Domestic Animal Behavior ANSC 3318 BEHAVIORAL GENETICS. Epigenetics
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1 BEHAVIORAL GENETICS Epigenetics
2 Dogs Sex Differences Breed Differences Complete isolation (3 rd to the 20 th weeks) Partial isolation (3 rd to the 16 th weeks) Reaction to punishment
3 DOGS Breed Differences Signaling Compared to wolves Pedomorphosis Sheep-guarding dogs HEELERS > HEADERS-STALKERS > OBJECT PLAYER >ADOLESCENTS
4 Dogs Breed Differences Learning ability Forced training (CS) reward training (BA) problem solving (BA, BEA, CS) Basenjis (BA), beagles (BEA), cocker spaniels (CS), Shetland sheepdog (SH), wirehaired fox terriers (WH)
5 Dogs Behavioral Problems Separation Thunder phobia Aggression dominance (ESS) possessive (cocker spaniel) protective (German Shepherd) fear aggression (German Shepherd, cocker spaniel, miniature poodles)
6 Dogs Potential factors associated with aggression Area-related genetic difference Dopamine D4 receptor Other Neurotransmitter Monoamine oxidase A Serotonin dopamine metabolites Gene polymorphisms (breed effects) Glutamate transporter gene (Shiba Inu) Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta hydroxylase gene Coat color High heritability of aggression Golden retrievers
7 Horses Breed differences dopamine D4 receptor A or G allele?
8 Cattle Social (dominance) Twin cattle Dairy cattle (dairy breed) Temperament (Beef breeds) Genetically determined in heifers Sexual activity intraindividual, intrabreed Brown Swiss breeds (least in estrus activity) Black cattle > red/roan/white Male (figure) Maternal protectiveness German Angus > Simmental
9 Cattle Feeding behavior Cow graze regions (water) Piedmontese vs Angus Maximize intake (High bite rate and low mastication rate) Holsteins > Norwegian Reds
10 Sheep Social behavior Group size (Clun Forest sheep > Dalesbred and Jacob sheep) Subgroups (Merino < Dorsets and Southdowns) Environmental preference (Blackface sheep vs Suffolk ewes) Maternal behavior Duration of estrus Abandonment of one of twin lambs (Merino > Dorsets or Romney) Maternal behavior Ewe-lamb proximity (Suffolk lamb vs Blackface lamb)
11 Pigs Breed differences Aggression Yorkshires > Berkshires Sexual behavior Hampshire males dominance over females > Durocs Yorkshires are easier to train to mount a dummy than Durocs Poor libido (Landrance > large white breed ) Maternal behavior decreased nursing intervals by playback of nursing calls in Meishan but not Yorkshire and Landrance pigs
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13 Canine Temperament Tests What traits are beneficial in? Guide and military dogs. mental stability, willingness to please, affability, and defensive drive Hunting dogs. eagerness to hunt, speed, style, independence, seeking width, cooperation, and ability to work in the field Animal-assisted therapy dogs. Least aggression, activity level ability to obey commands Pet dogs.
14 Porcine Temperament Tests The Back Test/tonic immobility test (useful < 2 month age) High Resistance Approach people or venture out of their pans at 2 month of age More aggressive when mixed if they are dominant Low Resistance Higher lean growth Higher baseline cortisol level and gain more weight after puberty Large white pigs vs Landrace pigs
15 Porcine Temperament Tests Aggression, Sociability, Exploration aggression to an intruder (latency to attack) social dependence response to novelty Anxiety or fear Eating from ball rose from the through Maze test Approach human/ novel objects Activity In an open field or novel environment Enrichment
16 Bovine Temperament Tests Approach to novel objects or people. (similar as in ovine) Individual difference Leading, restraining in a corner and stroking. Genetic (0.22) and environmental effects in docility (indoor vs outdoor)
17 Bovine Temperament Tests Auction ring stand still/ walked/slowly trotted/try to escape Holstein vs beef cattle Cattle in a chute and speed of leaving is correlated with the response to social separation
18 Feline Temperament Tests Conditions of testing Cat personality characteristics
19 Equine Temperament Tests Mackenzie s test measure reaction to frightening stimuli Diet (High protein or fiber diet vs higher starch/sugar diet) Personality (handicapped vs open jumping) agreeableness, intelligence/curiosity emotionality/nervousness
20 Laterality or Handedness Horse Left-handed Increase with age due to training Thoroughbreds > Standardbred > quarter horses Cattle 40% vs 40% vs 20% hair whorls above eye and agitation, flight distance and crush score in chute Dog Sex Immunity
21 Glossary Pedomorphosis-the retention by adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Polymorphism-two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species. Epigenetics- the study of cellular and physiological trait variations that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; epigenetics describes the study of dynamic alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell. Epigenetics explains why some traits show a genetic X environment effect; for example: Angus cattle vs Brahma cattle in warm and cold environments (Angus do better in cool climates; Brahma cattle do better in warm)
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