Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages A Maize Pest

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1 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages A Maize Pest

2 CIAT The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) a CGIAR Research Center develops technologies, innovative methods, and new knowledge that better enable farmers, especially smallholders, to make agriculture eco-efficient that is, competitive and profitable as well as sustainable and resilient. Headquartered near Cali, Colombia, CIAT conducts research for development in tropical regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future. Its science is carried out by 15 Research Centers in collaboration with hundreds of partners across the globe.

3 ISBN: E-ISBN: Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages A Maize Pest Diego Alexander Guzmán Prada, Jairo Rodríguez Chalarca, and Sandra Jimena Valencia Cataño

4 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical International Center for Tropical Agriculture P.O. Box 6713 Km 17 Recta Cali Palmira CP Cali, Colombia Phone: j.chalarca@cgiar.org Website: CIAT Publication No. 473 November 2018 ISBN: E-ISBN: Guzmán Prada DA; Rodríguez Chalarca J; Valencia Cataño SJ Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest. CIAT Publication No International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. 48 p. Available at Key words: Lepidoptera larval stages; Pests and diseases; Maize; Pest characterization. Copyright CIAT All rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC) This publication was originally released in Spanish in 2016 as Identificación de Estadios Larvales de Lepidópteros - Plaga de Maíz, available at: CIAT encourages wide dissemination of its printed and electronic publications for maximum public benefit. Thus, in most cases, colleagues working in research and development should feel free to use CIAT materials for noncommercial purposes. However, the Center prohibits modification of these materials, and we expect to receive due credit. Though CIAT prepares its publications with considerable care, the Center does not guarantee their accuracy and completeness. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source.

5 Acknowledgements Special thanks to the research team on Soil Arthropods (COL ), CIAT Agrobiodiversity Research Area, for making possible dissemination of this work. Our gratitude also goes to Gerson F. Vélez and Óscar H. Yela, for their valuable collaboration to carry out this project, aimed to provide certain differential morphological characteristics of the larval stages of Lepidoptera (Noctuidae) species Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera sunia, and Helicoverpa zea, three economically important pests in maize production.

6 Contents Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda)... 2 Larval stage 1 (L1)...3 Larval stage 2 (L2)...5 Larval stage 3 (L3)...7 Larval stage 4 (L4)...9 Larval stage 5 (L5)...11 Larval stage 6 (L6)...13 Adult (male)...15 Adult (female) Armyworm (Spodoptera sunia) Larval stage 1 (L1)...18 Larval stage 2 (L2) Larval stage 3 (L3)...21 Larval stage 4 (L4) Larval stage 5 (L5) Larval stage 6 (L6) Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

7 Adult (male)...28 Adult (female)...29 Corn earworm (CEW) (Helicoverpa zea) Larval stage 1 (L1) Larval stage 2 (L2)...34 Larval stage 3 (L3)...36 Larval stage 4 (L4)...38 Larval stage 5 (L5)...39 Larval stage 6 (L6) Adult (male) Adult (female)...43 Sexual dimorphism in pupae Sexual dimorphism (female)...46 Sexual dimorphism (male) Bibliography Sexual dimorphism in pupae 7

8 Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda)

9 Early larval stage 1 (L1) The head of a recently hatched larva is larger than the rest of its body. In addition, the setae (villi) are very visible throughout its body. Spodoptera frugiperda 3

10 Late larval stage 1 (L1) As the larva develops, its head looks more proportionate to the body and the setae are less visible. 4 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

11 Early larval stage 2 (L2) The larva is passing to the next stage; it looks hyaline, and the tubercles from which setae grow, become more notorious. Spodoptera frugiperda 5

12 Late larval stage 2 (L2) As the larva develops, the reddish lateral stripes become more notorious. 6 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

13 Early larval stage 3 (L3) In this stage, the lateral reddish stripes are evident and they are present throughout the body. Spodoptera frugiperda 7

14 Late larval stage 3 (L3) As the larva continues to develop, a dark stripe becomes evident on the side. 8 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

15 Early larval stage 4 (L4) In this stage, the larva shows nearly colorless tubercles. Likewise, its head turns hyaline, almost transparent. Spodoptera frugiperda 9

16 Late larval stage 4 (L4) During this stage, the epicranial suture or inverted Y on head is completely defined. On the other hand, concentric rings begin to form in the mesothoracic segment. 10 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

17 Larval stage 5 (L5) The larva turns a dark-brown color, while its setae are hardly visible. Spodoptera frugiperda 11

18 Larval stage 5 (L5) In addition, during this stage, organized spots form in line on every abdominal segment. 12 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

19 Larval stage 6 (L6) At this stage, the larva has a noticeable appearance: the segments are hardly visible and it has a shiny surface. Spodoptera frugiperda 13

20 Larval stage 6 (L6) On the other hand, a reddish spot becomes visible on the first thoracic segment, which is useful to easily identify this stage. 14 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

21 Adult (male) The Spodoptera frugiperda male adult is characterized by the different colors of its fore wings. Spodoptera frugiperda 15

