ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN DAIRY ANIMALS IN ALWAR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN

Transcription

1 ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN DAIRY ANIMALS IN ALWAR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (DEEMED UNIVERSITY) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE IN DAIRY EXTENSION EDUCATION BY SUBHASH CHAND B. V. Sc. & A. H. DIVISION OF DAIRY EXTENSION NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (I.C.A.R.) KARNAL (HARYANA), INDIA 2011 Regn. No

2 DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED MOTHER

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5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis is a result of a year of research that was done since I completed my academics in July Since then, I have worked with a number of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of the thesis deserves special mention. It is a pleasure to convey my gratitude to them all in my humble acknowledgment. In the first place I would like to record my gratitude to Dr. B.S. Meena, my major advisor for his supervision, advice, and guidance from the very early stage of this research as well as giving me extraordinary experiences throughout the work. Above all and the most needed, he provided me unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. His truly scientist intuition has made him as a constant oasis of ideas and passions in science, which exceptionally inspired and enriched my growth as a student and as a researcher. I am indebted to his more than he knows. Finally I would like to say If I have seen farther than others, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. A. K. Chakravarty for his advice and crucial contribution, which made him a backbone of this research and so to this thesis. His involvement with his originality has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit from, for a long time to come. Sir, I am grateful in every possible way. Many thanks go in particular to Dr. Jancy Gupta for giving me extraordinary experiences throughout the work. I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Mrs. Ritu Chakravarty for her unflinching encouragement and critical advice throughout the work. I have also benefited by advice and guidance from Dr. A.K. Mohanty, Joint Director s nominee who also always kindly granted me his time for various suggestions and clarifications. I gratefully thank Dr. A. P. Ruhil for his constructive comments on this thesis. I convey special acknowledgement to Dr. A.K. Srivastava, Director, NDRI, Karnal for his indispensable help and providing necessary facilities for carrying out this study and financial assistance in the form of Institutional Fellowship during my Master s programme. I am also very much thankful to all the office staff members of Division for their timely help. I am also grateful to Dr. Ram Kumar, Head, Dairy Extension Division and other scientists of Dairy Extension Division, namely Prof. D.S. Brar, Dr. Khajan Singh, Dr. K. S. Kadian, Dr. G. Sankhala, Dr. S.K. Jha, Dr. S. Subhash, Dr. Asif Mohammad, Dr. Senthil Kumar, Dr. Sanchita Garai, Dr. Parvinder Sharma, Dr. N. S. Sirohi, and Mrs. Mridula Upadhyay Mam, for their full cooperation and help during the entire period of my study at NDRI. I am also very much thankful to all my respected seniors namely Himat Sir, Subin Mohan Sir, Raj Kumar Sir, Vishal Sir, Rajeev Sir, Ramdutt Sir, Jaya mam, Talata mam, Tak Sir, Nirish Sir, Bhanu Sir, Shyam Sir, Kavita mam, Rajesh Sir, Avinash Sir, Yogender Sir, Davinder Sir, Kamala Kant Sir, and

6 Jai Sridhar Sir who helped me in every way when I was in need of their help. Collective and individual acknowledgments are also owed to my batchmates at NDRI, Ashok, Gagan, More, Pankaj, Prahlad, Sharad, Shahid, Irfan whose presence somehow perpetually refreshed me and was helpful and memorable. Many thanks go in particular to Arvind, Maan, Kuldeep, Manoj, Michael, Goswami, Raghu, Anil, Bharat, Davinder, and Ajay sudan. My beloved juniors Hukum, Kartikayan, Samsad, Sahjad, Jeevan, Aditi, Meenu and Nandini deserve thanks, whose company made me feel younger. I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Sumit, Ashok, Kailash and Anoop for their consistent encouragement and sharing views. Where would I be without my family? My parents deserve special mention for their inseparable support and prayers. My Mother, in the first place is the person who put the foundation of my learning character, showing me the joy of intellectual pursuit ever since I was a child. I thank my siblings for being supportive and caring. Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important to the successful realization of thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one. Place: Karnal Dated: 21/07/2011 (SUBHASH CHAND)

7 CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page No. 1. Introduction Review of Literature Research Methodology Results and Discussion Summary and Conclusion Bibliography Appendices i-vii i-xviii

8 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 3.1 Profile of the ALWAR district of RAJASTHAN List of variables and their measurement Minimum and maximum score for each reproductive disorder in dairy animals 4.1 Socio- personal profile of the farmers Socio-economic profile of the farmers Herd size in the sample area Communication behaviour of the farmers Distribution of farmers on the basis of knowledge regarding reproductive disorders 4.6 Knowledge of the farmers on reproductive disorder in dairy 40 animals 4.7 Existing practices to manage the late maturity and anoestrus 42 by the farmers 4.8 Existing practices to manage the repeat breeding by the 43 farmers 4.9 Existing practices to manage the retention of placenta by the 45 farmers 4.10 Existing practices to manage the prolapse by the farmers Existing practices to manage the abortion and stillbirth by 47 the farmers 4.12 Existing practices to manage the dystocia by the farmers Distribution of farmers on the basis of satisfaction level 48 regarding veterinary services 4.14 Satisfaction of the farmers regarding veterinary service Incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals as faced by farmers 4.16 Incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals as stated by veterinary officers 4.17 Constraints on reproductive disorders management faced by the farmers 4.18 Constraints on reproductive disorders management faced by the veterinary officers 4.19 Correlation analysis of selected independent variables with knowledge on reproductive disorders in dairy animals 4.20 Correlation analysis of selected independent variables with knowledge on reproductive disorders in dairy animals

9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Title Page No. 3.1 Map of Rajasthan state showing Alwar district Map of Alwar district showing the location of selected tehsils Distribution of farmers on the basis of 39 knowledge regarding reproductive disorders 4.2 Knowledge on reproductive disorders in 41 different categories of herd size 4.3 Distribution of farmers on the basis of 48 satisfaction level regarding veterinary services

10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GDP - Gross Domestic Product g - Gram MT - Metric Tone A.I. - Artificial Insemination NDRI - National Dairy Research Institute ITK - Indigenous Technical Knowledge KVK - Krishi Vigyan Kendra V.O. - Veterinary Officer LSA - Livestock Assistant SMS - Subject Matter Specialist BDO - Block Development Officer DDO - District Development Officer AH - Animal Husbandry NDDB - National Dairy Development Baord G.O.I. - Government of India Ha. - Hactare

11 Abstract Economic viability of a dairy venture depends primarily on reproductive efficiency of its herd. Any impairment in reproductive performance results into reproductive disorders, which leads heavy economic losses by decreasing milk yield through widening of dry period and inter calving interval, and number of calves produced, by increasing expenditure in term of treatment charges, and by increasing culling rate. Therefore a study was conducted to explore the knowledge, existing practices to manage, incidence rate and constraints faced by dairy farmers and veterinary officers on reproductive disorders management along with farmers satisfaction on veterinary services. A study on analysis of reproductive disorders of dairy animals was conducted purposively in Alwar district of the Rajasthan. The information was gleaned from 150 farmers, from six villages by applying simple random sampling technique; the respondents were those who had at least one milch animal at the time of investigation. Beside this 35 veterinary officers were selected randomly from the district. The overall knowledge of the farmers regarding reproductive disorders was percent. Education, family education status, herd size, milk production, mass media exposure and personal cosmopolite channels were positively and significantly correlated with knowledge where as incidence rate was negatively correlated with knowledge on reproductive disorders. Dystocia, abortion and stillbirth were mostly treated by veterinary officers and remaining reproductive disorders were treated by farmers by using grains and herbs. The overall satisfaction of farmers regarding veterinary services was good (65.93%). Anoestrus and repeat breeding were major reproductive problems in dairy animals. Breedable herd size was positively correlated with Incidence of reproductive disorders. Lack of knowledge regarding balanced feed and lack of government schemes for managing dairy herd were major constraints faced by farmers in reproductive disorder management. Use of scrub bulls for breeding and treatment of animals by untrained person were major constraints faced by veterinary officers in reproductive disorder management. Farmers treat various reproductive disorders by using many grains and herbs; most of them are ingredients of concentrate, so there is need to aware the farmers about balanced feed to enhance the reproductive efficiency and to reduce the incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals.

