion Biology Breed on sandy beaches <= 10 miles out to sea Diving Metabolism: Tolerate lactic acidosis Adaptations to pressure from dives: Mechanically induced surfactant production, surfactant anti adhesive* Lungs capable of collapse and reinflation 12

13 Sea Lion Management Caloric value of fish varies Sea Tabs Raw fish has thiaminase supplement VIT. B Thaw fish in fresh water Don t soak Feed about 4 times a day Sea Lion Management Can be trained to some medical behaviors Blood draw, temp Group 1 pinnipeds AWA Pool of water and a dry resting area (DRA) Surface area of DRA 2(avg. adult length[aal] of Group 1 Pinniped[G1P])² (AAL) ² of 1 st G1P + (AAL)² of 2 nd G1P= total DRA for 2 pinnipeds Sea Lion Management Group 1 pinnipeds AWA Pool of water Depth At least 0.91meters/3feet deep, or ½ the AAL of the longest species housed. Parts not deep enough do not count toward your DRA, your Minimum Horizontal Distance, or your minimum surface area Minimum Horizontal Distance (MHD) At least 1.5 times the AAL of largest pinniped May be reduced by 20% if amount of reduction is added to the MHD at a 90 degree angle Minimum surface area At least equal to the surface area of the DRA Sea Lion Management Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 USDA USDA/APHIS Technical Bulletin #1797, Sterilization of Marine Mammal Pool Waters, Theoretical and Health considerations. Oct Handling Fish Fed to Fish Eating Animals, A Manual of Standard Operating Procedures, Susan D. Crissey, PhD. With the assistance of Susan Bunn Spencer National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Influenza Distemper Heartworms Leptospirosis Opportunistic candidiasis HVLT Poxvirus Sea Lion Diseases Kidney with Lepto. Distemper Sea Lion Uses Diving physiology Hypoxia Lactic acidosis/reperfusion Surfactant Navy mark and retrieve items Arrow 13

14 Trichechus manatus (Manatee a.k.a. Sea Cow) Manatee Biology Order: Sirenia Manatee Shallow intercoastal waters, Atlantic Dugong Shallow intercoastal waters, Pacific Avg. adult length 11.5 feet Manatee Biology Aquatic herbivores No front teeth Lips are exploratory/tactile Slow swimmers Hindgut fermenters/slow gut transit Bones lack marrow=heavy skeleton Manatee Management Public zoological parks AWA Wild Boats! Red Tide Cold stress Pneumonia Manatee Diseases Bone stress and fracture studies Manatee Uses 14

15 Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) One of the most studied invertebrate animal in biomedical research C. elegans Biology and Management Small roundworms Highly prolific reproducers with short generation time Easily grown under lab conditions Inexpensive to care for Anatomically simple Fully mapped nervous system C. elegans Uses Developmental biology Stem cell biology Molecular mechanisms for aging Parkinson s disease Octopus Fish = lower vertebrates VS Cephalopods = advanced invertebrates Invertebrates constitute 95% of animal species Octopus Management In 1993, Octopus vulgaris legally protected as vertebrates in Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act in UK 2013: EU Directive 2010/63/EU protects cephalopods Easily grown under lab conditions Octopus Uses Teaching Model for comparative psychology, neurobiology, learning and memory 15

16 Mock Board Questions: Which disease is this animal used to study? a) Ultraviolet radiation induced melanoma b) Hibernation sickness c) Diet induced hypocholesterolemia d) Orbital sinus infection Mock Board Questions: Which parasite, whose reservoir is the raccoon, is capable of causing visceral and neural larva migrans in free ranging rhesus macaques? a) Schistosoma spp b) Baylisascaris spp c) Strongyloides spp d) Oesophagostomum spp Mock Board Questions: Which of the following animals are commonly used as models of leprosy (Hansen s disease)? a) Cercocebus atys and Saimiri boliviensis b) Sanguinus fusciocollis and Cercocebus atys c) Pan troglodytes and Papio anubis d) Macaca fascicularis and Saimiri Sciureus e) Cercocebus atys and Dasypus novemcintus Mock Board Questions: A guinea pig shows clinical signs of lethargy, torticollis, ataxia, and recumbency with an inability to rise. After the animal was euthanized, tissues were collected and submitted for histopathology. The following was observed on histopathology of the brain. Name the most likely etiologic agent. a) Paraspidodera uncinata b) Balantidium caviae c) Fasciola hepatica d) Baylisascaris procyonis e) Linguatula serrate Mock Board Questions: What is the scientific name for this species that is an animal model for diet induced hypercholesterolemia and ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous malignant melanoma? a) Monodelphis domestica b) Didelphis virginiana c) Odocoileus virginianus d) Trichosurus vulpecula e) Dasypus novemcintus Mock Board Questions: A natural host for this disease is the sooty mangabey with lesions preferentially occurring in cooler areas of the body such as the extremities. Which of the following animals is also a good model for this disease? a) Oryzomys palustris b) Dasypus novemcinctus c) Bombina orientalis d) Oncorhynchus mykiss 16

17 Mock Board Questions: The End Raccoons are the primary hosts of what parasite that is the causative agent of cerebral larva migrans? a) Baylisascaris procyonis b) Linguatula serrata c) Fasicola hepatica d) Trixacarus lotoris 17