Distribution of Emys orbicularis in Hungary with notes on related conservational and environmental education activities

Transcription

1 Biologia, Bratislava, 59/Suppl. 14: 55 60, 2004 Distribution of Emys orbicularis in Hungary with notes on related conservational and environmental education activities Miklós Puky 1, Dorottya Gémesi 2 & Péter Schád 3 1 Hungarian Danube Research Station of the Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H 2131 Göd, Jávorka S. u. 14., Hungary; tel.: , fax: , h7949puk@ella.hu 2 Toad Action Group/IUCN SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force, H 2646 Drégelypalánk, Kossuth u. 46., Hungary; tel.: , mesido@fre .hu 3 Toad Action Group/IUCN SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force, H 1172 Budapest, Laskó u. 3., Hungary; tel.: , schad@fre .hu PUKY, M.,GÉMESI, D.&SCHÁD, P., Distribution of Emys orbicularis in Hungary with notes on related conservational and environmental education activities. Biologia, Bratislava, 59/Suppl. 14: 55 60, 2004; ISSN In 2001 an intensive herpetofaunal mapping project was launched to build a detailed data base for Hungary. Using different sampling methods, Emys orbicularis was found in semi-natural lentic and lotic waters as well as in canals, fishponds and other artificial water bodies. Viable populations exist even in forest ponds at high elevations, where suitable egg-laying sites are present. In total, it was recorded from km UTM squares in the past 30 years, which makes it the reptile with the fourth largest known distribution area in the country. Both natural and anthropogenic factors endanger E. orbicularis causing local extinctions, e. g., through habitat destruction, fragmentation, drought, and isolation. Sporadic records of Trachemys scripta elegans in the wild are known as well but no evidence has been collected on its reproduction so far. Since the launching of the 1998 The Year of Emys orbicularis by the Toad Action Group and the Nimfea Nature Conservation Association, several national and international conservation and education programmes confirmed that the educational aspect of this species is also of special importance. Due to its biological characteristics, E. orbicularis has the potential to become not only a keystone species in biological monitoring but also a symbol of wetland conservation. Key words: Emys orbicularis, distribution, conservation, environmental education, Hungary. Introduction Emys orbicularis (L., 1758) is a freshwater reptile with a large distribution area ranging from North Africa over most of Europe and the Middle East to the Aral Sea, having at least 13 subspecies with pronounced morphological and genetic differences (FRITZ, 1996, 1998; FARKAS et al., 1998; FRITZ et al., 1998; LENK et al., 1999; AYRES FERNÁNDEZ & CORDERO RIVERA, 2001). While intensive re- 55