12 एक ड मय उद यभ क आर थ क व मवह म त भ ख म र ऩ स इसक ऩश ओ क झ ड क प रजनन भत ऩय र नब य ह l प रजनन प रदश न भ प रजनन स फ ध ववक य ह l जजसस द ध उत ऩ दन भ कभ, उत ऩ ददत फछड क स ख म भ कभ, उऩच य खच भ व व औय ऩश ओ क छटन क क यण ब य आर थ क न कस न ह त ह l दकस न क उनक ऩश ओ भ प रजनन स फ ध ववक य क न, भ ज द प रफ धन प रथ ओ, भ ज द प रजनन स फ ध ववक य क घटन दय औय प रजनन ववक य क प रफ धन ऩय दकस न औय ऩश र चदकत स अर धक रयम क स भन आन व र फ ध ओ क ऩत रग न क स थ स थ दकस न क ऩश र चदकत स स व ओ ऩय स त व क एक अध ममन दकम गम l इसर रए ड मय ऩश ओ क प रजनन स फ ध ववक य क ववश ल षण यह अध ममन य जस थ न क अरवय जजर भ दकम गम l ज नक य छह ग व क 150 दकस न स ज र ग ज च क सभम कभ स कभ एक द ध र ऩश यखत थ, स सयर म द जछछक नभ न तकन क र ग कयन क द व य प र प त क ग ए l इस क अर व 35 ऩश र चदकत स अर धक रयम क फ तयत फ ढ ग स जजर स चमर नत दकम गम l प रजनन ववक य क फ य भ दकस न क सभग र न प रर तशत थ l र श, ऩरयव य र श क जस थर त, ऩश ओ क झ ड आक य, द ग ध उत ऩ दन, भ स भ दडम औय व मव गत सव म ऩ च नर क न क स थ सक य त भक औय क प सहस फ थ l प रजनन ववक य क घटन दय क स थ न क नक य त भक औय क प सहस फ थ l द य सस त र चम, गब ऩ त, औय जस तज फथ क इर ज ज म द तय ऩश र चदकत स अर धक य द व य तथ श ष प रजनन ववक य क इर ज दकस न द व य अन ज औय जड फ दटम क उऩम ग द व य दकम य गम l ऩश र चदकत स स व ओ क स फ ध भ दकस न क सभग र स त व अछछ (65.93%) थ l अन स स औय द हय न प रजनन ड मय ऩश ओ भ प रभ ख प रजनन य थ l प रजनन म ग म ऩश ओ क झ ड आक य प रजनन स फ ध ववक य क घटन दय क स थ सक य त भक सहस फ थ l स त र रत च य क फ य भ न क अब व औय ड मय ऩश ओ क झ ड क प रफ धन क र रए सयक य म जन ओ क कभ प रजनन ववक य क प रफ धन भ दकस न क स भन आन व र प रभ ख थ l प रजनन क र रए अम ग म फ र क प रम ग औय अप रर शज त व मव द व य ज नवय क इर ज प रजनन ववक य क प रफ धन भ ऩश र चदकत स अर धक रयम क स भन आन व र प रभ ख थ l दकस न प रजनन ववक य क इर ज कई अन ज औय जड फ दटम क उऩम ग स कयत ह, उनभ स ज म द तय उज म च य क तत व ह इसर रए ड मय ऩश ओ भ प रजनन भत फढ न औय प रजनन ववक य क घटन ओ क कभ क र रए दकस न क स त र रत फ ड क फ य भ ज गर क कयन क जर यत ह l

13 CHAPTER-1

14 1. INTRODUCTION More than percent Indian rural households own livestock and a majority of them are with less than 5 dairy animals, particularly cow and buffaloes, and derive supplementary income and nutrition by producing milk for self-consumption and for sale in the market (Birthal and Jha, 2005). In India mostly traditional model or the small-scale subsistence model of dairying is followed which is characterized by multi-objective household model of farmer behaviour, low levels of inputs and outputs, nutrient deficit in both farm and household, diffuse (informal) market structure, consisting of many smallscale market agents, labour-intensive handling and transport methods, lowcost products, mostly liquid and limited in diversity and no voice or role in dairy policy making. This is because agriculture and dairying are supplementary and complementary to each other in term of utilization of crop residues, dung and draught power. In milk production was estimated at 17 million tonnes which rose to112.5 million tonnes in and per capita availability of milk during 1951 was 124 gm which increased to 258 gm in and bovine population during 1951 was million which increased to million in 2007 (Dept. of animal husbandry, dairying and fishery GOI, 2010 & NDDB). This is very clear that bovine population grows 1.5 times (53.20%) whereas milk production increased by 5 times during the period. This phenomenal success is attributed mainly by operation flood ( ). (Basic animal husbandry statistics, (2006), & India ranks first in milk production and this much amount of produce is mainly due to huge bovine population (304.5 million) and little contribution from other species, but productivity per animal is still low (average productivity of Indian cow is 987 kg/lactation as against the world average of 2038 kg/lactation). Basically milk production (productivity) depends on four dimensions of animal husbandry practices i.e. breeding, feeding, health-care and management practices. Initially low genetic potential and low plane of 1

15 nutrition; due to lack of concentrate, feed and fodder both in quantity and quality particularly green fodder are considered major cause of low productivity. Crossbreeding and use of semen from proven sire were used to upgrade the genetic potential but intensive selection for productive traits inadvertently reduced the reproductive efficiency; a decline in first-service conception rate from about percent in 1951 to percent in 1996 was showed in a study(kesler D. J.,2004). Out of these four dimensions, health care particularly the reproductive function (efficiency) of dairy animals is the backbone of dairy farming. Economic viability of a dairy venture depends primarily on reproductive efficiency of its herd. Successful reproduction encompasses the ability to mate, capacity to conceive and nourish the embryo, and deliver the viable young ones on completion of gestation period. An ideal dairy animal is one which starts producing milk at early age. Desirable age at first calving among crossbred cow, local cow and buffaloes are 2½, 3 and 3½ years respectively. It is profitable to have one calf yearly in cattle and at least one calf for every 15 months in buffaloes. Ideal period between calving to conception (service period) is 60 to 90 days (Dairy animal management, 2005). Reproductive disorders like late maturity, anoestrus, repeat breeding, abortion, stillbirth, dystocia, retention of placenta, prolapse and metritis/ endometritis affects dairy herd profitability by decreasing milk yield and number of calves produced, by increasing expenditure in term of veterinary service charge and medicine cost, and by increasing culling rate (Grohn et al., 2000). With extensive selection of animal for production traits, problem of reproductive efficiency become more severe as most commonly observed in high yielding dairy animals particularly the crossbred animals (Tomar, 2004). 1.1 Statement of the Problem Any impairment in normal reproductive function results into infertility or sterility of animal, leading to economic losses due to widening of dry period and inter calving interval, reducing calving and lactation during lifetime of animal (Agarwal et al., 2005) percent of cattle and buffalo are culled 2

16 and reach to abattoir mostly due to infertility (Sharma et al., 1993). Total losses due to reproductive problems in buffaloes were 39 percent of all the losses incurred by various disease conditions (Khan et al., 1995). Average expenditure on treatment of abnormal calving and metritis in buffalo was calculated per case `40.61(average three days course) and per case ` (average ten days course) at N.D.R.I. dairy farm respectively (Taraphder, 2002). These alarming fact arise urgent need to explore following questions. i) What is the knowledge of the farmers regarding reproductive disorders of dairy animals? ii) How do farmers manage these problems at their own level? iii) How do farmers satisfy regarding veterinary services? iv) What is the rate of contracting of reproductive disorders in dairy animals? v) What are constraints experienced by farmers and veterinary officers in reproductive disorder management? Keeping this in view a study entitled Analysis of Reproductive Disorders of Dairy Animals in Alwar District of Rajasthan was conducted with following objectives: i) To measure the knowledge of farmers regarding various reproductive disorders. ii) iii) iv) To study the existing practices to manage the reproductive disorders by the farmers. To ascertain the satisfaction level of farmers regarding veterinary services. To find out the incidence rate of reproductive disorders in dairy animals. v) To identify the constraints experienced by farmers and veterinary officers in reproductive disorder management. 3