22 Adult (female) The Spodoptera frugiperda female adult is characterized by its larger size and its brownish-gray color. 16 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

23 Armyworm (Spodoptera sunia)

24 Early larval stage 1 (L1) The head of a recently hatched larva is larger than the rest of its body. This species has a very visible digestive system and tubercles from which setae grow. 18 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

25 Late larval stage 1 (L1) During its development, the tubercles become more notorious, especially those in the dorsal thoracic segment. Spodoptera sunia 19

26 Larval stage 2 (L2) This stage is characterized by presenting a lighter head and well-developed lateral tubercles on the thorax. 20 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

27 Early larval stage 3 (L3) In this stage, the last abdominal segment starts showing a reddish color. Spodoptera sunia 21

28 Late larval stage 3 (L3) The larva develops white areas adjacent to each tubercle. 22 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

29 Larval stage 4 (L4) In this stage, triangles are developed on the dorsal region, where the white tubercles characteristic of this instar are located. It has a long orange stripe along the dorsal region (distinctive). Spodoptera sunia 23

30 Larval stage 5 (L5) The L5 larva is darker and no longer shows the orange dorsal stripe of L4. 24 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

31 Larval stage 5 (L5) Despite tone differences among larvae, the prevailing characteristic is the absence of the longitudinal stripe in the center of the dorsal region. Spodoptera sunia 25

32 Larval stage 6 (L6) The L6 larva is large in size; it does not show any colors in the dorsal area and presents an orange color on the sides, under the spiracles. 26 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

33 Larval stage 6 (L6) Note the orange color on the side, under the spiracles. Spodoptera sunia 27

34 Adult (male) The Spodoptera sunia male adult is characterized by the different colors of its fore wings. However, they are not as notorious as in S. frugiperda. 28 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

35 Adult (female) Unlike males, the Spodoptera sunia female adult is completely colorless. Spodoptera sunia 29

36 Corn earworm (CEW) (Helicoverpa zea)

37 Early larval stage 1 (L1) The digestive system is very notorious; the last abdominal segment is black and it has a black spot located between the two rings in the first segments of the body. Helicoverpa zea 31

38 Early larval stage 1 (L1) Black spot characterizing the first larval stage. 32 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

39 Late larval stage 1 (L1) As the larva develops, it becomes darker and shows a golden shade. Helicoverpa zea 33

40 Early larval stage 2 (L2) The whole body starts turning brown. 34 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

41 Late larval stage 2 (L2) Over time, the larva turns darker and its tubercles become visible. Helicoverpa zea 35

42 Early larval stage 3 (L3) At the beginning, the larvae develop white spots on the sides. 36 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

43 Late larval stage 3 (L3) The larva develops two white stripes on the dorsal region. Helicoverpa zea 37

44 Larval stage 4 (L4) It turns darker, the tubercles take a conical shape, and three stripes appear on the dorsal region. 38 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

45 Larval stage 5 (L5) It turns lighter, while the stripe on the dorsal region becomes darker. The tubercles become discolored. Helicoverpa zea 39

46 Larval stage 5 (L5) Do you see them? Take a look. 40 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

47 Larval stage 6 (L6) Hardly visible tubercles, and the dorsal stripe stands out. Helicoverpa zea 41

48 Adult (male) The Helicoverpa zea male adult features a lighter color than the female. In addition, it has two dark spots on the fore wings. 42 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

49 Adult (female) The female shows a darker color than the male. It also shows cross-sectional pigmentation of its fore wings. Helicoverpa zea 43

50 Sexual dimorphism in pupae 44 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

51 A B Figure 1. Sexual dimorphism in Copitarsia decolora. (A) Female - (B) Male. Source: Peraza Arias AR (2011). The same identification parameter is used for all three species. Sexual dimorphism in pupae 45

52 Sexual dimorphism (female) 46 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

53 Sexual dimorphism (male) Sexual dimorphism in pupae 47

54 Bibliography Guzmán Diego; Rodríguez J; Valencia SJ. (s.f.). Identificación de caracteres diagnósticos del ciclo de vida de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). [poster]. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Universidad del Tolima. Available at: Peraza Arias AR Preferencia de hospedero y parámetros de desarrollo de Copitarsia decolora sobre plantas seleccionadas para la diversificación del cultivo de uchuva (Physalis peruviana). Available at: 48 Identification of Lepidoptera Larval Stages - A Maize Pest

55 CIAT Publication No. 473 Agrobiodiversity Research Area Original design and layout Layout of English version Photography Production editing Laura Duque CIAT Communications CIAT Agrobiodiversity Research Area and Flickr Victoria Eugenia Rengifo Cali, Colombia

56 CGIAR Research Center ciat.cgiar.org

The Armyworm in New Brunswick

The Armyworm in New Brunswick Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) Synonym: Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) ISBN 978-1-4605-1679-9 Family: Noctuidae - Owlet moths and underwings Importance The armyworm attacks