2 search is carried out on the species in some parts of its range, basic distribution data are still missing in others. E. orbicularis is a native species in Hungary. Although it is protected under the Hungarian Environmental Act with a fine of 50,000 HUF (appr. 200 EUR) for harming or killing an individual (KÖRNYEZETVÉDELMI MINISZTER, 2001), little is known about the actual conservation status of the species. Several hundred years ago it was abundant in the lowlands, and former reports noted its collection and export even to the Netherlands and Great Britain indicating exceptionally high population densities (MÉHELY, 1895). However, most of its aquatic habitats have disappeared in the past 150 years. With the exception of Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Méhely, 1894), the herpetofauna of Hungary is only moderately studied. Even the most detailed distribution map compiled before contained information only from 36% of the km UTM squares (one species from a square means a covered square in the system) with an average of less than 4.7 species per investigated square (BAKÓ & KORSÓS, 1999). At the beginning of 2001, IUCN SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force Hungary (DAPTF Hungary) launched an intensive project to build a new, more detailed herpetofaunal distribution data base from its own existing data, a large-scale literature search and intensive herpetofaunal mapping. Results of the National Amphibian and Reptile Mapping Project regarding E. orbicularis are presented in this paper. Material and methods The literature search back to 1970 covered a diversity of reliable data sources and revealed several new publications in local or county museum journals. Research reports to the National Authority for Nature Conservation were also added to the literature. The revision of the literature resulted in a 2,900 item database. Several experts were contacted to participate in the data collection, which provided another 1,600 unpublished records. Besides the compilation of existing DAPTF Hungary data, surveys were made to expand our herpetological knowledge to new areas. The fieldwork was focussed around the study of probable NATURA 2000 sites. Multiple sampling strategies were applied to confirm the presence of Emys orbicularis.visualencounter surveys were made during daytime and in the nesting period also during the night, road transect surveys and searches for predated nests were also used to determine the presence of the species and electrofishing data of ichthyologists were also added to the data base (SAL- LAI &PUKY, 1998). Parallel with the data collection, environmental education activities were carried out including traditional methods (e. g. talks, publication of posters and postcards) as well as new approaches (e. g. the Salamandra and Emys competition for housewives organized with Házi Praktika, a 150,000 circulation women s magazine). Results and discussion As with other freshwater reptiles, like Natrix natrix (L., 1758) and N. tessellata (Laurenti, 1768), several methods are suitable for recording Emys orbicularis. More than 80% of the individuals, however, were detected by visual surveys. Electrofishing and road transects resulted in 8.6% and 4.6% of the data, respectively. A low number of records was obtained by looking for predated nests. In total, E. orbicularis was recorded from 156 out of the 1, km UTM squares covering Hungary (Fig. 1), which is a 362% increase in comparison with the previous data base (BAKÓ & KORSÓS, 1999) and still nearly three times more than what was presented by FARKAS (2000). These localities spread into km 50 km UTM squares, which is the usual scale of European maps. In 16 of these squares (42%) E. orbicularis was recorded first in our survey (Fig. 2, note that there are five pairs of squares smaller than 50 km 50 km each due to the curvature of the globe, which is projected in the more detailed, national grid of the map. At the continental level though, these are united in pairs, and thus it makes 58 squares in total for the country.). E. orbicularis inhabits different water types in Hungary. Besides semi-natural lentic and lotic waters, it is also present in canals, fishponds and other artificial water bodies. Most data are from lowland sites in Hungary. This is in agreement with DELY s (1983) findings, who regarded E. orbicularis as a primarily lowland species present in standing or slowly running waters and in fish ponds. However, several mountain records were also collected, usually up to approximately 300 m a.s.l. (e. g. by SOLTI & VARGA, 1984). In some exceptional cases these data indicated viable populations in forest ponds, where suitable egg-laying sites are also present, such as at Lake Bajdázói in the Börzsöny mountains, north of Budapest. Several mountain occurrences (up to 490 m a.s.l.) can easily be the result of artificial introductions and are under considerable human pressure (e. g. disturbance) as they are along popular hiking trails like the sites de- 56

3 Fig km 10 km UTM distribution of Emys orbicularis in Hungary (the edge of the squares represent 10 km). Empty square: no data; solid circle: data available. Fig. 2. Data increase on the presence of Emys orbicularis in Hungary expressed in 50 km 50 km UTM squares (the edge of the squares represent 50 km). Empty square: no data; circle: previous data was available; solid circle: presence confirmed during this survey. scribed earlier by SZABÓ (1956). As a consequence, mountain populations often became extinct several years after they were described, such as the last known population in the Bakony moun- 57

4 Fig km 10 km UTM distribution of Trachemys scripta elegans inhungary(theedgeofthesquares represent 10 km). Empty square: no data; solid circle: data available. tains near Veszprém, north of Lake Balaton (MAR- IÁN, 1988). Both natural and anthropogenic factors endanger E. orbicularis causing local extinctions, e. g., through habitat destruction or fragmentation causing a national decline of the species (PÉCHY, 2000) coupled with drought over large areas, e. g., in the Kiskunság National Park Directorate (FARKAS, 2000). As in other countries (MORAVEC, 1999; NAJBAR & MACIANTOWICZ, 2001; MIQUET & CADI, 2002; etc.), reintroduction could be an important conservation tool to counteract this process. A recent example at the Nyirkai Hany Keleti Mórrétek wetland restoration area in the northwest part of the country proves that released individuals can successfully colonize newly created wetlands in Hungary (PUKY, 2003). However, besides the aquatic habitat, nesting sites are also needed and parts of both the aquatic and the terrestrial habitat must be managed according to the biological requirements of E. orbicularis to safeguard its long-term survival. Isolation due to the accelerated development of the national road network after joining the European Union and increasing traffic, which has also been recorded as causing mortality in other European countries (MIQUET & CADI, 2002), is another threat. As technical solutions were successfully used to lower tortoise and turtle road kills and isolation both in Europe and North America (GUYOT & CLOBERT, 1997; ARESCO, 2003), including mitigation measures for E. orbicularis (SCOCCIANTI, 1997), technical details and experience are already available in this field. MÄHN (2003) suggested E. orbicularis as an optimal animal to keep in garden ponds and occasional collection from the wild was also noted in Hungary, even if it is illegal. Sporadic records of the introduced competitor Trachemys scripta elegans (Schoepff, 1792) are also known from different regions (Fig. 3). When occurring in mixed groups, this species is known to interfere with E. orbicularis in several ways, e. g., by outcompeting it from preferred basking places in France (CADI &JOLY, 2003). However, at present it is unclear how it influences E. orbicularis populations in Hungary. E. orbicularis wasattractiveforthegeneral public in environmental education activities. More than 60,000 people visited conservation exhibitions since 1998 The Year of Emys orbicularis was launched by the Toad Action Group and the Nimfea Nature Conservation Association. More than 150 children s groups from three countries (Hungary, Romania, Ukraine) entered the Little Lizard competition on reptiles in , which also dealt with the life history and conservation of E. orbicularis. Entries for the Salaman- 58