17 1.2 Scope of the Study i) The study will help in identifying the socio-economic characteristics of dairy farmers in relation to knowledge about reproductive disorders and their management practices followed by farmers. ii) The study will help in measuring the rate of occurrence of new cases or of reproductive disorders in the study area. iii) The study will reveal satisfaction of farmers toward available veterinary services in the area. iv) This study identifies & prioritizes constraints faced by dairy farmers and veterinarians in reproductive disorder management. v) The findings of the study may have far reaching implications and be of practical utility to the dairy farmers, non-governmental organizations, researchers, scientists and policy makers in deriving efficient strategies to surmount the reproductive disorders in dairy animals. 1.3 Limitations of the Study Although every effort has been made to make this study as comprehensive as possible, it is subject to the limitations inherent in a single researcher project. Some of limitations are indicated below: i) The study being a student s dissertation project, suffers with usual limitations of time and resources. ii) Some farmers had improper maintenance of farm records so some of responses based on their memory based. iii) Due to limitation of time and other resources, the study could not use the larger sample for qualitative and quantitative assessment. iv) The study is also confined to a small sample of dairy farmers in Alwar district of Rajasthan. So, universal applicability of results cannot be claimed. Inspite of the above limitations, due attention was given to make this investigation more useful and as deep and systematic as possible. 4

18 1.4 Organization of Thesis This dissertation has been organized in five chapters in logical sequence; the first chapter on introduction contains the relevant background information, statement of the problem, objectives and scope of the study along with its limitations. The chapter second deals with reviews of literature. Research Methodology covers locale of the study, sampling plan, operationalization and measurement of selected variables, data collection and statistical tools applied to analyze the data are presented in the third chapter. The findings of the present study along with discussion are presented in fourth chapter i.e. results and discussion. The fifth chapter deals with the summary and conclusions, which have emerged from the results of the study. Bibliography and appendices on information utilized in this study have been presented in the end. 5

19 CHAPTER-2

20 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A review of literature is designed to identify related research, to set the current research project within a conceptual and theoretical context. It includes searching, assessing and integrating multiple researches on the topic of investigation. Commensurate with the objectives of the study, the available literature having direct or indirect bearing on the theme was scanned and presented chronologically under the following heads. 2.1 Knowledge of the farmers regarding various reproductive disorders 2.2 Existing practices to manage the reproductive disorders in dairy animals by the farmers 2.3 Satisfaction level of farmers regarding veterinary service 2.4 Incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals 2.5 To identify the constraints experienced by farmers and veterinary officers in reproductive disorder management. 2.1 Knowledge of the Farmers Gite, (1980) reported that knowledge score of respondents were found to be percent regarding scientific dairy farming practices. Mahipal, (1983) revealed in his study that knowledge score of respondents were found to be percent regarding scientific dairy farming practices in Karnal. Singh and Thomas, (1992) reported that knowledge score of farmers were found to be percent regarding scientific dairy farming practices. Meena, (2000) stated that majority (74.00%) of farmers had medium level of Knowledge about reproductive traits. Farmers had highest knowledge (65.33%) about Gestation period of cattle and buffalo followed by age of maturity (53.79%) and had least Knowledge (46.33%) about days required 6

21 after conception for pregnancy diagnosis. The overall knowledge about reproductive traits was percent. Singh, (2001) conducted a study in Haryana and reported knowledge level of various reproductive disorders as follows: Knowledge of small, medium and large farmers about late maturity was percent, percent and percent respectively. Knowledge of small, medium and large farmers about anoestrus was percent, percent and percent respectively. Knowledge of small, medium and large farmers about repeat breeding was percent, percent and percent respectively. Knowledge of small, medium and large farmers about Unsuccessful gestation was percent, percent and percent respectively. Knowledge of small, medium and large farmers about abnormal parturition was percent, percent and percent respectively. Sanvendana, (2009) found that knowledge gain of male respondents (48.48%) was higher as compare to female respondents (38.54%) through Farmer Livestock School (FLS) regarding animal reproductive disorders. There was significant change in knowledge in both groups of participants through Farmer Livestock School (FLS). Tak, (2010) reported that all three categories of herd size i.e. small, medium and large had medium ( %) knowledge level regarding udder health-care practices among cattle and buffaloes in Haryana. 2.2 Existing Practices to Manage the Reproductive Disorders in Dairy Animals by the Farmers Late maturity Singh, (2001) in his study in Haryana revealed that percent of respondents were give good quality and sufficient quantity of fodder,

22 percent supplement with suitable concentrate, percent feed mineral mixture, percent become conscious about heat detection,37.80 percent keep male with female animal and percent wait for seasonal change to correct late maturity Anoestrus Srivastava, (1982) reported that farmer fed sprouted wheat, masur dal (Lens esculenta), Brinjal (Solanum melongena) and 3-4 Bhilama seeds (Semacaprus anacardium) to their animal to induce heat. Khatik, (1994) found in his study that respondents were fed maize (Zea mays) to affected animals and/ or believed in Totakas by elderly men for inducing heat in Rajasthan. Sah, (1996) reported that mixer of Jayaphal, mustard oil and black pepper was fed to the animals and/ or called expert for uterine wash of affected animal to induce heat in Bihar. Jha, (1998) in his research in Bihar found feeding of Hing (Ferula assafoetida) and mustard cake (Brassica spp.) to the animals to induce heat. Sah, (1999) reported feeding of jaggery, common salt, pigeon faeces, sprouted wheat, masur dal (Lens esculenta), hen s egg mixed with oil cake, Arbi tubers(colocasia esculenta), sprouted chhole (Cicer ariestinum), crushed soyabean (Glycine max / Gycine suja), Madua flour (Cynosurus coraccanus) and sprouted Methi seed (Trigonelle foenumgraecum) to the animals to induce heat. Meena, (2000) in his study in Haryana reported that percent respondents fed pigeon faeces with flour, percent fed ½-1kg boiled Bajara (Pennisetum typhoides) and 250 g Gur (jaggery) for seven days, percent keep male with female animal, percent fed masur dal (Lens esculenta) ½-1 kg for 3 days, percent prefer exercise of fatty animals, 5.00 percent put flower of Munj (Salix tetrasperma) inside the vagina of animal, 4.00 percent rub back portion muscle of the animal for stimulation and 1.00 percent keeping some chilly (Capsicum annum) powder in vagina of animal to induce heat. 8

23 Singh, (2001) in his study in Haryana found that percent of respondents give good quality and sufficient quantity of fodder, percent supplement with suitable concentrate, percent feed mineral mixture, percent become conscious about heat detection, percent keep male with female animal and percent wait for seasonal change to for oestrus. Seeralan, (2004) reported feeding of two Coconuts and 70 g Toon (Cedrella toona) with one glass of neem oil for 3 days to animal, 3 to 4 seeds of Cheran nut for four days (Semicarpus anacardium), Leaves of Banyan tree, Peepal tree, Mango, Neem and Ashoka ground and given to 250g/day for five days to induce heat Repeat breeding Sah, (1996) stated that respondents fed to their animals only dry fodder up to 22 days following service in Bihar. Mandal, (1999) reported that extract of Kela leaves (Musa paradisica) fed to cattle for the treatment of repeat breeding in Bankura district (West Bengal). Meena, (2000) in his study in Haryana found that percent of respondent reduced feeding, percent feeding of ½-1 litre mustard oil (Brassica spp.), percent offer 250 g mahandi power (Lawsonia alba) mix with one litre milk, percent give bath in pond, percent fed barley (Hordium vulgare) flour mixed with water, 9.00 percent manual cleaning of cervix before natural service, 7.00 percent fed Khand (Desi sugar), 4.00 percent miss service on first heat and giving natural service thereafter, and 2.00 percent believe in exorcism (Jhar Phook) to treat repeat breeding. Singh, (2001) in his study in Haryana revealed that percent of respondent follow more services during estrus, percent shift from AI to natural service and percent sell their problematic animal after certain efforts in case of repeat breeding. 9

