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1 References Abd-Almaseeh. Z.T. (2008): Comparative Anesthetic protocols: propofol and thiopental in xylazine premedicated donkeys. J. of animal and vet. advances. 7(12): ISSN: Aguiar, AJA.; Hussni, CA. and Luna, SPL. (1993): Propofol compared with propofol/guaiphenesin after detomidine premedication for equine surgery. J. Vet. Anesth. 20: Akin, A.; Esmaoglu, A.; Tosun, Z.; Gwcu, N. ; Aydogan, H. and Boyaci, A. (2005): Comparison of, propofol with propofol ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing. Int. J. Pediatric Otorhinolarynegol. Arafat; Susan; Welliam; Wills; Lynn; Janet and Norden (1991): Effects age on propofol pharmacokinetics. Semin. Anesth; 11 (suppl 1): of Arduino M. J., Bland L. A. and McAllister S. K. (1991): Microbial growth and endotoxin production in the intravenous anaesthetic of propofol.intec Control Hosp Epidem, 12: Belo, S. E.; Kolesar, R. and Mazer, C. D. (1994): Intracoronary propofol does not decrease myocardial contractile function in the dog. Canadian J. Anaesth. 41 (1);

2 Bettschart-Wolfenberger R., Bowen M.I., Freeman S.L., Feller R., Bettschart R.W., Nolan A., Clark K.W. (2001): Cardiopulmonary effects of prolonged anesthesia via propofol-medetomidine infusion in ponies. Am. J.Vet. Res.sep ; 62 (9) Bettschart-Wolfenberger R., Bowen M.I., Freeman S.L., Feller R and Clark K.W. (2003):. Medetomidine Ketamine anesthesia induction followed by medetomidine-propofol in ponies: infusion rate and cardiopulmonary side effects. Equine Vet. J. may ; 35 (3): Bettschart-Wolfenberger R., Kalchofner K., Neges K., Kastener S., Furst A. (2005): Total intravenous anesthesia in horses using medetomidine and propofol. Vet. Anaesth. and analgesia, 32, Branson K, R and M, E. Gross (1994): Propofol in veterinary medicine; J. Am.Vet. Med. Assoc,; (12): Brearly J.C., Kellagher R. and Hall L.W. (1988): Propofol anaesthesia in cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 29: Buhlk; Kerstenu; Kramer, S.; Miscke, R.; Fe rowitz and M., Nolle, L (2005): Effects of epidural anesthesia - analgesia as intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Equine Vet.J. 169 (1);

3 Cock shott I. D., Douglas E. J. and Plummer G. F. (1992): The Pharmacokinetics of propofol in laboratory animals. Xenobiotica, 22: Diane, M.C. (2002): Adverse effects of general anesthetic. Drug 7(6); Donaldson, L. L., Dunlop, G.S.; Cooper W.L. (1998): A comparison of propofol with ketamine after xylazine and butorphanol as field anesthesia for young foals. In: Proceeding of the Ann. Mtg. Am. Coll Vet. Anes ; 11. El-Sayad, A. M. M. (2006): Using of propofol as a general anesthetic in equine in comparison with other anesthetics. M.V.Sc.Thesis. Tanta univ. Kafr-El- sheikh branch Fahmy L. S., Farag K. A., Mostafa M. B. and Hegazy A. A. (1995): Propofol anaesthesia with xylazine and diazepam premedication in camels. J Camel Pract and Resarch, 2 (2): Farag, K.A., Mostafa, M.B., Sheta, E.M.E, and Bashandy, M., (1996): Intravenous propofol anesthesia with xylazine and diazepam premeditation in dogs. Alex J. Vet. Sc., 12 (1); Field, Sc. (1993): Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of propofol administration in hypovolemic dogs. Am.J. Vet. Res.; 53:

