Small Ruminant Health Basics
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1 Small Ruminant Health Basics Patty Scharko, DVM, MPH, DACPM Field and Extension Veterinarian Livestock Poultry Health Clemson University Columbia, SC Farm Resources Land 3 4 ewes or does per acre Depends on good to poor pasture forage production Fences Important to keep animals in and/or keep predators out Beware of goats getting heads stuck Buildings Need 15 square feet per female Open, cool, dry; not tight, warm and humid Market How to market product(s)? Guard animals LGD (livestock guardian dog), donkey, llama
2 20 acres 5 = rough/poor 10 = average 5 = good to excellent Land Estimate Forage production: ewe/doe require 0.75 ton/yr 5 x 1 ton/acre = 5 tons 10 x 2 tons/acre = 20 tons 5 x 4 tons/acre = 20 tons SUM = 45 tons 45/0.75 = 60 does or ewes on 20 acres Nutrition Efficient users of forages Goats are browsers Sheep are grazers Could co graze with cattle Supplemental feed Winter Late pregnancy Lactation Growing kids and lambs
3 Nutrition COPPER Sheep do not need copper in feed and mineral Copper toxicity occurs if too high Beware of horse feed high in copper Goats need copper Do NOT use sheep & goat mineral for goats! Nutrition Minerals Need salt, calcium, phosphorous, zinc, selenium, etc. while grazing forages Consider ionophores to reduce coccidia problems: Goats Rumensin or Deccox Sheep Bovatec or Deccox Beware do NOT feed Rumensin or Bovatec if horses will consume
4 Small Ruminant Health Management Body Condition Score Determination
5 Importance of Knowing BCS An estimate of fat and muscle Subjective score Failure to recognize BCS has associated cost Decreased fertility Increased disease Incidence of internal parasites Decreased milk production Increase operating costs Energy Needs for Doe Energy (TDN) Needs During Pregnancy & Lactation 1st Trimester Preg. Day (0 50) 2nd Trimester Preg. Day (50 100) 3rd Trimester Preg. Day ( Lactation Day ( ) Graph modified from Langston Univ. online certification short course. Non lactating Period Day ( ) 2 nd Trimester 3 rd Trimester Lactation
6 Weight Change Curve Goat Weight Change Kidding Kidding Weight loss at kidding Lactation Breeding Dry Doe Weaning Hand Placement Stage 3 Gestation
7 How To Determine BCS Body Condition Score (BCS) 1 = Emaciated or too thin 2 = Thin 3 = Moderate 4 = Fat 5 = Obese Determined by feel in loin & rump region on goat Includes: spinous process vertebral angle vertebral process
8
9 BCS 1
10 BCS 2
11 BSC 3.0
12 BCS 4.0
13 BCS 5.0 Body Condition Score Sheep Your turn BCS = BCS = 3 3.5
14 Body Condition Score BCS 1
15 Preventative health care Biosecurity Vaccination program Parasite control program Good nutrition and feeding management Predator management Hoof care Good biosecurity Start with healthy stock Buy from reputable breeders Isolate new animals for at least 30 days Maintain a closed herd
16 Biosecurity for farms Don t mix goats with other goats (or sheep) Don t loan Don t board other sheep/goats Don t loan equipment Limit access to your farm and animals Control dog, cat, rodent, fly, and bird populations Vaccination Program for Sheep & Goats Clostridial diseases (CD-T) over eating disease Clostridium perfringens type C affects kids < 1 month type D affects kids > 1 month Most critical for farms which feed a lot of grain Vaccine not as effective in goats Clostridium tetani tetanus
17 Vaccination Program for Sheep & Goats Lambs/Kids Vaccinate at approximately 8 weeks of age Booster at 12 weeks old Vaccinate earlier if dams were not vaccinated Use tetanus antitoxin at the time of castration or disbudding if dam was not vaccinated Vaccination Program for Sheep & Goats Ewes & Does Vaccinate 1 to 2 months prior to kidding Two shots are necessary the first time an animal is vaccinated Rams, bucks and wethers Vaccinate annually
18 Other Vaccines Soremouth (live)- ONLY in infected herds Pneumonia Chlamydia* or Campylobacter* (vibrio)- in infected herds Rabies* Caseous lymphadenitis CaseBac* beware in pregnant does CL Bacterin restricted approval in goats Autogenous vaccine made from bacteria isolated on a specific farm * not labeled for goats Site of administration Recommended injection site Show or purebred