24 2.2.4 Dystocia Meena, (2000) conducted study in Haryana and reported that percent respondents allow animal to swim in pond and percent call village quack for manual adjustment to correct Dystocia. Singh, (2001) in his study in Haryana reported that 8.90 percent farmers allow breeding to their animal at time, not at early age, 6.70 percent provide better housing to animal, 6.70 percent keep the advance pregnant animal separately, 2.20 percent give diet enriched with minerals and vitamins, and percent call veterinary staff to handle the case Retention of placenta Sah, (1996) reported that farmers fed paddy, banana, and Soanf boiled in water and then filtrate given to animal in case of retained placenta. Mandal, (1999) revealed that farmers fed Kanthal leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), leaves of Kukursonga (Blumea lacera) and drench extract of bans leaves (Bambusa tulda) mixed with water to stimulate expulsion of placenta in dairy animals. Mohanty, (1999) found that farmers fed boiled paddy, bamboo leaves, Jack fruit leaves, tie Jasmine root on the neck and apply lime paste on horn of animal in case of retained placenta. Meena, (2000) conducted study in Haryana and stated that percent farmers fed one kg Rice grains (Oryza sativa), percent fed Mango leaves (Mangifera indica), percent rely in manual removal, percent allow animal to walk, percent fed colostrums, 8.00 percent tie small pieces of bricks with placenta, 7.00 percent give 250 g Gur g Ajwain (Carum copticum) as medicinal decoction (Kada) and 1.00 percent give railway ticket with flour in case of retained placenta in dairy animals. Seeralan, (2004) reported in case of retained placenta farmers offer powder of Toon and Mango nuts, 3 to 4 seeds of Abrus precatorius mixed with boiled brinjals and bark of Jamun tree boiled in hot water and given to animal. 10

25 2.2.6 Prolapse Gupta and Patel, (1993) stated that after correcting prolapse animal is forced to stand and fed 2-3 kg tuber of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus compandulatum) along with other feed. Koradia, (1996) revealed that animal, suffered from prolapse in past, given 10 kg of onion to eat when it is not carrying. This prevents prolapse at delivery time. Meena, (2000) found in Haryana that percent farmers believe in manual pushing of prolapsed organ with help of shoes by themselves, percent fed crushed 100 g Satyanasi weed seed (Argemone mexicana) mixed with water for a week, percent fed 250 g mahandi with water for a week, percent fed 250 g dry green algae for 2-3 days, percent tie a net of string (Cheenka) around vagina, percent fed burnt tortoise coat, 5.00 percent give Banana s root extract (Musa paradisica) and 2.00 percent fed Jamun leaves (Syzygium cumini) in case of prolapse Metritis/Endometritis Meena, (2000) conducted study in Haryana and found that percent farmers give boiled milk with Gur (Jaggery), percent miss 4-5 heats thereafter giving A.I. or natural service, percent give 5 kg lassi + 5 kg Gular (Ficus glomerate) g Mustard seed +little quantity of salt without boiling as medicinal decoction (Kada) and 3.00 percent believe in exorcism (Jhar Phook) in case of metritis/endometritis. 2.3 Satisfaction Level of Farmers Regarding Veterinary Services Turkson, (2007) reported that 48 percent of the respondents were in the category of satisfied with service delivery and Only 8 percent were in the category of very satisfied with service delivery. He found significant differences between poultry and livestock owners satisfaction regarding quality of animal health-care services. 11

26 2.4 Incidence of Reproductive Disorders in Dairy Animals At NDRI cattle yard Taraphder, (2002) reported incidence of endometritis, anoestrous, abnormal calving, repeat breeding, Metritis and retained placenta percent, percent, percent, percent, 9.63 percent and 8.63 percent among Murrah buffaloes respectively. Khan, (2008) revealed that the incidence of repeat breeding, endometritis, pyometra, abortion, anoestrous, dystocia, prolapse and retention of placenta was16.97 percent, percent, percent, 7.10 percent, 1.52 percent, 1.23 percent, 1.23 percent and 1.04 percent among Murrah buffaloes respectively Outside NDRI cattle yard Bhattacharya et al., (1954) stated 7.72 percent incidence of anoestrus in bovines in a country-wide survey. Kaikini et al., (1976) revealed incidence of abortion and stillbirth 1.5 percent and 2.3 percent respectively among Murrah buffaloes in Maharashtra. Narsimha Rao and Kotayya, (1976) observed 8.98 percent and 6.00 percent incidence of repeat breeding among cow (Jersey H.F.) and Murrah buffaloes under village management respectively. Singh et al., (1981) revealed 9.60 percent incidence of endometritis among non-descript under village management. Naidu and Rao, (1982) observed 6.80 percent incidence of repeat breeding among crossbred cow. Patil et al., (1984) reported 7.23 percent case of endometritis of non-descript, graded Murrah and surti under village management. Meena, (2000) found incidence of repeat breeding, anestrous, retained placenta, metritis/endometritis, Dystocia, genital prolapse, uterine torsion and cystic ovaries percent, percent, percent, percent, 12

27 17.00 percent, percent, percent and percent respectively among dairy animal in Haryana. Singh et al., (2003) observed percent, percent and 8.07 percent incidence of anestrous, repeat breeding and endometritis among buffaloes in Punjab respectively. Prajapati et al., (2005) reported percent, 9.09 percent and 6.35 percent incidence of endometritis, anestrous, and repeat breeding among buffaloes in Gujarat respectively. Mureda, (2008) conducted a study and found 19.4 percent, 17.1 percent and 15.2 percent incidence of retention of placenta, anestrous, and uterine infections in dairy animals in his study in Ethiopia respectively. Ambore et al., (2009) stated incidence of post-partum metritis, anoestrus, repeat breeding, cystic ovaries and sub-estrus percent, percent, percent, percent and 3.59 percent respectively among cattle in Parbhani district of Maharashtra. Rabbani et al., (2009) reported incidence of repeat breeding, anestrous, genital prolapse, abortion, retained placenta, uterine torsion and dystocia percent, 9.74 percent, 7.73 percent, 5.99 percent, 2.58 percent, 2.39 percent and 2.06 percent among buffaloes in Pakistan respectively Sanvendana, (2009) observed incidence of repeat breeding, anestrous and retention of placenta percent, 9.57 percent and 7.77 percent among cattle and buffaloes in Karnal respectively. Tak, (2010) found incidence of repeat breeding 6.16 percent, 7.52 percent and percent among small, medium and large herd of Crossbred cows respectively and 1.93 percent, 4.93 percent and percent among small, medium and large herd of buffaloes respectively in Karnal district. 13

28 2.5 Constraints Experienced by Farmers and Veterinary Officers in Reproductive Disorder Management Constraints experienced by farmers Rao, (1987) reported lack of knowledge about nutrition of animal as major constraint in Chittor district of Andhra Pradesh. Sharma and Makhija, (1991) found that presence of scrub bulls and poor conception rate in dairy animal were main constraint. Rao et al., (1992) and Pandey, (1996) stated lack of knowledge regarding pregnancy diagnosis of animal as main constraint in Bihar. Kumar, (1995) conducted a study in Bankra district of Bihar and found that irregular and inadequate supply of semen of exotic breed was main constraint. Meena, (2000) reported that lack of facilities of Veterinary Officer during night, high incidence of repeat breeding in dairy animals, lack of good quality bulls, poor conception rate of A.I., lack of semen at village level, lack of veterinary hospital at village level and lack of knowledge regarding reproductive traits were main constraints in Haryana. Singh, (2001) reported that A.I. facilities not available in the village, incompetence of para veterinary staff, poor conception rate with A.I., lack of grazing fields, lack of green fodder and high price of concentrates were main constraints. Sanvendana, (2009) reported that non-availability of good quality semen, lack of trained profession for insemination, lack of formal program related to reproductive management, lack of govt. support for managing dairy herd and lack of knowledge of heat symptoms, behaviour & Timing of insemination were main constraints. Sharma et al., (2010) reported that non-availability of veterinary hospitals, high cost of treatment, ignorance about government facilities and timely nonavailability of vaccination were main constraints. 14

29 2.5.2 Constraints experienced by veterinary officers Singhal, (1979) found that presence of scrub bulls was major constraint in reproductive disorder management. Venkatasubramanian (1994) stated, on veterinarians view, that percent of the farmers fail to bring the animal to A.I. centers at right heat in Tamilnadu. Singh, (2001) reported that negligence of farmers, incompetence of paraveterinary staff engaged in A.I. and related diagnostic treatment programme, loaded with other duties and non-availability of residential facilities at hospital were main constraints in Haryana. 15

30 CHAPTER-3

31 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is considered to be a blue-print of the research architect. The term methodology, in broad sense, refers to the process, principles and procedures by which we approach our problem and seek its answer. In social science, the term methodology is applied to know about how one carries out the process of research. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to explain the various methods and procedures followed to investigate the problem with the following sub-heads: 3.1 Locale of the study Description of the study area Profile of the study area 3.2 Sampling plan Selection of villages Selection of respondents 3.3 Variables and their measurements 3.4 Data collection 3.5 Statistical analysis 3.1 Locale of the Study The present study was undertaken in Alwar district of the Rajasthan. The said state and district was purposively selected because of the following reasons: A) Selection of state i. Contribution of animal husbandry sector to the GDP of the State, Rajasthan was around 9.16 percent (Department of Animal Husbandry Rajasthan, ). ii. Rajasthan has large number of bovine population, about 23.21* Millions. 16

