Tick-borne viral infectious diseases

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1 Med. Entomol. Zool. Vol. 64 No. 2 p DOI: /mez Tick-borne viral infectious diseases Ikuo Takashima Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, 1 30 Kita 13, Higashi 3, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido , Japan takashima@tenshi.ac.jp (Received: 10 May 2013; Accepted: 21 May 2013) Abstract: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) have been known as tick-borne viral infectious diseases. Recently, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) emerged as a new tick-borne viral infectious disease. TBE is prevalent in Russia and many European countries. CCHF is prevalent in Russia, Central Asia, Europe and Africa. SFTS is now prevalent in China and Japan. This article reviews Tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in detail and describe present situation of SFTS. Key words: Tick-borne viral infectious diseases, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome 1. (tick-borne encephalitis virus) 1) (lxodidae) (Table 1) (lxodes persulcatus) (Zilber and Sloviev, 1946) 4,000 10,000 Table 1. Classification of tick-borne flavivirus and the distribution. Virus Distribution Disease and host Mortality rate Far-Eastern Russia encephalitis, human 30 tick-borne encephalitis European European countries encephalitis, human 1 5 tick-borne encephalitis Louping ill England encephalitis, human and sheep 5 Omsk hemorrhagic fever Russia hemorrhagic fever, human 2 Kyasanur Forest disease India hemorrhagic fever, and 5 encephalitis, human Powassan North America encephalitis, human 10 15

2 62 Med. Entomol. Zool. Fig. 1. Transmission cycle of tick-borne encephalitis virus and the infection route to human. (Dumpis et al., 1999) 1949 Ixodes ricinus (Rampas and Gallina, 1949) 1,000 3, ) nm RNA 3 M (C) ) β- TritonX-100 3) Fig. 1 (co-feeding) (Labuda et al., 1993) Ixodes persulcatus (Korenberg et al., 1992) Ixodes ricinus Apodemus Clethrionomys (Nuttall and Labuda, 1994) 4) 5) a) 30

3 Vol. 64 No Table 2. Diagnostic test of tick-borne encephalitis. Tests virus isolation genome detection by PCR detection of IgM antibody neutralization test (significant rise of antibody titer in paired sera) Materials blood, cerebrospinal fluid serum 2 8 b) a) Table 2 1 c) d) Baxter AG Novartis (Holzmann et al., 1992; Kunz, 1996) (Chiba et al., 1999) 6) 1994; Takashima et al., (Ixodes ovatus) 2. (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) 1) (Chumakov et al., 1968) (Simpson et al., 1967) Chumakov 1944 (Chumakov, 1946) 1967 (Chumakov et al., 1968) , ) (Nichol et al., 2005) L, M, S 3 RNA GI, G2, N L nm 3) Hyalommma (Fig. 2) (Linthicum and Bailey, 1994) co-feeding (Labuda, 1993)

4 64 Med. Entomol. Zool. Fig. 2. Transmission cycle of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and the infection route to human. 4) 5) a) 3 6 (39 41 ) b) Table 3 2 Table 3. Diagnostic test of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Tests virus isolation detection of viral antigen by ELISA genome detection by PCR immunofluorescent test (IgM- or IgG-antibody) compliment fixation test Materials blood, throat swab urine serum c) (Hoogstals, 1982) 3. (Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: SFTS) 1) (SFTS) (Yu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011) SFTS SFTS

5 Vol. 64 No ) SFTS 3 1 RNA 3) SFTS 7 8 (Haemophysalis longicornis) (Rhipicephalus microplus) (Yu et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012) SFTS SFTSV (Tang et al., 2013) PCR (Niu et al., 2013) 4) RNA (Niu et al., 2013) 5) a) SFTS (Yu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011) b) Table 4 SFTS RT-PCR Table 4. Diagnostic test of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Tests virus isolation genome detection by PCR Materials blood, throat swab urine antibody detection by ELISA or serum immunofluorescent test (detection of IgM antibody or significant antibody-titer rise in paired sera) SFTS SFTS IgM IgG c) 20 d) (Tang et al., 2013) SFTS SFTS 6,000 Chiba, N., Osada, M., Komoro, K., Mizutani, T., Kariwa, H. and Takashima, I Protection against tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated in Japan by active and passive immunization. Vaccine, 17: Chumakov, M. P Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever (Acute Infections Cappillary Toxicosis). Short reports Krym-skiy Oblastnoi Otdel Zhravookhraneniya Krymi-zdat Simpheropol (in Russia, English translation NMURU3-T910): 27. Chumakov, M. P., Belyaeva, A. P., Voroshilova, M. K., Butenko, A. M. and Shalunova, N. V Progress in studying the etiology, immunology, and laboratory diagnosis of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in the USSR and Bulgaria. Mter 16 Nauchn Sess Inst Polio virus Entsafalitov (Moscow) 2 (in Russian, English translation NAMRUU3-T613) Dumpis, U., Crook, D. and Oksi, J Tick-borne encephalitis (Review). Clin. Lnfect. Dis., 28: Holzmann, H., Vorobyova, M. S., Ladyzhenskaya, I. P., Ferenczi, E., Kundi, M., Kunz, C. and Heinz, F. X Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus: cross-protection between European and Far Eastern subtypes. Vaccine, 10: Hoogstals, H Tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In. Handbook Series in Zoonosis (ed. Steel, J.H.), Vol 1, pp CRC Press Inc., Florida. 1

