Keeping the outside world out yet letting it in

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Keeping the outside world out yet letting it in"

Hector Walters
5 years ago
Views:

1 Keeping the outside world out yet letting it in Agriculture and Natural Resources Department - St Helena NGO Medical and Technical Lead for Leishmaniasis- Turkey/Syria Department of Agriculture - Tristan da Cunha

3 St Helena Galapagos of the South Atlantic? Commissioned by the FCO as a result of a 2012 UK government White Paper entitled: The Overseas Territories: Security, Success and Sustainability

4 RSPB OTs Wildlife Stocktake Report, May % of British endemic species lie within the British OTs Of the 1,547 endemic species, St Helena holds the most, over 500 and still rising This means that the 47 sq. miles of St Helena (+ sea) holds 30% of all endemic species to be found on British Territory

sub-tropical climate High humidity Range of altitudes/climates

5 Best border in world 1,500 miles of ocean, but. only as good as biosecurity measures put in place Tropical with sub-tropical climate High humidity Range of altitudes/climates with deeply vegetated guts Broad range of habitats Incubator climate Remote yet susceptible

7 Bridging oceans by ship and plane

8 Passengers and crew..

9 Cargo..

Beneficial partial quarantine effect but prolonged close-contact hothouse

10 Both! Plane Accelerated transfer of pests and diseases (including via passengers incubating contagions with possible transfer to vectors) Ship Beneficial partial quarantine effect but prolonged close-contact hothouse environment Containers contained environment streamed around the world St Helena Tourism

11 Containerised cargo and airspace

12 S A N D F U M I G A T I O N

13 Routes of entry Passengers and crew Cabin baggage General cargo and ship containers Live animal imports Animal food products meat and dairy Animal derived goods skins, leather, hoof, horn etc Used vehicles and machinery (NB: used tyres!) Compost and plant materials Dirty work clothes, tools and camping equipment (eg: shears) Rodents and arthropods on ships, yachts and aircraft Galley waste from ships, yachts and aircraft (GASH) Mail Seaport/airport personnel working across the lines of security Smuggled/concealed goods Terrorism On the physical structure of the ship/aircraft (accidental) (NB: oil rigs) Natural incursions by sea and air (driftwood, insects, birds)

14 T R I S T A N D A C U N H A

15 S T H E L E N A

Biosecurity The system of security designed to protect a contained environment - including its ecosystem, the local populace, animals, and agriculture - from potentially harmful, invasive or

16 Biosecurity The system of security designed to protect a contained environment - including its ecosystem, the local populace, animals, and agriculture - from potentially harmful, invasive or destructive organic agents. Preborder: Legislation - controlled and prohibited goods EHCs Export veterinary Health Certificates On-board publicity Border: St Helena has advantage of bottleneck entry points Posters/bins to prompt self regulation Physical checks Scanners etc. Post border: Monitoring and surveillance Veterinary service notification of deaths and post-mortems ERAPs emergency response action plans General public the best army of monitors

17 C O G U I L T Y N S C I E N C E

18 OR. MEMORY PROMPT!

19 B E E S

20 Importance of bees. Pollination by bees and other insects is the first step in the Every 1 in 3 flowering/fruiting process resulting in the production of vegetables and fruits. This essential nutrition comprises approximately 35% of the human diet. DEFRA Advisory Leaflet, UK 2007 mouthfuls of food is pollinated by bees

The St Helenian bee unique? Bee wing morphometry 1.2 Hantel Index v Cubital Index 1.

21 The St Helenian bee unique? Bee wing morphometry 1.2 Hantel Index v Cubital Index The Hantel Index The Cubital Index The Discoidal Shift Angle Hantel Index Apis mellifera mellifera Cubital Index

22 The St Helenian bee indigenous breed Apis mellifera mellifera the true honey bee. Queens from the Isle of Wight, UK Apis mellifera carnica the Carniolan of eastern Europe (according to identification by MAFF now DEFRA, UK) Apis mellifera scutellata the wild African honey bee (killer bee!). Or possibly Apis mellifera adansonii, the even more aggressive West African bee.

virus Colony Collapse Disorder Small hive beetle

23 European Foulbrood Nosema apis Nosema ceranae Varroa destructor mite Israeli Acute Paralysis virus Deformed Wing virus Colony Collapse Disorder Small hive beetle infestation Tropilaelaps mite infestation American Foulbrood The dying bees

24 Bees pre-border Prohibited importation 3. (1) The importation of the following is prohibited: (a) bees, honey, combs and wax foundation; (b) any unrefined beeswax or item containing or manufactured from unrefined beeswax; and (c) anything which has or may have been exposed to infection with any disease referred to in Schedule 2. (2) Paragraph (1) does not apply in respect of any item containing honey as an ingredient or component which is listed in the prescribed Health Standards as being exempt from this prohibition.