32 iii. Rajasthan has huge bovine population, 1.5* times of two adjacent states (Gujarat and Haryana) but milk production was only 0.67** times of these two. (*18 th livestock census -2007, **NDDB ) B) Selection of district i. Alwar district having highest buffalo population in Rajasthan (18 th livestock census -2007). ii. Alwar ranks second in over all milk production in Rajasthan. iii. Till today, not a single study of the kind has been carried out in Alwar district. iv. The researcher himself is well conversant with local dialects, local people and their culture Description of the study area Alwar, formerly known as "Ulwar", is north-east district of Rajasthan and is a part of National Capital Region (NCR), located around 160 km south of Delhi, and about 150 km north of Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Alwar is also known as Tapobhumi of Malwa king Bhartrihari. The district is situated in the north-east of Rajasthan between 27 o 4' and 28 o 4' north latitude and 76 o 7' and 77 o 13' east longitude. Alwar is surrounded by the Aravali hills and has a unique recognition because of the Sariska tiger reserve, its thousand year old fort `Bala-Quila`, Neemrana fort, and Siliserh lake and historic holly place Pandu paul. Alwar is also famous for indigenous dairy product Kalakand (milk cake). 17

33 Fig.3.1 Map of Rajasthan state showing Alwar district Fig. 3.2 Map of Alwar district showing the location of selected tehsils 18

34 3.1.2 Profile of The Study Area TABLE-3.1 PROFILE OF THE ALWAR DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN S. No. Particulars Values 1. Total geographical area ha 2. Tehsils No. of blocks No. of villages Total population Rural population Urban population Male population Female population (85.47%) (14.53%) (52.99%) (47.01%) 6. Livestock population Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goat Land utilization Net cultivated area Net irrigated area Net unirrigated area ha ha ha 19

35 Forest Pasture land ha ha 8. Literacy rate 62.48% 9. Veterinary service Polyclinic hospital Veterinary hospital Livestock development sub-centre Mobile veterinary unit Source: SAMPLING PLAN 20

36 3.2.1 Selection of the villages The present study was conducted in Alwar district of Rajasthan. The selected Alwar district having 12 tehsils, out of which 3 tehsils were selected randomly. From each selected tehsil, 2 villages were selected by applying simple random sampling technique. Villages namely Bhageri and Tarwala from Kishangarh tehsil, Bavari and Phauladpur from Behror tehsil, Narayanpur and Ajubpura from Thanazagi tehsil were selected randomly Selection of the respondents In social science research selection of respondents is a crucial task, hence due care was taken while selecting the respondents. For the present study information was gleaned from 150 farmers, 25 from each selected village, who had at least one milch animal at the time of investigation. Beside this 35 veterinary officers were selected randomly from the district. 3.3 Variables and their Measurements For any study undertaken in social research, it is customary to precisely mention the variables used for the study with their working concepts and measurement procedures. After the collection of review of literature and consultation with the experts, relevant variables were selected for the study. Table- 3.2 depicts the variables and their respective measurement at a glance. The selected variables and their operational definitions and measurement procedures have been dealt in detail as follows: Operationalisation of variables Operationalization is the process of defining a concept so as to make the concept clearly distinguishable or measurable and to understand it in terms of empirical observations. In a wider sense it refers to the process of specifying the extension of a concept. The operational definitions of the variables studied under the study have been given below: 21

37 Table- 3.2 List of variables and their measurement S. No. Variables Measurement 1) Age As per G.O.I., (1981) 2) Education Somasundaram scale (1995) 3) Family size Direct questioning 4) Family education status Bhanja s scale,(1981) 5) Experience in dairying Direct questioning 6) Occupation Direct questioning 7) Land holding As per G.O.I., (2001) 8) Herd size Schedule developed 9) Milk production (litre/day) Schedule developed 10) Milk sale (litre/day) Schedule developed 11) Milk consumption (litre/day) Schedule developed 12) Mass media exposure Schedule developed 13) Information seeking behaviour Schedule developed 14) Knowledge Schedule developed 15) Existing practices to manage reproductive disorders 16) Satisfaction regarding veterinary services 17) Incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals Constraints Schedule developed Schedule developed Schedule developed Schedule developed 22

38 Age It was operationalised as the number of completed years of the respondents at the time of data collection and it was determined by direct questioning. The respondents were classified on the following three categories (Census report, G.O.I., 1981) Category Years Young < 35 Middle Old > Education It was operationalised as the level of formal education attained by an individual respondent. It was measured by direct questioning. The scoring procedure followed by Somasundaram (1995) was followed with slight modification. The respondents were assigned score as: Category Score Illiterate 0 Functionally literate 1 Primary 2 Middle 3 Secondary 4 Higher secondary 5 Graduate and above Family size It refers to the number of individuals living under the same roof and sharing kitchen together in a household. It was measured by assigning one score to each family member. The respondents were classified into small, medium and large family size on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method. 23

39 Family education status It refers to the educational status of all the members of family eligible for formal education, i.e. above six years of age. The family education status was measured with the help of Bhanja s Scale (1981) with the following formula and the response was further categorized by using cumulative square root frequency as low, medium and high. Total educational scores of family Family Education Status = Number of eligible members in the family Experience in dairying It refers to the total number of completed years of which the dairy farmer involved in dairy farming or experience of dairy activities at the time of interview. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high experience in dairying on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Occupation Occupation is the means of livelihood of a person or a family. Operationally it was defined in terms of the farmer s source of earning viz., Agriculture, Dairying, Labour, Services, Business, etc. For this schedule was developed and respondents were asked to indicate their main and subsidiary occupation separately. Frequency distribution was used to classify the respondents into the following occupational categories. Agriculture + Dairying Agriculture + Dairying + Labour Agriculture + Dairying + Service Agriculture + Dairying + Business Operational Land - holding (ha) It was operationally defined as the total number of hectares of land owned and leased in by an individual family at the time of investigation. It was determined by a schedule developed for the same. The respondents were 24

40 classified into landless, marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large categories as follows (suggest by G.O.I., 2001): Category No. of Hectares Herd size a) Landless 0 ha b) Marginal < 1 ha c) Small 1-2 ha d) Semi- medium 2-4 ha e) Medium 4-10 ha f) Large >10 ha It refers to the total number of cattle and buffaloes owned by the respondent at the time of investigation. This was determined by a schedule developed for the same. The respondents were classified into small, medium and large herd size on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Milk production (litre / day) It was defined as total quantity of milk produced in litres by the lactating livestock (cows and buffalo), one day prior to investigation. It was determined by developing a schedule for the same. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high milk production on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Milk consumption (in litre/day) It was operationalised as the total quantity of milk consumed (in litres) by the family members, one day prior to investigation. It was determined by developing a schedule for the same. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Milk sale (litre/day) It refers to the total quantity of milk sold (in litres) by the household, one day prior to investigation. It was determined by developing a schedule for the same. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method. 25

41 Mass media exposure Mass media exposure is the degree to which an individual is exposed to the mass media with respect to an innovation. It was measured in terms of radio listening and television watching behaviour, newspaper and other literature readership and exposure to educational films, and exhibition with respect to various aspects of dairying and animal husbandry. The response of the respondents was obtained on four point continuum i.e. regularly, occasionally, rarely and never and score of 3, 2, 1 and 0 were assigned respectively. The respondents were classified in terms of having low, medium and high mass media exposure on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Information seeking behaviour Source of information included personal localite channels and personal cosmopolite channels. Localized channel included family members, relatives, friends, progressive farmers, & Village quack. Cosmopolite channel included block development officers, district development officers, Veterinary Officer, VLDA, Dairy Cooperative Officials, SMS/Scientists etc. from which the farmers were getting information. It refers to the extent of use of sources of information. The sources of information were classified into following categories: 1. Personal-localite These are the local people who belong to the farmers own social system. It was measured in terms of family members, relatives, friends, progressive farmers, & village quacks. The response of the respondents was obtained on four point continuum i.e. regularly, occasionally, rarely and never and score of 3, 2, 1 and 0 were assigned respectively. The respondents were classified in terms of having low, medium and high mass media exposure on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method. 26

