L. C. SCARAMUZZA 994 ENTOMOLOGY

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1 994 ENTOMOLOGY within a short time of.their establishment; and it was not long after that Apanteles, Meteorus and Eucelatoria began to be reported from the upland grass ranges, and even well into the native forest,where they may parasitize native caterpillars as yet unrecordedas hosts. Whether merely as a coincidence, because of other undetermined causes, or, in consequence of the establishment and wide distribution of these parasites, the lowland infestations of Spodoptera soon began to decline in frequency and extent, and at the time of writing they seemto havebecome a thing of the past. According to our records, the last outbreak comparable at all with those experienced before 1900, occurred in I939 on the Island of Hawaii, and simultaneously but much less severely on Maui, Oahu and Kauai. This was the last time that commercial damage from armyworms was reported from the fields of the two latter islands, although moths and eggs appeared in cane fields of Kauai in 1941, at about the same time that several hundred acres of the crop-were defoliated on Hawaii. After that, small,scattered populations were stillobserved from year to year on Hawaii, and less often on Maui; butcommercialdamage of any consequence was not reported except on Hawaii in 1945, in 1948,and in A thin infestation of 50 acres occurrecj. on Maui in March of 1955, but it was quickly eliminated by parasites and hardly attained commercial significance. It was thelast infestation of cane on any island of which there is a report up to June 1959, although the last population of Spodoptera exempta was reported on wild grasses on Molokai, in December of REFERENCES 1 CHAMBERLAIN, J. E., I883'. The.Peelua or Armyworm of thehawaiian Islands. Thrum's Almanac and Annual: PEMBERTON,.C. E., 1948; Hawaiian Planters' Record, 5~ : PERKINS, R. C. L., Introduction, Fauna Hawaiiensis. CXLVIII. 4 SWEZEY, O. H., Entomology Circular #5, HSPA. 5 ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1958., Insects of Hawaii, VlI : 305, A LIST OF INSECTS AND ANIMALS AFFECTING SUGARCANE IN CUBA L. C. SCARAMUZZA Compania Azucarera Atlantica del Golfo, La Habana, Cuba and FRANCISCO VALDES BARRY Estaci6n Experimental Agron6mica, Santiago de las,vegas, Ministerio de Agricultura, Cuba FOREWORD Over 26 years have elapsed since a list of the insects affecting sugarcane in Cuba was presented to the Fourth Congress of this Society by VAN DINE and CHRISTENSON 9 It seems appropriate therefore, to incorporate into a new list the taxonomic changes that have taken place during this period. To our good fortune, no new insect of importance has been introduced in~o our Island in all these years.

2 L. C. SCARAMUZZA, FRANCISCO. VALDES BARRY 995 Sugarcane is the most important crop cultivated in Cuba, and sugar is in fact the commodity which controls the economy of the Island. For thisreason the insects affecting sugarcane have been studied from time to time, but no intensive investigations have been carried out owing, to the fortunate condition in Cuba in regard to sugarcane insects. With the exception of the ubiquitous sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (F.), insects causing damage worthy of consideration have been marked by an asterisk (*) in the following list. Even the sugarcane borer D. saccharalis, has a long list of parasites and predators, outstanding among which is thetachinid fly Lixophaga diatraeaetowns., known also as "the Cuban fly", which under favorable conditions can maintain control of the borer. It is used quite extensively in the Island for the biological control of the borer through laboratory rearing and field releases, with very satisfactory results. Lixophaga has also been introduced into several other countries, sometimes with complete success. Perhapsit should be mentioned here that Cuban Cane fields have an ample supply of lizards and toads, namely the leaf-lizard Anolis sagrei, the ground-lizard Leiocephalus cubensis, and the toad Bufo peltacephalus. The latter prompted DR. MYERS to write", after his extensive travels over the West Indies countries: "One Ieaf-lizard (Anolis sagrei) is exceedingly abundant in cane-fields, and is apparently thoroughly adapted to conditions of settlement." "... Cuban cane-fields are thus probably better policed by these three types of efficient insect-eaters than any others visited." Undoubtedly these animals are responsible for the destruction of large numbers of beetles, moths and caterpillars which otherwise would be harmful to sugarcane. Weare also very fortunate in regard to sugarcane diseases, since with the exception of mosaic disease, which is unimportant, and ratoon stunting disease, which has been found in the Island only in recent years and atscattered locations, we have none of the important infectious diseases of sugarcane reported elsewhere, several of which are disseminated by insects. INSECTA *Insects causing damage worthy of consideration COLLEMBOLA Entamabrya cubensis Fols. (Entamabryidae) ORTHOPTERA Schistacerca pallens (Thunb.) (A crid!dae) Caulopsis cuspidatus (Scudder) (Tettiganidae) ISOPTERA Kalotermes schwarzi Banks (Kalatermitidae) Heterotermes cardini (Snyder) (Rhinatermitidae) A noplotermes schwarzi Banks (Termitidae) Nasutitermes castalis (Holm.) (Termitidae) Obtusitermes aequalis (Snyder) (Termitidae) THYSANOPTERA Anaphathrips alternans Bagnall (Thripidae) Frankliniella insularis Frankl. (Thripidae) Frankliniella williamsi Hood (Thripidae) Heliathrips bruneri Morgan (Thripidae) Hoplandrothri-ps aflinis Hood (Thripidae) Plesiathripspanicus Moulton (Thripidae) References p. 999.

