ADT Training Animal Health

Transcription

1 ADT Training Animal Health Richard F. Randle, DVM Beef Extension Veterinarian University of Nebraska-Lincoln The Health Program Goal To decrease likelihood of a devastating outbreak within a population of animals. Effects are mild or subclinical in nature if a pathogen (germ) is introduced into the herd. 1

2 The Health Program Increase Immunity Limit or prevent transmission Reduce or eliminate the agent Biosecurity The Health Program Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources. Biocontainment Reduces the spread and severity of infectious disease already on the farm. 2

3 Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Immunity Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Focus on young-stock Young calves ( birth 3 months) weaning-age calves (6-8 months) replacement heifers young bulls 3

4 Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Focus on young-stock Young calves ( birth 3 months) Effects of colostral immunity Colostral Immunity passive active Time (months) 4

5 Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Focus on young-stock Young calves ( birth 3 month) Clostridial diseases 2-way, 5-way, 7-way, 8-way Blackleg Malignant edema Black disease Sordelli Enterotoxemia Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Focus on young-stock Replacement heifers, bulls Focus on reproductive diseases Viral (IBR, BVD) Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio) IDEAL 2 vaccinations between weaning and breeding 5

6 Adult animals Cows Focus on reproductive diseases Viral (IBR, BVD) Bacterial (Lepto, Vibrio) Bulls Herd Health Strategy: The Herd Vaccination Program Same as adult cows IDEAL annual vaccinations between calving and breeding Types of Viral Vaccines MLV vaccines Quicker Immunity Longer Immunity Good CMI Less Reaction Careful Handling Side Effects Killed Vaccines Slower Immunity Shorter Immunity Poor CMI More Reaction Careful Handling Side Effects 6

7 MLV Precautions Keep Refrigerated. Do Not Expose to Direct Sunlight. Use Shortly after Reconstitution. Do Not Use in Syringes Contaminated with Cleaning and Disinfectant Residues. Injection Site Locations - Yes/No Yes No 7

8 Intramuscular injection Skin 16g. or 18g /2 needle Muscle Subcutaneous tissue from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306 Subcutaneous injection 16g. or 18g. 1 needle Skin Muscle Subcutaneous tissue from: Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Special Circular 306 8

9 Biosecurity The Health Program Reduces the likelihood of introducing a new disease from external sources. Biocontainment Reduces the spread and severity of infectious disease already on the farm. Biosecurity and the Farm Visitor 9

10 Concerns about farm visits Protecting your personal health Preventing disease transmission Salmonella 10

11 Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Campylobacter 11

12 Biosecurity Actions to prevent the spread of infectious agents Between herds Within herds BIOSECURE AREA Help keep our livestock healthy Please report to the office BEFORE ENTERING the premises BIOSECURE AREA Help keep our livestock healthy Please report to the office BEFORE ENTERING the premises Where have you been? Where do you want to go? What do you need to do to get there? 12

13 Previous livestock exposure -24 hr. rule Getting there 13

14 Sanitation and hygiene Cleaning and disinfection: Physical Chemical target organism concentration contact time Thermal/UV Cleaning and disinfection Clorox ½ to 1 oz per gallon of water Contact time 30 seconds minimum 14

15 Clean-up 15

16 Clean-up Internal Parasites in Cattle 16

17 Life Cycle of Roundworms In Cattle MSD Agvet - US Cattle Parasite Control Program Signs of parasitism Weight loss Rough hair coat Diarrhea 17

18 Pasture Contamination: Factors Determining Climatic effect Level of egg shedding Stocking rate Grazing patterns Control & Prevention Dewormers Four classes of anti-parasite drugs 1) Imidazothiazoles Adult worms only Levamisole Levamisole Levasole Prohibit Totalon Tramisol 18

19 Control & Prevention Dewormers Four classes of anti-parasite drugs 2) Tetrahydropyrimidines Adult worms only Morantel Rumatel Control & Prevention Dewormers Four classes of anti-parasite drugs 3) Benzimidazoles (white pastes) Albendazole Fenbendazole Oxfendazole Valbazen Panacure Safe-Guard Synanthic 19

20 Control & Prevention Dewormers Four classes of anti-parasite drugs 4) Macrocyclic lactones Doracectin Dectomax Eprinomectin Ivermectin Moxidectin Ivomec Eprinex Double Impact Ivomec TopLine Cydectin Control & Prevention Dewormers How classes differ Benzimidazoles are short-acting - animal can become reinfected within days Macrocyclic lactones remain active for 4 to 6 weeks, killing all parasites that are ingested during that time 20