42 2. Personal cosmopolite These are the source of information from outside the social system of farmer. It was measured in terms of block development officers, district development officers, Veterinary Officer, LSA, Dairy Cooperative Officials, SMS/Scientists etc. The response of the respondents was obtained on four point continuum i.e. weekly, monthly, half yearly and never and score of 3, 2, 1 and 0 were assigned respectively. The respondents were classified in terms of having low, medium and high mass media exposure on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Knowledge level of farmers regarding reproductive disorders Knowledge level is operationalised as the amount of information and understanding of the farmers at the time of interview about reproductive disorders. Knowledge score depend on Farmers recall memory. All possible care was taken to cover maximum aspect pertaining reproductive problems of animal. It was measured by developing knowledge test which comprising thirty four questions covering various aspects of animal reproductive disorders. This was developed as per procedural steps. 1. Preliminary selection of statements related to animal reproductive performance In consultation with the concerned experts and relevant literature 8, 4, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 4 statements pertaining to late maturity, anoestrus, repeat breeding, abortion and stillbirth, Dystocia, retention of placenta and prolapse were selected respectively. These statements cover feeding, breeding, health care, management aspect and some common scientific facts related to above mention reproductive disorders. After thorough editing and scrutiny by experts, each statement for study of farmers knowledge in the study area was quantified on a four-point continuum i.e.3, 2, 1 and Final format of knowledge test The statement were arranged, section wise, in each of the inventory to avoid bias. The statements in the knowledge test were having multiplechoice questions, hence a scoring pattern of each correct answer is varied 27

43 and zero for the incorrect / wrong answer. The maximum obtainable score of knowledge was 102, whereas minimum was zero. The minimum and maximum scores, which a farmer could obtain on schedule, section wise are given in a Table-3.3. Table- 3.3 Minimum and maximum score for each reproductive disorder in dairy animals S. No. Particulars No. of Items Minimum score Maximum score 1. Late maturity Anoestrus Repeat breeding Abortion and Stillbirth Dystocia Retention of placenta Prolapse Total On the basis of overall knowledge score, the respondents were classified in terms of having low, medium and high knowledge level on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method whereas knowledge was measured using following formula Existing practices to manage the reproductive disorders by the farmers Knowledge which has been accumulated by the people over generations by observation, by experimentation and by handing over old people s experience and wisdom in any particular area of human endeavour is termed as indigenous knowledge by Odhiambo (1990). Indigenous technical knowledge is based on knowledge, beliefs and customs which are internally consistent and logical to those holding them, but at odds with the objectively deduced findings of normal science. Participation 28

44 is a useful device for strengthening and supplementing farmers knowledge system and capacity to experiment on their account (Farrington and Martin, 1988). Attempts were made in documenting the indigenous technical knowledge regarding reproductive disorders in dairy animals prevalent in Alwar district of Rajasthan Satisfaction level of farmers regarding veterinary services Dictionary meaning of the satisfaction is fulfilment or gratification of a desire or need. Linder-Pelz, (1982) postulated that satisfaction is mediated by personal beliefs and value about service as well as expectation about service. Crowe et al., (2002) stated that satisfaction is a relative concept that emotionally affected and it is therefore an individual s subjective perception. Donabedian, (1980) explained that satisfaction or dissatisfaction is the client s judgment on quality of service in all its aspect. An attempt was made to analyse distinct dimensions of veterinary services. Nine statements were constructed on veterinary service and the responses of the individual farmer on each statement were taken as Very satisfied, Satisfied and Not satisfied. For these responses, the scores 3, 2 and 1 were given respectively. The score for each statement was summed up and the farmers were classified into low, medium and high satisfaction on the basis of cumulative square root frequency method Incidence of reproductive disorders in dairy animals Incidence uses the number of new cases that occur in a defined population of animals over a specific period. It is operationalised as the ratio of the number of new cases of reproductive disorder to the total number of breedable female animals of each farmer during Schedule was developed to account number of new cases for particular reproductive disorder and total breedable population of dairy animals during 2010 from farmers as well veterinary officers. Various reproductive disorders were operationalised as follows: 29

45 Late maturity: animal do not come in heat even after attaining age of sexual maturity. Ideal age of sexual maturity is 12 months, months and months for Crossbred cow, Indigenous cow and buffaloes respectively but for field condition age of sexual maturity is operationalised as18-24 months, months and months for Crossbred cow, Indigenous cow and buffaloes respectively. Anoestrus: a state of complete sexual inactivity with no manifestation/ sign of estrus. Repeat breeding: a cow or a heifer that is clinical normal, fails to conceive for three or more consecutive services (130 days after calving). Abortion: the expulsion of dead fetus of recognizable size before full term of the gestation period. Dystocia: an abnormal and difficult birth in which the first or specially the second stage of parturition was markedly prolonged and subsequently found impossible for the dam to deliver without artificial aid. Retention of Placenta: Failure to expel the foetal membranes within 12 to 24 hrs. (8-12 hrs.) after calving. Uterine prolapse: the coming out of the uterus through the vulva commonly shortly after parturition and hanged out with the inner surface outer most. Vaginal prolapse: the protrusion of the vagina and sometimes with the cervix through the vulva. Metritis: Inflammation of uterus. Endometritis: Inflammation of endometrium of uterus. Pyometra: Accumulation pus in uterus. Stillbirth: the expulsion of dead fetus after full term of the gestation period. (Kumar et al, 2002 and Roberts S.J., 2004) 30

46 Incidence is expressed as incidence rate i.e., in percent as follows. 31 (Thursfield, M.V.,2005) Identification of constraints experienced by farmers and veterinary officers in reproductive disorder management Constraints mean all those factors which hinder the progress. For the purpose of identifying the constraints an open ended schedule was developed. In the preliminary survey, the farmers and veterinary officers were asked to list out the factors which they felt hindrance in the management of reproductive disorders. A final screening and sorting out of the constraints was undertaken depending on their frequency of occurrence. The top ten most frequent constraints in case of farmers and top nine most frequent constraints in case of veterinary officers were selected for the purpose of their final prioritization on the basis of weighted mean scores. A three-point frequency continuum was used for the measurement of these constraints. The responses of the individual farmer as well as veterinary officer on each constraint were taken as Very serious, Serious and Not serious. For these responses, the scores 3, 2 and 1 were given respectively. The score for each constraint was summed up. The constraint having higher score is considered as more severe by the respondents. 3.4 Data Collection An interview schedule was developed in light of the objectives of the study. Before starting the final data collection, the entire schedule was pretested in non sampling area for elimination, alteration and modification, if any. The respondents were interviewed, individually, at their home. The data included information about socio-economic, communication traits of the respondents as well as the information about animal performance, knowledge of the respondents about reproductive disorders of dairy animals, satisfaction regarding veterinary services, incidence of various reproductive disorders in dairy animals and constraints faced by the farmers as well as veterinary officers in managing reproductive disorders. 3.5 Statistical Analysis The collected data were tabulated keeping in mind the objectives of the study and the ease of statistical analysis. The data collected from the dairy farmers were scored, tabulated and analyzed in the light of the objectives set forth for the present study. Statistical measures used in this study include mean, frequency, percentage, coefficient of correlation, cumulative square root frequency.