3 99 6 ENTOMOLOGY Podothrips semiflamus Hood (Thripidae) Zygothrips sp. (Thripidae) HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA) Leptodictya bambusae Drake (Tingidae) HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTER,A) Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas) (Aphididae) Rhopaiosipbum. maidis (Fitch) (Aphididae) Aphidius (Lysiphlebus) testaceipes Cress. (Braconidae) Pachyneuron si-phonophorae (Ashm.) ipteromatidae; Cycloneda limbifer Csy. (Coccinellidae) Chilocorus cacti (L.) (Coccinellidae) Hyperaspis apicalis Weise (Coccinellidae) Scymnus roseicollis Muls. (Coccinellidae) Baccha clavata (F.) (Syrphidae) Ocyptamus dimidiata (F.) (Syrphidae) Ocyptamus scutellatus Lw.(SYrphidae) Solenopsis geminata (F.) (Formicidae) Parairechina longicornis (Latr.) (Formicidae) Si-pha flava (Forbes) (Aphididae) Coleomegilla cubensis Csy. (Coccinellidae) Cycloneda iimbifer Csy. (Coccinellidae) Chilocorus cacti L. (Coccinellidae) Scymnus roseicollis Muls. (Coccinellidae) Orius insidiosus (Say) (Anthocoridae) Baccha clauata (F.) (Syrfhidae) Prosapia fraterna Uhl. (Cercopidae) Carneooephala reticulata (Sig.) (Cicadellidae) Deltocephalus flavicosta Stal (Cicadellidae) Draculacephala cubana Mete & Brun. (Cicadellidae) Gonatocerus mesiconus Perk. (Mymaridae) Ufens niger Ashm. (Trichogrammatidae) Hortensia simi/is Wlk. (Cicadellidae) Nesosteles guajanae De Long (Cicadellidae) Poeciloscarta histrio F. (CicadeUidae) Mnemosyne cubana Stal (Cixiidae) Oliarus complectus Ball (Cixiidae) Paramyndus crudus Van Duz. (Cixiidae) Peregrinus maidis (Ashm.) (Delphacidae) Mesogramma subannulata Lw. (Syrphidae) Saccharosydne saccharivora West. (Delphacidae) Stenocranophilus quadratus Pierce (Stylopidae) Anagrus flaveolus Wat. (Mymaridae). Herpis sp. (Derbidae) Omoiicna cubana Myers (Derbidae) Otiocerus sp. (Derbidae) Aclerda sacchariteague (Coccidae) Odonaspis saccharicaulis (Zehnt.) (Coccidae) Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuw.) (Coccidae) Solenopsis geminata (F.) (Formicidae) Pulvinaria iceryi (Guer.) (Coccidae) Coccopahgus lecanii (Fitch.) (Eulophidae) Targionia sacchari (Ckll.) (Coccidae) * Trionymus radicicola (Morr.) icoocidaes