19 Subcutaneous Injections Meat goats Prefer injections in neck Breeders Prefer the axilla area (behind the elbow) Nodular mass not as visible Not readily mistaken for caseous lymphadenitis Deworming program Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) 1. Do not overstock pastures and pens 2. Don t overgraze 3. Rest pastures sufficiently 4. Enable browsing for goats 5. Practice selective deworming, not prophylactic deworming = smart drenching
20 Deworming program Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) 6. Administer drugs properly 7. Determine which drugs work on your farm 8. Select sheep/goats which are more resistant to internal parasites 9. Practice good sanitation 10.Use coccidiostats Life Cycle of Haemonchus contortus /pubs/sheep/ /figure1.html Image courtesy of Biozetica
21 Good nutrition and feeding management Feed balanced rations Feed according to production cycle and growth stage Separate animals according to their nutritional needs Supplement pasture and forage, when necessary and economical Make feed changes gradual Adequate feeder space Good feeder design
22 Good nutrition and feeding management Feed balanced rations Feed according to production cycle and growth stage Separate animals according to their nutritional needs Supplement pasture and forage, when necessary and economical Make feed changes gradual Adequate feeder space Good feeder design Provide free choice sheep or goat minerals Selenium, Copper, Zinc Se, Cu, Zn Disease resistance- immune response Reproductive function
23 Common health problems Internal parasites Digestive/Nutritional Respiratory complex Reproductive Hoof Skin Chronic Internal parasites (worms) Primary health problem affecting small ruminants It is normal to have some parasites Goal is to control, not eradicate parasites Due to long-time overuse and misuse of anthelmintics, parasites have developed resistance to all of anthelmintics Resistance varies by drug, animal, and farm Safeguard, Ivermectin have most reported resistance
24 Gastro-intestinal parasites #1 health problem affecting small ruminants Round worms Barber pole worm Ostertagia Trichostrongyles Lungworms Tapeworms Liver flukes Meningeal (deer) worm Coccidia The FAMACHA System for assessing anemia and barber pole worm infection in small ruminants Clinical Category Color PCV Deworm? 1 Red > 28 No 2 Red-Pink No 3 Pink 18-22? 4 Pink-White Yes 5 White < 12 Yes
25 Trade Names Drug Class Classes of Dewormers Benzimidazole Safeguard/ Panacur Synathic/ Benzelmin Valbazen* Imidazole/ Pyrimidine Levasole/ Tramisol Rumatel StrongidT Macrolide Ivomec Dectomax Eprinex Cydectin** *Do not use in first trimester pregnancy ** Minimize use to preserve efficacy Skin Sore mouth
26 Soremouth Treatment usually not needed systemic antibiotics if internal mouth lesions or mastitis Zoonotic!! wear gloves
27 Skin Sore mouth External parasites Lice Mites Ticks Nose bots General Sheep/Goat Husbandry Pasture Fencing Housing Handling Breeding Kidding Feeding Management
28
29 Goat Grazing Preference Trial University of Kentucky Robinson Station (Most to least) Sorghum Sudan White clover Turnip Red clover Chicory Sericea Lespedeza Tall Oatgrass Alfalfa Warm Season Grasses (EGG, Switch, BB, Indian) Reed Canarygrass Orchardgrass Annual Lespedeza Novel Endophyte TF Endophyte Free TF Infected TF Bluegrass Bermudagrass Rabies Q Fever birthing fluids Anthrax Brucellosis birthing fluids Tuberculosis Soremouth Leptospirosis E. coli Salmonella Avian Influenza Zoonotic Diseases
30 Selenium, Copper, Zinc Se, Cu, Zn Disease resistance- immune response Reproductive function
31
32 Goat manure: compost or apply directly to garden? Potential pathogens (zoonotic diseases) Q fever Turn manure into ground with tillage Better= pile to compost or Best= Add carbon (browns) to manure Fresh horse stable manure applied to garden = disappointment High carbon (wood shavings) will pull nitrogen from soil and plants Drought Stockpile Sacrifice one lot for feeding hay Do NOT open all pastures to graze Heavy culling
33
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