47 CHAPTER-4

48 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter contains the results obtained from analysis of data collected from the different farmers and veterinary officers in accordance with the objectives of the study. The results have been presented under the following heads. 4.1 Profile of the farmers 4.2 Knowledge of the farmers on reproductive disorders in dairy animals 4.3 Existing practices to manage reproductive disorders in dairy animals by farmers 4.4 Farmers satisfaction regarding veterinary services 4.5 Incidence of various reproductive disorders in dairy animals 4.6 Identification and prioritization of constraints on reproductive disorders management 4.7 Relational analysis 4.1. Profile of the Farmers Age The study revealed that majority (52.00%) of the farmers belonged to old age group (>50 yrs) followed by the category of middle age group ranging from 35 to 50 yrs of age and young (<35 yrs) which accounts for percent and 6.67 percent respectively. It was observed that minimum age was 27 highest age was Education Table 4.1: showed that percent of the respondents were illiterate, 8.00 percent were functionally literate, percent were primary level, percent were middle level, percent were educated up to secondary level, percent up to senior secondary level and 8.67 percent were graduate and above. 32

49 4.1.3 Family Size It was clear from table 4.1: showed that majority (51.33%) of the respondents were having low sized family size i.e. up to 6 members followed by the medium size family ranging from 7 to 10 members and high (>10) family size which were percent and percent respectively. Table- 4.1: Socio- personal profile of the farmers S.No. Categories Frequency Percentage 1. AGE(years) Range years Young ( < 35) Middle (35 50) Old ( >50) EDUCATION Illiterate Functionally Literate Primary Middle Secondary Higher Secondary Graduate and above FAMILY SIZE(nos.) Range 2-18 members Low ( 6) Medium (7 9) High ( >9) FAMILY EDUCATION STATUS (score) Range Low ( 1.78) Medium ( ) High ( >3.04) EXPERIENCE IN DAIRYING (years) Range years Low ( < 21) Medium (21-33) High ( >33)

50 4.1.4 Family education status Data in table 4.1: revealed that large percent of the respondents (40.00%) belonged to low (<1.78) status of family education followed by the category of medium ( ) and high (>3.04), which were account, percent and percent respectively Experience in dairy Table 4.1: showed that percent of the farmers were having high (>33) experience in dairying followed by the category of low (<21) and medium (21-33) experience in dairying which were percent and percent respectively. The findings are logically justified as respondents develop skill through animal rearing practices since childhood. S. No. Table-4.2: Socio-economic profile of the farmers Categories Frequency Percentage 6. OCCUPATION Agriculture + Dairy Agriculture + Dairy + Business Agriculture + Dairy + Service Agriculture + Dairy + Labour Dairy + Service + Business LAND HOLDING (ha) Range 0-20 ha Landless (0) Marginal (< 1) Small (1-2) Semi-medium (2-4) Medium(4-10) Large (>10)

51 8. TOTAL HERD SIZE (no.) Range 2-15 animals Small ( < 6) Medium (6-8) Large ( >8) BREEDABLE HERD SIZE (no.) Range 1-9 animals Small ( 3) Medium (4-5) Large ( 6) MILK PRODUCTION (litres/day) Range 2-44 litres/day Low ( < 11) Medium (11-18) High ( >18) MILK CONSUMPTION (litres/day) Range 1-22 litres/day Low ( < 7) Medium (7-11) High ( > 11) MILK SALE (litres/day) Range 0-35 litres/day No sale Low ( < 9) Medium (9-16) High ( > 16)

52 4.1.6 Occupation Data in the table 4.2: revealed that percent farmers engaged in agriculture with dairy, percent in agriculture + dairy + service, percent in agriculture + dairy + business, percent in agriculture + dairy + service where as only 3.33 percent in dairy + service + business Land holding Table 4.2: revealed that percent of the respondents were in the category of small landholding, percent were in semi-medium, percent were in marginal category, percent were in medium category, 3.33 percent were in landless category and 2.00 percent were in large category of landholding. The average land holding in the study area was 2.69 hectares although few farmers were having land up to 20 hectares Total herd size Rearing of cattle has always remained as a symbol for honor in the farming community. The classification of respondents with respect to total herd size has been presented in table-4.2. It was clearly enunciated that majority of respondents i.e percent belonged to small herd size category and were rearing small herd up to 5 animals where as percent farmers reared 6 to 8 animals, and percent farmers had more than 8 dairy animals in their herd. The average herd size was 6 animals but few farmers were rearing dairy animals up to 15 animals Breedable herd size The results in table 4.2: showed that majority (56.67%) of the farmers were rear 3 breedable animals, percent were having more than 5 breedable animal where as percent were having 4-5 breedable animals. The collected data further analysed to see the average no of animal per house hold and same were depicted in the table A cursory look on table indicates that the respondents had calves, heifer, milch, dry and bullock 2.32, 0.58, 2.14, 0.88 and 0.09 animals per house hold respectively. It was cleared that farmers of the Alwar district were prefer buffaloes instead of cow. The average herd size in the study area was 6.01 animals per household though there were few respondents whose herd size was as high as 15 animals. 36

53 S. No Animals Calves Heifer Milch Dry Bullock Total Table Herd size in the sample area Indigenous Cow CB Cow Buffalo Total Milk production The table 4.2 revealed that percent of the farmers fell in low category of milk production, (producing less than 11 liter per day) followed by and percent of the farmers belonged to medium and high categories of milk production, respectively. On an average each respondent s animals were producing around 15 litres of milk per day. It was also observed that some farmers were able to produce milk up to 44 litres/day Milk consumption From the milk consumption data, depicted in table 4.2 it could be observed that as high as percent of farmers were retaining 7-11 liters milk per day for home consumption. Similarly there were about percent and percent of the farmers whose home consumption was less than 7 liters and more than 11 litres of milk per day respectively Milk sale A cursory look at the milk sale data in the table- 4.2 indicates that the percent farmers were not selling milk and percent farmers were selling up to 8 litres of milk per day where as percent 9 to 16 litres of milk per day. However, there were 9.33 percent farmers that sold more than 16 litres milk per day. 37

54 Table- 4.4 Communication behaviour of the farmers S. No. Categories Frequency Percentage 13. MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE Low ( < 5) Medium (5 8) High ( >8) SOURCES OF INFORMATION A) PERSONAL LOCALITE Low ( < 6) Medium (6 9) High ( >9) B) PERSONAL COSMOPOLITE Low ( <4) Medium (4 6) High ( >6) Mass media exposure It was clear from table- 4.4 that percent of the farmers had low exposure to mass media, percent were in medium category of mass media exposure and percent were in high category of mass media exposure (A) Personal localite Table- 4.4 revealed that majority (56.67%) of farmers were in medium category of personal localite, percent were in low where as percent in high category of personal localite source of information (B) Personal cosmopolite Data in the table- 4.4 revealed that of farmers in low, in medium and in high category of personal cosmopolite channels being used as source of information. 38

55 4.2 Knowledge of Farmers Regarding Reproductive Disorders in Dairy Animals Knowledge is a power. One of the aims of any development programme is to enhance the level of knowledge of target group such that the knowledge thus gained could be applied to accomplish the activities undertaken by the groups more efficiently for increased net benefit to the society. Hence an attempt has been made to study the knowledge of farmers in relation to reproductive disorders of dairy animals. The results of the analysis of knowledge are presented and discussed under the following subheads Distribution of farmers on the basis of knowledge regarding reproductive disorders Table-4.5 Distribution of farmers on the basis of knowledge regarding reproductive disorders S. No. Categories Frequency Percentage 1. Low ( < 63) Medium (63-72) High ( >72) Range Mean score Fig- 4.1 Distribution of farmers on the basis of knowledge regarding reproductive disorders 24.00% 24.00% Low Medium High 52.00% 39

56 The findings presented in table-4.5 revealed that majority of the respondents (52.00 %) had the medium level of knowledge (63-72) regarding reproductive disorders of dairy animals as compared to equal percent in high and low levels respectively. It was also observed that most of the farmers were having latest Knowledge on various reproductive disorders and manage it on their own level. Minimum score was 39 while maximum was 91 with mean score These findings clearly depicted from figure 4.1. These findings are in conformity with Meena, (2000) and Tak, (2010) Knowledge of the farmers on reproductive disorder in dairy animals Table- 4.6 Knowledge of the farmers on reproductive disorder in dairy animals S. No. Reproductive disorders Knowledge (%) 1. Abortion and Stillbirth Repeat breeding Anoestrus Late maturity Retention of placenta Dystocia Prolapse Overall knowledge At a glance on table-4.6 revealed that farmers were having highest knowledge about abortion (78.98%) followed by Repeat breeding (71.44 %), anoestrus (70.56%), late maturity (68.08%), retention of placenta (57.85%), dystocia (52.94%) and were having least knowledge about Prolapse (47.06%). It could be interpreted from the above table 4.5: that overall knowledge of the respondents was near percent, which was considered as good knowledge on reproductive disorders of dairy animals. The findings are in accordance with studies of Mahipal, (1983) and slightly higher than Meena, (2000). 40

57 Knowledge (%) Knowledge on reproductive disorders in different categories of herd size It is clearly reflected from figure 4.2 that knowledge on reproductive disorders of farmers rearing large herd size was high as compare to small and medium herd size except anoestrus. This response of farmers on reproductive disorders might be due more exposure in large herd. Further farmers rearing small size herd had more knowledge about repeat breeding and prolapse than whose rearing medium size herd. Similarly farmers rearing medium size herd had more knowledge about anoestrus than whose rearing large size herd Fig. 4.2: Knowledge on reproductive disorders in different categories of herd size Small Medium Large Late maturity Anoestrus Repeat breeding Abortion & Still birth Dystocia Retn. of placenta Prolapse Reproductive disorders 41