25 Bees pre-border Honey, (which includes all types of honey, fruits and nuts preserved in honey and honey products where the honey ingredients make up 15% or more of the product by weight or volume)

26 Bees pre-border Royal jelly Pollen Raw propolis Slumgum Bee semen Unrefined bee venom Hives, containers or other appliances and equipment used Refined beeswax, refined beeswax products, processed composite foods, food ingredients and beverages, dietary supplements and medical preparations and cosmetics containing honey, pollen, propolis or royal jelly..

27 Bees border

28 Bees post border

29 Live animal imports Tested for 9 diseases a) Tuberculosis b) Brucellosis c) Enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) d) Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) e) Bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) f) Johne s disease g) Salmonella bacteria h) Venereal diseases (T fetus and Campylobacter fetus)

31 Live animal imports - FISH

32 Marine Tropicals et al? Richard Grundy

33 PDNS Live animal imports

35 ARMY WORM Spodoptera

36 L A N T A N A LANTANA

37 T E T A N U S

38 WEIL S DISEASE

39 N E M A T O D E

40 LICE FLEAS MITES

41 Life cycle joined up TICKS

42 Epidemics - Fowl cholera Mainly aggregations of waterfowl Reservoir host rat 111 ducks - 40 died

43 Epidemics - Fowl cholera Pasteurella multocida

44 Epidemics - Fowl cholera

45 Epidemics - Newcastle disease Over 300 died or culled Over 5,000 vaccinated

46 Epidemics - Newcastle disease

47 Epidemics - Newcastle disease

50 Airport special issues Immediate connection to the global community. Humans incubating disease (see later link with Aedes mosquito.) Living airspace - higher survival rate of hitchhikers - Arthropods insects and arachnids (NB Africa) Cargo from around the world Emergency landings. Overflown by Brazil to Angola flights

51 Airport emergency landings - animals Incorrect paperwork Sick on arrival Smuggled Emergency landings In transit SHG July 2013 Flight delays

52 Airport joining up the life cycle BLACK FLY MIDGE TSETSE SANDFLY MOSQUITO

53 Airport joining up the life cycle L. major L. tropica L. infantum (= L. chagasi)

55 Malaria - 40% of population (Elephantiasis) Anopheles mosquito MENTOR Initiative

56 Culex mosquito MENTOR Initiative St Helena! Fowl pox (we have here and vaccinate) Canine heartworm Japanese encephalitis Avian malaria

57 Aedes mosquito Dengue Chikungunya Zika Yellow fever Japanese encephalitis Rift Valley fever MENTOR Initiative Passengers incubating disease!!!

58 Aedes mosquito - dengue

59 Aedes mosquito special properties Day biting, so prevention difficult Often as a result trapped and spread in containers Eggs survive drying used tyres! Vertical transmission of dengue

60 Aedes mosquito on St Helena?

61 Aedes mosquito on St Helena?

Airport - prevention SHG policy document The process of disinsection is required under the IHR of the World Health Organization on flights to and from certain destinations to prevent infectious and

62 Airport - prevention SHG policy document The process of disinsection is required under the IHR of the World Health Organization on flights to and from certain destinations to prevent infectious and contagious diseases. WHO defines disinsection as: the procedure whereby health measures are taken to control or kill the insect vectors of human diseases present in baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods and postal parcels. Credit: Dr Jill Key

63 Zebras versus horses!

64 Any questions?

Medical and Veterinary Entomology

Medical and Veterinary Entomology An eastern treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus, takes a blood meal. Urbana, Illinois, USA Alexander Wild Photography Problems associated with arthropods 1) Psychological