5 dra and Emys competition for housewives resulted in an exhibition at the Natural History Museum with more than 200 items ranging from bookmarks to jewel boxes and clothes all decorated by either of the animals. These examples confirmed that E. orbicularis is not only an animal with suitable characteristics for environmental education purposes (widespread, readily visible from a greater distance, can be handled without risking to harm the animal or the interested people, etc.) but it also increasingly captivates human attention, as is evidenced by ancient mythology and modern art as well (KUNST & GEMEL, 2000). The environmental education potential of the species was utilized well in Austria, where an Emys centre was opened in 2001 in the Lower Danube Floodplain National Park near Vienna with opportunities to watch several turtles in their natural environment (RÖSSLER, 2002). Such projects are important not only in the conservation of the species but also in wetland conservation in general, as E. orbicularis has the potential to become not only a keystone species in biological monitoring but also a symbol of wetland conservation, and thus play an important role in raising public awareness about this issue. Acknowledgements We are thankful for all volunteers who dedicated their efforts to mapping the herpetofauna of Hungary, which was financially supported by the Hungarian Ministry for the Environment and Water Management. We also thank J. REYNOLDS (Trinity College, Dublin) for improving the English text and two anonymous reviewers and the editors for their comments and recommendations. References ARESCO, M. J Highway mortality of turtles and other herpetofauna at Lake Jackson, Florida, USA, and the efficacy of a temporary fence/culvert system to reduce roadkills, pp In: IR- WIN, L. C., GARRETT, P. & MCDERMOTT, K. P. (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, August, 2003, Lake Placid, New York. AYRES FERNÁNDEZ, C. & CORDERO RIVERA, A Sexual dimorphism and morphological differentiation in European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) populations from northwestern Spain. Chelon. Conserv. Biol. 4: BAKÓ, B. & KORSÓS, Z A magyarországi herpetofauna U.T.M.-térképezésének felhasználási lehetőségei [Nature conservation application of U.T.M. mapping of the Hungarian herpetofauna]. Állattani Közlemények 84: CADI, A. & JOLY, P Competition for basking places between the endangered European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis galloitalica) and the introduced red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). Can. J. Zool. 81: DELY, O. G Hüllők Reptilia. Magyarország állatvilága (Fauna Hungariae) [Reptiles Reptilia. Fauna of Hungary]. XX. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 120 pp. FARKAS, B The European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (L.) in Hungary, pp In: HÖDL, W. & RÖSSLER, M. (eds) Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte, Stapfia 69. FARKAS, B.,FRITZ, U.,JENDRETZKE, N.&SCHNEE- WEISS, N Morphological differences between pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) from the Hungarian Lowlands, eastern Poland, and northeastern Germany, pp In: FRITZ, U., JOGER, U., PODLOUCKY, R.& SERVAN, J. (eds) Proceedings of the EMYS Symposium Dresden 96, Mertensiella 10. FRITZ, U Zur innerartlichen Variabilität von Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758). 5b. Intraspezifische Hierarchie und Zoogeographie (Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 49: FRITZ, U Introduction to zoogeography and subspecific differentiation in Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758), pp In: FRITZ, U., JOGER, U., PODLOUCKY, R.& SERVAN, J. (eds) Proceedings of the EMYS Symposium Dresden 96, Mertensiella 10. FRITZ, U.,BARAN, I.,BUDAK, A.&AMTHAUER, E Some notes on the morphology of Emys orbicularis in Anatolia, especially on E. o. luteofusca and E. o. colchica, with the description of a new subspecies from southeastern Turkey, pp In: FRITZ, U.,JOGER,U.,PODLOUCKY,R.&SER- VAN, J. (eds) Proceedings of the EMYS Symposium Dresden 96, Mertensiella 10. GUYOT, G.& CLOBERT, J Conservation measures for a population of Hermann s tortoise Testudo hermanni in southern France bisected by a major highway. Biol. Conserv. 79: KÖRNYEZETVÉDELMI MINISZTER A védett és fokozottan védett növény és állatfajokról, a fokozottan védett barlangok köréről, valamint az Európai Közösségben természetvédelmi szempontból jelentős növény és állatfajok közzétételéről [Hungarian Environmental Act on nationally protected and strictly protected plants and animals, strictly protected caves and conservationally important plant and animal species in the European Union]. Magyar Közlöny 53: KUNST, G. K.& GEMEL, R Zur Kulturgeschichte der Schildkröten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bedeutung der Europäischen Sumpfschildkröte, Emys orbicularis (L.) in Österreich, pp In: HÖDL, W. & RÖSSLER, M. (eds) Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte, Stapfia

