Echinodermata. Gr: spine skin 6500 spp all marine except for few estuarine, none freshwater. *larvae bilateral symmetrical. mesodermally-derived
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1 Echinodermata Gr: spine skin 6500 spp all marine except for few estuarine, none freshwater 1) pentamerous radial symmetry (adults) *larvae bilateral symmetrical 2) spines 3) endoskeleton mesodermally-derived ossicles calcareous plates 4) water vascular system (WVS) 5) tube feet (podia) up to 95% CaCO 3, up to 15% MgCO 3, salts, trace metals, small amount of organic materials Echinodermata Classes: 1) Asteroidea (Gr: characterized by star-like) 1700 spp 2) Ophiuroidea (Gr: snake-tail-like) 2100 spp 3) Echinoidea 1000 spp (Gr: hedgehog-form) 4) Holothuroidea (Gr: sea cucumber-like) 1200 spp 5) Crinoidea (Gr: lily-like) stalked 100 spp nonstalked, motile comatulid (feather stars)- 600 spp 1
2 Asteroidea sea stars/starfish arms not sharply marked off from central star shaped disc spines fixed pedicellariae ambulacral groove open tube feet with suckers on oral side anus/madreporite aboral Figure Pincushion star, Culcita navaeguineae, preys on coral polyps, small organisms & detritus Choriaster granulatus scavenges dead animals on shallow Pacific reefs On the Great Barrier Reef, Tosia queenslandensis browses encrusting organisms Crown-of-thorns star, Acanthaster planci forages on corals 2
3 Spines Tube Feet Figure 22.03a 3
4 Figure 22.03b Figure 22.03c 4
5 Figure Pedicellaria Pedicellariae Figure 22.04a Pedicellaria 5
6 Figure pyloric stomach this lower stomach everted out during extracellular digestion Figure Orthasterias koehleri eating a clam Sun star, Pycnopodia helianthoides (with arms) eating sea urchin 6
7 Figure Pacific sea star, Echinaster luzonicus: regeneration Ophiuroidea brittle star/basket star brittle star, Ophiura lutkeni arms separate from star shaped central disc spines on arms tube feet without suckers not used for locomotion used for feeding no pedicellariae no anus ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles basket star, Astrophyton muricatum 7
8 Figure Figure Brittle star, Ophiopholis aculeata Note swollen bursae & regenerating arms Basket star, Gorgoncephalus eucnemis Note pentamerous radial symmetry 8
9 Echinoidea sea urchins, sea biscuits & sand dollars globular/disc shape endoskeletal ossicles fused no arms Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus movable spines (ball & socket) pedicellariae (3 jawed) tube feet with suckers ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles Sand dollar, Encope micropora Figure
10 Figure Aristotle s Lantern grazers herbivores Figure 22.16a Heart urchin, Meoma (irregular) Sand Dollars Encope grandis 10
11 Figure Ten-lined pencil urchin, Eucidaris metularia from the Red Sea (retain ancestral characters from Paleozoic Slate-pencil urchin, Heterocentrotus mammilatus Colobocentrotus atraus Diadema antillarum from West Indies & Florida Astropyga magnifica Holothuroidea sea cucumbers cucumber shaped (bilateral symmetrical) endoskeletal ossicles dispersed no arms no spines no pedicellariae tube feet with suckers ambulacral groove closed & covered by ossicles Parastichopus californicus 11
12 Figure ossicles Figure 22.23a 12
13 0130.jpg Cuverian tubules everted 0133.jpg Cuverian tubules everted 13
14 Crinoidea sea lilies/feather stars aboral attachment stalk of dermal ossicles no spines 5 branching arms w side branches (pinnules) no pedicellariae ciliated ambulacral groove on oral surface tube feet tentacle-like on oral surface for food collecting anus on oral surface Figure Feather stars 14
15 Figure Class: Concentricycloidea sea daisies: only 2 spp 1 cm diameter 1000 m deep New Zealand Figure
16 Figure Acorn worm Acorn worm (Hemichordata) sea star (Echinodermata) Figure Echinoderm larvae early sea star (Asteroidea) late sea star (Asteroidea) brittle star (Ophiuroidea) sea urchin/sand dollar (Echinoidea) sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) Sea lily (Crinoidea) 16
17 Importance of Echinoderms Developmental biology Ecology sea urchin egg/sperm elucidate the jelly membrane surrounding a recently fertilized egg keystone species sea stars/sea urchins Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Diversity Disturbance Figure
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