6 66 Med. Entomol. Zool. 2 html 3 (SFTS) html SFTS 11/ html Korenberg, E. I., Horáková, M., Kovalevsky, J. V., Hubálek, Z. and Karavanov, A. S Probability models of the rate of infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes persulcatus ticks. Folia Parasitol., 39: Kunz, C Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis and the impact of vaccination on the incidence of disease. In. Symposium in Immunology 5 (ed. Eibl, M.H., Peter, H.H. and Wahn, U.), pp , Springer Verlag, Berlin. Labuda, M., Jones, L. D., Williams, T., Danielova, V. and Nuttall, P. A Efficient transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus between cofeeding ticks. J. Med. Entomol., 30: Li, S., Xue, C., Fu, Y., Wang, J., Ding, X., Liu, R., Lin, Z., Chai, N., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Cheng, X. and Zhang, W Sporadic case infected by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus in a non-epidemic region of China. Biosci. Trends, 5: Linthicum, K. J. and Bailey, C. L Ecology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses (ed. Sonenshine, D. E. and Mather, T. E.), pp Oxford University Press, New York : Nichol, S. T., Beaty, B. T., Elliot, R. M., Goldbach, R., Plyusnin, A., Schmaljohn, C. S. and Tesh, R. B Family Bunyavirldae. In. Virus Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of viruses ed. Frauquet, C. M., Mayo, M. A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., Ball, L. A., pp , Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego. Niu, G., Li, J., Liang, M., et al Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus among domesticated animals, China. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 19: Nuttall, P. A. and Labuda, M Tick-borne encephalitis subgroup. In. Ecological Dynamic of Tick-borne Zoonosis (ed. Sonenshine, D. E. and Thomas, N. M.), pp , Oxford University Press, New York. Rampas, J. and Gallina, F Isolation of encephalitis virus from Ixodes ricinus ticks. Cas. Lek. Cesk., 88: Simpson, D. I. H., Knight, E. M., Courtois, M. C. G., Williams, M. C., Weinbren, M. P. and Kibukamusoke, J. W Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations-clinical notes. East Afr. Med. J., 44: Takashima, I., Morita, K., Chiba, M., Hayasaka, D., Sato, T., Takezawa, C., Igarashi, A., Kariwa, H., Yoshimatsu, K., Arikawa, J. and Hashi moto, N A case of tick-borne encephalitis in Japan and isolation of the virus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35: Tang, X., Wu, W., Wang, H., Du, Y., Liu, L., Kang, K., Huang, X., Ma, H., Mu, F., Zhang, S., Zhao, G., Cui, N., Zhu, B. P., You, A., Chen, H., Liu, G., Chen, W. and Xu, B Human-to-human transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus through contact with infected blood. J. lnfect. Dis., 207: Yu, X. J., Liang, M. F., Zhang, S. Y., Liu, Y., Li, J. D., Sun, Y. L., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q. F., Popov, V. L., Li, C., Qu, J., Li, Q., Zhang, Y. P., Hai, R., Wu, W., Wang, Q., Zhan, F. X., Wang, X. J., Kan, B., Wang, S. W., Wan, K. L., Jing, H. Q., Lu, J. X., Yin, W. W., Zhou, H., Guan, X. H., Liu, J. F., Bi, Z. Q., Liu, G. H., Ren, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Z., Song, J. D., He, J. R., Wan, T., Zhang, J. S., Fu, X.P., Sun, L. N., Dong, X. P., Feng, Z. J., Yang, W. Z., Hong, T., Zhang, Y., Walker, D. H., Wang, Y. and Li, D. X Fever with thrombocytopenia associated with a novel bunyavirus in China. N. Eng1. J. Med., 364: Zhang, Y. Z., Zhou, D. J., Qin, X. C., Tian, J. H., Xiong, Y., Wang, J. B., Chen, X. P., Gao, D. Y., He, Y. W., Jin, D., Sun, Q., Guo, W. P., Wang, W., Yu, B., Li, J., Dai, Y. A., Li, W., Peng, J. S., Zhang, G. B., Zhang, S., Chen, X. M., Wang, Y., Li, M. H., Lu, X., Ye, C., de Jong, M. D. and Xu J The ecology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Huaiyangshan virus in China. J. Virol., 86: Zilber, L. A. and Sloviev, V. D Far Eastern tick-borne springsummer (spring) encephalitis. Am. Rev. Soviet Med., 5, special suppl, 1 80.

OIE RL for Rabies in China: Activities and Challenges

OIE RL for Rabies in China: Activities and Challenges Email: changchun_tu@hotmail.com http://cvrirabies.bmi.ac.cn Diagnostic Laboratory on Rabies and Wildlife Associated Zoonoses (DLR), Chinese Ministry