21 External Parasites Parasite Control - External Flies Lice 21

22 Two General Groups of Flies Biting Flies Horn flies Stable flies Horse flies Small gnats Non-biting Flies Face flies House flies Fly Control Several insecticides for control Organophosphates Pyrethroids Possible Resistance Avermectins Several delivery systems Ear tags, dust bags, oilers, sprays 22

23 Lice Control Large populations of lice cause intense itching 23

24 Lice Control Lice are most prevalent in the late fall, winter, and early spring Lice Control Sucking Lice Feed by piercing the animals skin with sharp mouth parts Drink blood Loss of blood reduces weight gain Irritation hinders feeding activities 24

25 Lice Control Biting Lice Feed by biting and chewing Feed on hair, scabs, and skin excretions Irritate the skin with claws and mouthparts Irritation hinders feeding activities Lice Control Organophosphate and pyrethroids are effective against adults Injectable avermectins are effective against sucking lice (but not biting lice) Pour-on avermectins are effective against sucking & biting lice 25

26 Physical Examination of Cattle Indications: When an individual animal requires examination to allow diagnosis and treatment for an illness Examination of a representative sample of animals to investigate a herd outbreak of disease 26

27 Procedure: Develop a systematic procedure for performing a complete physical examination Personalized Prevents omission of important information Enables easier recall of abnormal findings Physical Examination Observe 1 st from a distance Demeanor Level of alertness Responsiveness Segregation from herdmates 27

28 Visual Observation: Proprioception Strength Lameness Head and neck position Udder symmetry BCS Listen, count and record the primary and secondary rumen contractions over two full minutes Mid Left Paralumbar Fossa Normal 1-2 per Minute Rumination Rate 28

29 Direct Heart Rate, Rhythm and Sounds Left side Intercost al Spaces 3-5 Behind the elbow Normal Rate? Adults Calves Respiratory Rate and Lung Sounds Rate can be evaluated by observation of chest excursions Normal Sounds (triangle) Crackles Wheezes No sounds 29

30 Peripheral Lymph Nodes Prescapular Prefemoral Supramammary Parotid Submandibular Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion Pinging Entire Abdomen 30

31 Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion Pinging Entire Abdomen Left limbs and Udder Swelling of the limbs? Fore and Rear Palpate left quarters of the mammary gland Heat Hardness (swelling) Edema Teat lesions 31

32 Proceed to Right Side Right AV Valve Area 3 rd to 5 th Intercostal Space Murmurs? Heart Sounds 32

33 Mirror Image of Left Thorax Crackles Wheezes No sounds Respiratory System Peripheral Lymph Nodes Prescapular Prefemoral Supramammary Parotid Submandibular 33

34 Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion Pinging Entire Abdomen Abdominal Auscultation and Percussion Simultaneous Auscultation and Percussion Pinging Entire Abdomen 34

35 Examination of the Head Eyes Enophthalmus Exophthalmus Discharge Corneal Opacity Lenticular Opacity Scleral Injection Pupillary Light Response Masses Nares Examination of the Head Discharge Unilateral/Bilateral Plaques Erosions Hemorrhage/ Epistaxis Flaring 35

36 Examination of the Head Oral Cavity Dentition Erosions Vesicles Masses Blunted Oral Papillae Diseases of Special Interest Vesicular Diseases Foot and Mouth Dicease (FMD) Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) Malignant Catahhral Fever (MCF) Enzootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) 36

37 Diseases of Special Interest Diseases of Special Interest Zoonotic Diseases Tuberculosis Brucellosis Q Fever Anthrax Rabies 37

38 Antibiotic Use Benefits Cautions Antibiotics labeled for use in cattle Penicillin Ampicillin Amoxicillin Ceftiofur Erythromycin Oxytetracycline Chlortetracycline Spectinomycin Tilmicosin Tylosin Enrofloxacin Tulathromycin Florfenicol 38

39 Follow Label Directions Dosage rate Route of administration Withdrawal for meat and milk Dosage Rate Weight of animal (lbs or kgs) Drug dosage (mg/lb or mg/kg) From bottle of text source Drug concentration (mg/ml) From bottle 39

40 Dosage Rate Weight of animal X drug dose = total drug needed Total drug needed drug concentration = volume of drug Conversion pounds to kilograms ---- lbs 2.2 = kgs 500 lbs X 5 mg/lb = 2500 mg kgs X 11 mg/kg = 2500 mg 2500 mg 50 mg/ml = 50ml 40

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49 Contacts Richard Randle, DVM, MS Beef Extension Veterinarian Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 107 VBS P.O. Box Lincoln, NE David R. Smith, DVM, PhD Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology) Extension Dairy / Beef Veterinarian Dept. of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 126D VBS P.O. Box Lincoln, NE (402) FAX: (402) dsmith8@unl.edu 49