4 L. C. SCARAMUZZA,FRANCISCO VALDl~S BARRY 997 Tapinoma melanocephalwm F. (Formicidae) Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ckll.) (Coccidae) Aspergillus flavus Lk, (Fungi) Solen apsis geminata (F.) (Formicidae) Pheidole megacephala (F.) (Formi'cidae) Monomorium fioricola Jerd. (Formicidae) Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) (Formicidae) LEPIDOPTERA Lerodea tripunct«iripuncta (H. S.) (Hesperiidae) M ormidea pictiventris Stal (Pentatomidae) Gen.? spp. (Tachinidae) Gen.? spp. (Araneida) Panoquina nyctelia coscinia (H. S.) (Hesperiidae) Cardiochiles sp. (Braconidae) Microgaster sp. (Braconidae) H emiteles sp. (fchneumonidae) Mormidea pictiventris Stal (Pentatomidae) Panoquina sylvicola sylvicola (H. S.) (Hesperiidae) M ormidea pictiventris Stal (Pentatomidae) Gen.? sp. (Chaleididae) Perichares phocion phocion (F.) (Hesperiidae) *Laphygmafrugiperda (S. & A.) (Noctuidae) Chelonus insularis Cress. (Braconidae) Chelonus te:ranus Cress. (Braeonidae) Ewplectrus platyhypenae How. (Eulophidae) ( Horismenus sp. (Eutophidae)) Enicospiius purgatus Say. (I chneumonidae) Architas piliventris (How.) (Taehinidae) Gonia tesensis Reinh. (Taehinidae) Blondelia armigera (Coq.) (Tachinidae) Zenillia blanda (0. S.) (Tachinidae) A chaetoneura archippivora Will. (Tachinidae) *Mocis repanda (F.) (Noctuidae) Blondelia armigera (Coq.) (Tachinidae) Sarcodeeia sternodontis Towns. (sarcophagidae) Microbracon. Sp. (Braeonidae) Conocephalus fasciatus (De G.) (Tettigonidae) T'etramorium. guineense (F.) (Formicidae) Pseudaletia inconspicua (H. S,) (Noetuidae) Blondelia armigera (Coq.) (Taehinidae) Pseudaleiia laliuscula (H. S.) (Noetuidae) ' Eu-plectrus platyhypenae How. (Eulophidae) Compsilura oppugnator Walt. (Tachinidae) Pseudaletia secta (H. S.) (Noctuidae) Pseudaletia unipuneta (Haw.) (Noctuidae) Blondelia armigera (Coq.) (Taehinidae) *Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Pyralidae) Trichogramma minutum Riley (Triehogrammatidae) Apanteles diairaeae Mues. (Braeonidae) Agathis stigmaterus (Cress.) (Braconidae) M'acrocentrus 11. sp. (Braconidae) Hy-posoter sp. (Ichneumonidae) References p. 999.

5 998 ENTOMOLOGY Lisophaga diatraeae Towns. (Tachinidae) Aphaereta sp. (Diapriidae) Trichopria cubensis Font. (Diapriidae) Sarcodesia stenodontis (Towns.) (Sarcophagidae) Sarcophaga pedata Ald. (Sarcophagidae) Sarcophaga rap ax Walk. (Sarcophagidae) Sarcophaga surrubea V. d. W. (Sarcophagidae) Sarcophaga sp. (Sarcophagidae) Prolabia unidentata Palis. (Labiidae) Doru lineare Esch. (For(iculidae) Anisolabis annulipes Luc, (Labiduridae) Anisolabis sp. (Labiduridae) Pyrophorus noctilucus (L.) (Elateridae) Cephalobus elongatus de Man (?) (Nematoda) Hexameris meridionalis Steiner (Nematoda) Cordyceps barberi Giard. (Fungi) Aspergillus flavus Lk. (Fungi) Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. (Fungi) Aspergillus sydowi B. & S. (Fungi) Aspergillus sp. (Fungi) Fusarium sp. (Pl,tngi) Penicillium spp. (Fungi) Hirsutella sp. (Fungi) *Eiasmopaipus lignosellus (Zeller) (Pyralidae) M arasmia trapesalis Guen. (Pyralidae) Hormius vulgaris Ashm. (Braconidae) Dicranoctetes saccharella (Busck) (Elachistidae) Chrysocharis cubensis Gahan (Eulophidae) Closterocerus sp. (Eulophidae) Tetrastichus pallidocinctus Gahan (Eulopkidae) COLEOPTERA Apate,monacha (F.) (Bostrychidae) Conoderus bifoveatus (Beauv.) (Elateridae) Conoderus ampticollis Gyll. (Elateridae) *Megapenthes sp. (Elateridae). Anoplosiagum rufum Chapin (Scarabaeidae) Anomala calceata Chevr. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis aeruginosa Burm. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis analis Burm. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis crenaticollis Blanch. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis dissimilis Chevr. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis puberula Jacq. (Scarabaeidae) Cnemarachis suturalis Chevr. (Scarabaeidae) Cyclocephala cubana Chapin (Scarabaeidae) Dyscinetus picipes Burm. (Scarabaeidae) Ligyrus cuniculus (F.) (Scarabaeidae) Ligyrus fossor Latr. iscarabacidaei Strategus ajax (Oliv.) (Scarabaeidae) Strategus anachoreta Burm. (Scarabaeidae) Strategus sarpedon (Burm.) (Scarabaeidae) Scarabaeidae Tiphia argentipes Cress. (Scoliidae) Campsomeris trifasciata (F.) (Scoliidae) Anacentrinus insularis Buchan. (Curculionidae) Lachmopus hispidus Gyll. (Curculionidae) Metamasius sericeus (Oliv.) (Curculionidae) Xyleborus affinis Eich. (Scolytidae) Myochr?us cubensis Blake (Chrysomelidae) (

6 HYMENOPTERA Atta insularis Guerin (Formicidae) L. C. SCARAMUZZA, FRANCISCO VALDJ~S BARRY 999 Lamellaxis micra Orbig. Obeiiscus homalogyra (Sh.) Pfr, Oleacina solidula Pfr, Opea«micra Orbig. Sphaeroniscus sp. Thelidomus (Zachrysia) auricoma Fer. MOLLUSCA ARACHNIDA ACARINA Paratetranyohus viridis Banks (Tetranychidae) Tarsonemus bamcrofti Michael (Tarsonemidae) DECAPODA Cardisoma guanhumi Latr. (Gecarcinidae) CRUSTACEA VERTEBRATA AVES Centurus supercitiaris superciliaris (Temm.) (Picidae) MAMMALIA Capromys spp. (Capromidae) Epimys rattus alexandricus (Geoff.) (Muridae) REFERENCES 1 BRONER, S. C., SCARAMUZZA, L. C. and OTERO,A. R., I945. Catalogode los insectos que atacan a las plantas economicas de Cuba. Est. Exp. Agr., Bol. No. 63, Ministerio de Agricultura, Habana, 2 CHRISTENSON, L. D., Some soil animals affecting sugar cane in Cuba. Proc. 5th Con. Asoc. Tee. Azucareros Cuba, (1931), Habana. pp a DE LATORRE, S. L., An annotated list of the butterflies and skippers of Cuba (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. LXII, March, j.un., Sept. & Dec. MYERS, J. G., 193I. A preliminaryreport on an investigation into the biological control of West Indian insect pests.e. M. B.Pub. No. 42,173 PP. PLANK,H. K., Natural enemies of the sugar cane moth stalkborer in Cuba. Ann. Entomol. Soc. of Amer., 22(4) : G PLANK, H. K, Nematodes parasitic on Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) in Cuba. J. Econ. Entomol.; 22 (6) : PLANK, H. K.,I92g. Fungi attacking Diairaeasaccharalis (Fabricius) in Cuba. J. Econ. Entomol., 22 (6) : B SCARAMUZZA, L. C., Relacion de los insectos y otrosanimales que atacan a la cafia de azucar en Cuba. Foll. Misc. NO.4, Ofi. Estud. Esp., Primera Asainb. Latinoamer. Fitoparasit.. ; Sec. Agr. y Gan., Mexico, pp VAN DINE, D. L. and CHRISTENSON, L. D., A revised list of the insects affecting sugarcane in Cuba. Proc. 4th Congo Int. Soc. Sugar Cane Techs., San Juan p. Rico, Bull. rr6. (1932). DISCUSSIONS C. E. PEMBERTON (Hawaii) : Did you mention the Ano/is leaf lizards which occur in Cuba? L. C. SCARAMUZZA (Cuba): Yes, we have 2 species of lizards common in the cane fields. R. MATHES (U.S.A.): Is the yellow cane aphid a serious pest in Cuba? MR. SCARAMTlZZA: Only in a few sections and only occasionally.

7 1000 ENTOMOLOGY MR. MA"rHES: What about white grubs? MR. SCARAMUZZA: There is only one of importance, a black beetle, that occurs in black, heavy clay soils. It is controlled by insecticides, although several natural enemies ha:ve been recorded. MR. MATHES: In Louisiana, we have noticed that BRC is the best insecticide for white grubs. Is that what you use? MR. SCARAMUZZA: No, we have used aldrin. W. H. LONG(U.S.A.): MR. MATHES, have you shown any yield increases following the control of the yellow aphid? MR. MATHES: No, a Puerto Rico worker conducted replicated tests and found no significant difference in yields of aphis-free and aphis-infested plots, but we have seen infestations so severe that it seemed logical to apply control measures.. F. A. BIANCHI (Hawaii): It is sometimes difficult for an entomologist to measure insect damage. He may see damage but measuring damage is~a much more difficult matter. H. WAGONER (Hawaii): Are the 2 lizards which you exhibited native to Cuba? MR. SCARAMUZZA : Yes. MR. PEMBERTON: Does the yellow aphid develop large colonies only on young cane? MR. MATHES: The yellow aphid does mostsevere damage to young cane. In Florida, most aphid damage is inflicted on cane 3 ft. or under in height. In Louisiana, canes 6 ft. or more in height are often attacked. MR. SCARAMUZZA: In Cuba, the yellow aphid rarely affects young cane, but I have seen a very heavy infestation of the aphid on young cane where it actually kills the plants and makes considerable replanting necessary. It generally attacks tall cane and the only noticeable effect is discoloration of the leaves, which is temporary.