58 4.3 Existing Practices to Manage the Reproductive Disorders by the Farmers An in-depth understanding of existing practices to manage the reproductive disorders of dairy animals would help not only in getting a comprehensive account of the level of dairy farming development in the study area, but also in planning and taking up any research or development programme. An attempt, therefore, was made, to assess the existing practices to manage the various reproductive disorders of dairy animals. Information was collected using open ended interview schedule developed for this purpose. It was observed during the investigation that combinations of various grains and herbs were commonly used by the farmers to overcome the reproductive disorders of dairy animals in the locale Late maturity and anoestrus Table- 4.7 Existing practices to manage the late maturity and anoestrus by the farmers S. No Practices Frequency Percent Boiled methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) kg/day fed empty stomach for 5 days 2-3 pieces of Bilava that induces heat within days 1 kg/day bajara (Pennisetum typhoides ) and ½ kg/day jaggery for days Boiled guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) and bajara (Pennisetum typhoides ) ½ kg of each/day fed to animal for one week Desi ½ kg/day for 3-4 days Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant kg Til cake and 1½ kg red lentil (Lens culinaris) divided in three halves and fed to animal for 3 days 42

59 Green guar (Cymopsis tetragonoloba) covered air tight under pressure overnight and fed to animal in morning 1 kg/day curd and ½ kg/day boiled methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) grain 100 g carrot seed (Daucus carota) mixed with 250 g Khand (desi sugar) Avoid stall feeding, carry animal for grazing for days A cursory look on table-4.7 revealed that boiled methi grain was most common ITK used by majorty (90.00%) of farmers in case of Late maturity and anoestrus followed by Bilava, boiled guar with jaggery, boiled guar with bajara, desi ghee, call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant, til cake with red lentil, green guar, curd with boiled methi, carrot seed with khand, and avoid stall feeding, carry animal for grazing. During interaction with farmers it was explained by them that feeding of methi, Bilava, guar with jaggery, and bajara produce heat in the animal body which stimulate oestrus process in the positive manner. They elaborated that carrying animal for grazing will increase body activity therefore induce heat. These findings are in line with findings of Singh, (2001) Repeat breeding Table-4.8 Existing practices to manage the repeat breeding by the farmers S. No Practices Frequency Percent ½ kg/day mahandi (Lawsonia alba) during oestrus Disposal of affected animal g acacia bark soaked in water over night and given to animal empty stomach in morning 3-5 kg daikons (Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus) for 5-7 day with routine feed 43

60 lit. of cow milk/day to buffalo in case of buffalo during oestrus and vice-versa kg Barlay (Hordium vulgare) flour and ½ kg Khimp (Leptadenia pyrotechnica) with feed after service 200 g Gular (Ficus glomerate) as single dose 250 g. Gokharu (Tribulus terrestris) seed as single dose Change bull after two service lit. milk and 250 g mustard oil (Brassica spp.) before service, 1kg boiled methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) grain next day of service and then feed only dry fodder for 10 days Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant/quack ½ kg desi ghee and 1lit. water mixed with fungal hyphae (Kai) as single dose Boiled Rice (Oryza sativa) 1 kg/day for days A quick glace on table 4.8 revealed that mahandi was most common ITK used by majorty (81.33%) of farmers in case of repeat breeders and other practices followed are; dispose affected animals, water soaked acacia bark, daikons, cow milk in case of buffalo repeat breeder and vice-versa, barley flour with khimp, gular, gokharu, change bull after two service, milk with mustard oil before service then boiled methi grain next day of service after that fed only dry fodder for ten days, Call veterinary officer or livestock assistant, ghee with fungal hyphae, boiled rice. While discussing with farmers it was cleared by them, due to cold temperament, mahandi and daikons reduce repeat breeding in dairy animals. These findings are in accordance with Sah, (1999) and Meena, (2000). 44

61 Retention of placenta Table- 4.9 Existing practices to manage the retention of placenta by the farmers S. No Practices Frequency Percent Naval of animal is smear with oil/ghee and warm for few minute 2-3 railway ticket (thick paper) either with chapati or in luke warm water Avoid milking of colostrums Keep animal in standing position lit. jaggery/ sugar solution Feed of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaves or ½ kg. Barlay (Hordium vulgare) grain 250 g ash dissolve in luke warm water and offer to animal ½ kg Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) grain and ½ kg jiggery Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant Give.5 ml of oxytocin injection ½ kg sugar and 1 kg colostrum Tightly tie rope on horn in the shape of digit pieces of cloves(syzygium aromaticum) Boiled foetal fluid and ½ cup ghee Table 4.9 enunciate that naval of animal is smear with oil or ghee and warm for few minute was most common ITK used by majority (89.33%) of farmers in case of retention of placenta and other practices followed are as follows; railway ticket (thick paper) either with chapati or in luke warm water, avoid milking of colostrums, keep animal in standing position till expel 45

62 placenta, jiggery or sugar solution, neem leaves or Barley grain, ash in luke warm water, methi grain with jaggery, Call veterinary officer or livestock assistant, oxytocin injection, sugar with colostrum, tightly tie rope on horn in the shape of digit 8, pieces of cloves and boiled foetal fluid and ghee. It was explained by farmers during survey that by avoid milking of colostrums create pressure in udder stimulate expulsion of placenta. These findings are in conformity with Meena,(2000) Prolapse Table 4.10: Existing practices to manage the prolapse by the farmers S. No. Practices Frequency Percent 1. Avoid long resting g Styanasi (Argemone mexicana) seed and 150 g Khand (desi sugar) ground and make bolus in ghee/ oil and given to animal 3. Reduce feeding specially concentrate Correct mild prolapse by themselves using lather shoe pieces of areca nut (Areca catechu) soaked in ghee g/day desi ghee kg/day pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo) fruit/ lauki (Lagenaria siceraria) for 4-5 days 7. Warming of rear part of animal Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant kg gram (Cicer arietinum) and 1.5 kg multani (type of clay) in 3 doses g mishri, 500 g basan and 250 g ghee for 2 days 11. Drench ¼ lit./day blue ink for 4 days Table 4.10 describes that avoid long resting of affected animals was most common ITK used by majority (86.67%) of farmers in case of prolapse 46

63 and other ITKs used are as follows; blue ink, styanasi seed and Khand (desi sugar) ground and make bolus in ghee/ oil, gram and multani (type of clay), mishri, basan and ghee, desi ghee and pumpkin, pieces of areca nut soaked in ghee, reduce feeding specially concentrate, warming of rear part of animal, correct mild prolapse by themselves using lather shoe and call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant. It was noticed by farmers that, due to cold temperament, blue ink curtail prolapse. They reduce feeding specially concentrate so that less energy will be produce consequently there will less chance of prolapse. Meena, (2000) also observe similar findings Abortion and stillbirth Table 4.11: Existing practices to manage the abortion and stillbirth by the farmers S. No Practices Frequency Percent Drenching desi ½ lit. /day for days Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant Table- 4.11: shows that abortion and stillbirth are manage by drenching desi ghee and with the help of veterinary officer or livestock assistant. During interaction it was elucidated by farmers that miscarrying resulted from weakness hence drench desi ghee Dystocia Table- 4.12: Existing practices to manage the dystocia by the farmers S. No Practices Frequency Percent Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant Force to move on uneven ground Rolling of animal The results in table 4.12: show that majority (58.67%) of farmers believe in treatment of dystocia by Call veterinary officer/ livestock assistant 47

64 and other method includes rolling of animal, animal is Force to move on uneven ground. 4.3 Satisfaction of Farmers Regarding Veterinary Services Distribution of farmers on the basis of satisfaction level regarding veterinary services Table 4.13: Distribution of farmers on the basis of satisfaction level regarding veterinary services S. No. Categories Frequency Percentage 1. Low ( < 17) Medium (17-20) High ( >20) Range Mean score Fig. 4.3 Distribution of farmers on the basis of satisfaction level regarding veterinary services Low Medium High 24.67% 36.67% 38.66% It was clear from the figure 4.4: that percent of farmers belonged to medium category of satisfaction followed by the category of low and high level of satisfaction which contributed percent and percent respectively. The data shows that the trend was low to medium level of 48