4 Fitzgerald G. and Cooper J. E. (1990): Preliminary studies on the use of propofol in the domestic pigeon (Columba Livia). Research in veterinary Science, 49 (3): Flaherty, D.; Reid, J.; Welsh, E.; Monteiro, A. M, Lerche, P and Nolan A. (1997): A pharmacodynamic study of propofol or propofol and Ketamine infusion in ponies undergoing surgery. Research in Veterinary Science. 62: Fowler, CJ.(2004): "Possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the actions of three clinically used drugs." Trends Pharmacol. Sci. Feb;25(2): Frias, A. F.; Marsico, F.; Gomez, D.S; Nascimento, P.R ; Nascimento, A.; Soares, J. H. and Almosny, N. R. (2003): Evaluation of different doses of propofol in xylazine premedicated horsvs. Vet Anaesth.; 30 (4): Guandt, H.;Rabinason, Rivers and Ratte (1999): Echocardiographic assessment of the homodynamic effects of propofol: a comparison with propofol and thiopentone.anaesthesia; 46: Guit, J. B. M. ; Koning, H. M.; Coster, M.; Niemeije, R. P. E. and Mackie, D. O.(1991): Ketamine,analgesic for total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol. Anesthesia; 46:

5 Haeseler G, Karst M, Foadi N, Gudehus S, Roeder A, Hecker H, Dengler R, Leuwer M.(2008): High-affinity blockade of voltageoperated skeletal muscle and neuronal sodium channels by halogenated propofol analogues. British Journal of Pharmacology. Sep;155(2): Haeseler G, Leuwer M. (2003): High-affinity block of voltage-operated rat IIA neuronal sodium channels by 2,6 di-tert-butylphenol, a propofol analogue. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. Mar;20(3): Hall L. W. and Chambers J. P. (1987): A clinical trail of propofol infusion in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 28: Hall L. W., Clark K. W. and Trim C. M. (2003): Veterinary anesthesia, 10 th Edn. Wb saunders. Elsevier. Sci. Limited, PP: Hellebreckers L. J. and Sap R. (1997): Medetomidine as a premedicant for ketamine/propofol or fentanyl anesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Record, 140 (21): Hui-Chu Lin.;Ram,BC, And Tom,TA. (1997): Anesthesia in sheep with propofol or with xylazine - ketamine followed by halofhane. Veterinary Surgery; 26: Jain, N.C. (1986): Effect of glyceryl guaiacolate-thiamylal sodium solution on respiratory function and various haematologic factors of the horse. JAVMA, 161:

6 Jeff C.H.; Francis, J. Colder; Ronald, E. Mandsagar; Terrel Heaton Janses and Kami Mattern (1999): Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of a 1:1 mixture of propofol and thiopental sodium in dogs. JAVMA; 215 (9): Jones, D.; Prankerd; R.; Lary, C.; Chilrers, M,; Bignell and Short, T. (1999): Propofol - thiopentone admixture : hypnotic dose, pain on injection and effect on blood pressure. Anaesth. Intensive Care; 27 (9) : Jusar, S.K.; Paul, A.K. and William, L.H. (1979): Pharmacokinetics of ketamine in the horse Am J.vet Res.; 40 (7) : Kojima, K.; Nishimura, R.; Mutoh, T.; Hong, S.H.; Mochizuki, M. and Sasaki, N. (2002): Effects of medetomidine -midazolam, accpromazine-butorphanol, and midazolam-butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary charges in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 63 (12): Krasowski, Hong X., Hopfinger A.J, Harrison N.L. (2002): Analysis of a set of propofol analogues: mapping binding sites for an anesthetic phenol on the GABA(A) receptor. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Jul 18;45(15): Langley, Ms. and Heel, Re. (1988): Propofol A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and use as an intravenous anesthetic. Drugs; 35 (4):

7 Lazar, ER.; Jolly, DT.; Tarn, YK.; Hrazdil, J.; Tawfik SR. and Clanachan, AS. (1998): Propofol and thiopental in a 1: 1 volume mixture is chemically stable. Anesth. Analg.; 86 (2) : Lerche P.; Nolan, A.M. and Reid, J. (2000): Comparative study of propofol or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anesthesia in dogs. Veterinary Record; 146: Maed, N; Yamanka, T ; Sasaki, S ;Susuki, A.T and Ohataishi, N.P (1990): Anesthsia for laparoscopy: A comparison of five techniques includingpropofol, etomidate, thiopentone and Isoflurane. Anesthesia; 42: Mama, K.R. (2000): Anesthetic Management of the horses, Intravenous Anesthesia. In: Recent Advances in Anesthesia Management of Large Domestic Animals. Steffy, E.P.(Ed).International Veterinary Information Services, Ithaca, N.Y. WW. Ivis. Org, a Mama, K.R., Wagner A.E., Steffey, E.P. (1999): Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for maintenance of anesthesia in horses. In: proceeding of the Ann Mtg Am Coll Vet Anes ; 18. Mama, K.R.; Steffey, E.P. and Pascoe, P.J. (1995): Evaluation of propofol as a general anesthetic for horses. Vet. Surg. 24:

8 Mama, K.R.; Steffey, E.P.; Pascoe, P.J. (1996): Evaluation of propofol for general anesthesia in premeditated horses. Am. J Vet. Res. 57: Marik, PG. (2004): Propofol: therapeutic indications and side effects. Curr. Pharm. Des; 10 (24): Matsukawa T., Kurz A. and Sessler D. I.(1995): Propofol linearly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Anesthesiology, 82: Matthewes N. S. and Taylor T. S. (2002): Anesthesia of donkeys and mules. How they differ from horses. In depth: Mule-donkey medicine and surgery. AAEP Proc., 48: Matthewes N. S. and Van Dijk P. (2004): Anesthesia and analgesia for donkeys. In: Veterinary care of donkeys. Matthewes, N.S. and T.S. Taylor (Eds) international verterinary information service, Ithaca N.Y. WW.Ivis. org. A Matthewes N. S., Chaffin M.K., Hartsfield S. M. (1993): Propofol immobilization of neonatal Foals. In: proceeding of the Ann. Mtg. Am. Coll. Vet. Anes; 12. Matthewes N. S., Taylor T. S. and Sullivan J. A. (2002): A comparison of three combinations of injectable anesthetic in miniature donkeys. Vet. anesthesia and analgesia; 29,

9 Matthewes N.S., Hartsfield S.M., Hague B., Carroll G.L., Short C. E. (1999): Detomedine-Propofol anesthesia for abdominal surgery in horses. Vet. Surg. May-Jun; 28 (3): Mckelvey, D. and Hollingshead, K. W. (2003): Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 3 rd Edn. Chap3. Mosby, An Affiliate of Elsevier Science. Inc. Usa, PP: McPherson, R.A and Pincus, M.R (2006): Henry s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 21 ed. W.B.Saunders company. Minoru. O; Kazoumi.O; Kazutaka. M; kataro. A and Yutaka. R (2004): Propofol - ketamine anesthesia for castration in racehorses. Vet. Med. Sci.; 66 (11): Mohammed, M.A.(2000): Clinical efficacies of some anesthetic agents in sheep and goat. Ph.D. Thesis, Zagazig univ.benha branch. Morgan, D.W.T. and Legge, K. (1989): Clinical evaluation of propofol used as an intravenous anesthetic agent in cats and dogs. Veterinary Record; 124: Muir W.W. and Gadawski J.E. (1998): Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 38:

10 Muir W.W.,Hubell J.A., Bednarski R.M. and Sharda R.T. (2007): Hand Book of Veterinary Anesthesia: 4 th Edn. Chap3. Mosby. An Affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Usa, PP: ISBN: ( ), (10: ). DOI URL. Nolan A.M. and Chambers P. (1989): The use of propofol as an induction agent after detomidine premedication in ponies. Journal of the Association of Veterinary Anesthesia, 16: Nolan, A. M. and Hall, L.W. (1985): Total intravenous anesthesia in the horses with propofol. Equine Vet. J. 17 (5): Ohta M., Oku K., Mukai K., Akiyama K. and Mizuno Y. (2004): Propofol-ketamine anesthesia for internal fixation of fractures in race horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci.; 66 (11): Oku, K; Ohta, M; Yamanka, T; Mizuno, Y and Fujinaga, T. (2005): The minimal infusion rate (MIR) of propofol for total intravenous anesthesia after premeditation with xylazine in horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67 (6): Oku, K., Ohta M., Katoh T., Moriyama H., Kusano, and Fujinaga. T.(2006): Cardiovascular effects of continuous propofol infusion in horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci.; 68 (8): Oku, K.; Yamanka, T.; Ashihara, N.; Kawasaki., K.; Mizuno, Y. and Fujinaga, T. (2003): Clinical observation during Induction and recovery of Xylazine - midazolam - Propofol anesthesia in horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64:

11 Quandt, J.E.; Glaine, E.P.; Robinson, E.R.; William, C.; Rivers, W.J. And Marc, M.R. (1998): Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of propofol and thiopental in dogs. Am J. Vet. Res. 59(9): Raafat, S. Hannallah; Susan, B. Baker and William Casey (1991): Propofol; Effect, observation and induction characteristics in unpremeditated children. Anesthesiology; 74: Rashiq S.auant B; Gallant, M. and jolly, DT. (1997): Recovery following induction of anesthesia: with a combination of thiopentone and propofol. Can J. Anaesth.; 41 (12): Reid, J.; Nolan AM. and Welsh, E. (1993): Propofol as induction agent in the goat: a pharmacokinetic study. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 16 (4): Renal, K.; Sarah, M. ;Nicol, P. and Kathleen, T. (2001): Animal studies of the anesthetic activity of ici British Journal Anesthesia; 52:73. Robertson S.A., Johnston S. and Beemsterboer J (1992): Cardiopulmonary anesthetic and post anesthetic effects of intravenous infusion of propofol in Greyhounds and Non Greyhounds. American Journal Veterinary Research, 53 (60):

12 Robinson, FP. and Patterson, CC (1985): Changes in liver function after propofol (Diprivan) postgrad. Med. J. 61 (Suppl): Sebel, P.S. and Lowdon, J. D. (1989): Propofol: a new intraverous anesthetic. Anesthesiology;71 : Short, CE.; Hong,K.;Suen,C.;Gin,M. and Plummer,A. (1995): propofol anesthesia Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 29 (3): 747. Silverman, K. and Muir, M. (1993): Complications associated with general anesthesia of the horses. Vet. Clin. North Am; 3: Selmin, AL.; Mendes,GM. ;Lins, BT.; Figueirdo,JP, and Barbudo Selmi,GR.(2005):Medetomedine as; premedicants for cats anaesthetized with propofol-sevoflurane.vet. Rec.157 (5): Smith I., White P.F., Nathanson and Gouldson R. (1994): propofol: An update on its clinical use. Anaesthesiology, 81: Smith, J.A.; Gaynor, J.S. and Bednarski, R.M. (1993): Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dog. JAVMA, 202(7): Taylor P.M. (1985): Chemical restraint of standing horse. Equine Vet. J. 17:

13 Taylor P. M. (1989): Adrenocortical response to propofol infusion in ponies : a preliminary report. J. Vet. Anas.,16: Thurmon J.C., Trtranquilli W. J and Ko J.C.H (1995): Clinical abbrasial of propofol as an anesthetic in dogs premedicated with medetomidine. Canine practice, 20 (1): Umar M.A, Yamashita K, Kushiro T and Muir W.W. (2006): Evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or ketaminemedetomidine propofol combination in horses. J. Am. Med. Asso. Apr.15; 288(8): 1221:1227. Umar M.A, Yamashita K, Kushiro T and Muir W.W.3 rd (2007): Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses.am.j. Vet. Res.; 68(2): Vanlersberghe C, Camu F. (2008): Propofol. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. ;(182): Vasile B, Rasulo F, Candiani A, Latronico N (2003). "The pathophysiology of propofol infusion syndrome: a simple name for a complex syndrome". Intensive care medicine 29 (9): doi: /s x.. 181

14 Vesce G and Lucisano A (1991): Crossing of the placental barrier by propofol in small ruminants. J.Vet.Anas. (Special supplement), Veselis RA, Reinsel RA, Feshchenko VA, & Wroński M (1997). The comparative amnestic effects of midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl at equisedative concentrations. Anesthesiology, 87, Watkins, B.; Hall, L.W. and Clarke, K.W. (1987): Propofol as intravenous anesthetic agent in dogs. Veterinary Record; 120: Weaver, B.M.Q. and Raptopolous, P. (1990): Induction of anesthesia in dogs and cats with propofol. Veterinary Record; 126: Zoran D.L, Riedesel D.H and Dyer D.C (1993): Pharmacokinetics of propofol in mixed breed Dogs and Greyhound. Am.J.Vet.Res, 54 (5):

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