6 LENK,P.,FRITZ,U.,JOGER,U.&WINK, M Mitochondrial phylogeography of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758). Mol. Ecol. 8: MÄHN, M Die Europäische Sumpfschildkröte Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1759) die ideale Schildkröte für den Gartenteich. Draco 4: MARIÁN, M A Bakony hegység kétéltű és hüllőfaunája [Herpetofauna of the Bakony mountains], pp In: TÓTH, S. (ed.) A Bakony természettudományi kutatásának eredményei, XX. Veszprém Megye Múzeumi Igazgatósága, Veszprém. MÉHELY, L Reptilia et Amphibia, pp. 12. In: A Magyar Birodalom Állatvilága. A Magyar Birodalomból eddig ismert állatok rendszeres lajstroma (Fauna Regni Hungariae. Animalium Hungariae hucusque cognitorum enumeratio systematica), Királyi Magyar Természettudományi Társulat, Budapest. MIQUET, A. & CADI, A Réintroduction de la Cistude d Europe en Savoie: Premier bilan (2000/2001). Bull. Soc. Herpétol. Fr. 104: MORAVEC, J To the introduction of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Central Bohemia. Časopis Národního Muzea, Řada Přírodovědná 168: NAJBAR, B.&MACIANTOWICZ, M The distribution of the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (L.) in Lubuskie Region (western Poland) and the initiative to reconstruct and supply the present sites of this species in the Middle Odra region. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci., Biol. Sci. 49: PÉCHY, T A hüllők védelme Magyarországon [Conservation of reptiles in Hungary], pp In: FARAGÓ, S. (ed.) Gerinces állatfajok védelme [Conservation of vertebrates], Nyugat- Magyarországi Egyetem Erdőmérnöki Kar, Sopron. PUKY, M Az újraárasztott Nyirkai Hany Keleti Mórrétek (Hanság) herpetofaunája [Occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in the Nyirkai Hany Keleti Mórrétek wetland restoration area. Hanság, Hungary in the first year following inundation]. Folia Histor.-Nat. Mus. Matraensis 27: RÖSSLER, M Conservation strategies of Emys orbicularis in Austria combined with information of the public, pp In: Programme and Abstracts, 3 rd International Symposium on Emys orbicularis, April 2002, Košice. SALLAI, Z.& PUKY, M A Nimfea Természetvédelmi Egyesület Halfaunisztikai Munkacsoportjának tízlábú rák, kétéltű éshüllő adatainak értékelése különös tekintettel az elektromos halászat felhasználására a kétéltűek és a vízben élő hüllők vizsgálatában [Evaluation of Decapoda, Amphibia and Reptilia data of the Ichtyological Working Group of the Nimfea Nature Conservation Association with special attention on the use of electrofishing in the study of amphibians and aquatic reptiles]. A Puszta 15: SCOCCIANTI, C Use of drift fences to protect a Emys orbicularis population along the SS 309 Romea motorway, Delta del Po, North Italy Preliminary results, pp In: BÖHME, W., BISCHOFF, W.& ZIEGLER, T. (eds) Herpetologia Bonnensis, Bonn. SOLTI, B.&VARGA, A A Mátra-hegység hüllő faunája [Reptile fauna of the Mátra mountains]. Folia Historico-Naturalia Musei Matraensis 9: SZABÓ, I Adatok a Szentendre-Visegrád-Esztergomi Dunazughegység herpetofaunájához [Data on the herpetofauna of the Szentendre-Visegrád- Esztergomi mountains]. Állattani Közlemények 45: