glandulifera) in the Clun Catchment Shropshire

Transcription

1 A Strategy for the Control of Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) in the Clun Catchment Shropshire March 2014

2 Contents 1. Executive Summary Introduction The Need for a Strategy Strategic Drivers Ecosystem Impact Economic Impact Who is this strategy for? The Aim of this Strategy is to: The Limitations of Implementation Perception and Awareness Applicability Cross-Compliance The Status of Himalayan Balsam in the Clun Catchment in The Extent of Spread The scale of the problem: Agricultural Holdings Other Properties Un-adopted land Current and Recent Management Leadership and Coordination Key Actions Legal and Policy Context Legal background Environmental Stewardship & Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) Key Actions: Improving Awareness and Understanding Key actions Collecting, Managing and Sharing Information Key Actions Prevention, Detection and Control... 17

3 8.1 Prevention Strategy (Priority 1) Key Actions: Early Detection and Rapid Response Strategy (Priority 2) Key Actions: Mitigation and Control (Priority 3) Key Actions (Agricultural): Key Actions (Domestic Properties and Other Sites): Engaging Landowners in Mitigation and Control Key Actions Getting People Involved Key Actions: Monitoring Key actions Practical Control Techniques Mechanical Control Hand-pulling Chemical Control Control by Livestock Biological Control Control Methodology Diagram Disposal Timing of Control Experiences Learned from the Pilot Control... 31

4 1. Executive Summary Himalayan Balsam is a highly invasive non-native species that creates dense stands of vegetation to outcompete native flora particularly on riverbanks and in damp areas. The plant is an annual and following winter dieback it leaves fragmented habitats and riverbanks vulnerable to accelerated erosion which can then lead to the sedimentation of river gravels. This has serious consequences for riparian/freshwater ecosystem functioning and poses a risk to the integrity of the Clun Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the habitat of the qualifying species; the critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel. A key reason for the spread of Himalayan balsam in the Clun catchment is the lack of strategy and the local coordination necessary to direct or lead on Himalayan balsam (or any other invasive weeds). If there is to be prevention, detection and long-term control of Himalayan balsam in the catchment, effective leadership and coordination will be essential. This Strategy therefore emphasises the need for effective coordination and partnership working with stakeholders and members of the public. The key objectives of this Strategy are to: 1. Prevent Himalayan balsam establishing in areas currently unaffected 2. Detect and encourage reporting of Himalayan balsam 3. Reverse the spread at sites currently affected thereby reducing its harmful impact on the Clun Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The extent of the Himalayan balsam problem on the Clun was quantified during 2013, by staff from the Shropshire Hills AONB who surveyed the catchment. The survey established that Himalayan balsam occurs along 41km of the River Clun and its main tributaries, representing 14.5% of watercourses in the catchment. Six points of origin were identified and a follow-up pilot control was undertaken at two of these points about 2km above Clun. Although significant in terms of its impact, its current distribution affects a relatively small part of the catchment and therefore should be seen as an opportunity to get on top of the problem. Should it continue to spread, its impact will be much more difficult to manage in future years. Based on the pilot control study and current distribution the estimated cost to control over a three year period has been calculated to be in excess of 100,000, if undertaken by contractors. The experience of the pilot control study and experiences from other invasive species control programmes suggests that complete eradication of Himalayan balsam in the catchment is likely to be unattainable; however a concerted effort to control the species by landowners and targeted contractor effort would go a long way towards avoiding an escalation of the problem. Recent publicity campaigns in the catchment have highlighted the lack of awareness of its impact. And because it is not illegal to have Himalayan balsam growing on land there is little action to control its spread. This Strategy therefore proposes: A coordinating body with responsibilities to take this strategy forward. A Strategy to raise awareness and understanding of the Himalayan balsam in the catchment Improved collection, management and sharing of information Awareness raising to ensure landowners cross-compliance responsibilities are understood Developing a shared responsibility amongst Clun stakeholders and secure a commitment by land managers to undertake its control in the catchment Support for those landowners working to manage Himalayan balsam A three stage approach: Prevention, early detection and then control as the final option A systematic approach to control by phased targeting sites affected by Himalayan balsam

5 On-going monitoring This strategy is primarily aimed at management of Himalayan balsam; however the principles outlined herein also apply to giant hogweed and Japanese knotweed; the other invasive plants known to occur at isolated locations the catchment.

6 2. Introduction Due to increased transport, trade, travel and tourism there are now many opportunities for plants, animals and pathogens to cross the geographical barriers that in the past would prevent spread beyond their natural range. For many species, they do not present a problem in their new locations; in fact most have benefited society. However, in some locations the introduction of invasive species beyond their natural range has the capacity to disrupt the balance of sensitive ecosystems such as the River Clun. One of the first plant species to cross natural barriers was Himalayan balsam, this attractive plant, was introduced as a garden annual in the early 19th century. Ordinary people could buy them for the cost of a packet of seeds to rival the expensive orchids grown in the greenhouses of the rich. The plant was promoted as having the virtues of "Herculean proportions" and "splendid, it soon escaped from gardens being first recorded in the wild in is recognised as one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and now considered to be the second cause of global biodiversity loss after direct habitat destruction. Himalayan balsam is now established throughout the UK and particularly alongside rivers. The Clun reflects the national situation and Himalayan balsam has been established in the catchment for many years. ral England and The Environment Agency, see issues that are having an adverse impact on the characteristic habitats and species that are typical Himalayan balsam is one of a number of pressures contributing to unfavourable status of the River Clun SAC. The Environment Agency has estimated that the cost for eradicating the plant in England and Wales between 210 to 240 million euros. In early 2013, Natural England identified funding to be made available to Shropshire Hills AONB Partnership to undertake a comprehensive survey of the catchment for Himalayan Balsam see Funds were also set aside for the writing of a proposed control strategy. The outputs are presented in this document. 2.1 The Need for a Strategy The 2013 survey identified 41km of watercourses affected by Himalayan balsam, equating to 14.5% of the riparian zone. At two locations, (the upper Kemp and one on the Upper Redlake) Himalayan balsam is present as isolated populations, both are potential source areas and should seeds breakout from these sites it would significantly increase its spread and impact in the catchment. At present there is no strategic coordination, awareness of the impact is low, and control at affected sites is ad-hoc or non-existent. This has hastened dispersal of the plant throughout the middle and lower Clun Catchment. 2.2 Strategic Drivers Habitats Directive The River Clun is designated a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). The Directive requires the Clun feature, the freshwater pearl mussel. Natural England is the conservation body with responsibility for sites designated under the Habitats Directive. Natural England has assessed the current conservation status, considering it to t quality and the subsequent decline in pearl mussel numbers.

7 The decline in habitat quality is due to multiple factors, one, is the loss of habitat due to highly invasive Himalayan balsam. Water Framework Directive (WFD) Under WFD all water-bodies in Europe are required to meet Locally, this to be achieved within the timescales defined in the Severn River Basin Management Plan. There are seven water-bodies in the Clun Catchment; six achieve GES, and one water-body, (River Kemp) is currently moderate status. To meet protected area conservation objectives set for the Clun SAC, WFD requires that the target of good status should be supplemented itats Directive applies, as this is the most stringent target. Concerning Himalayan balsam, WFD does not specifically mention invasive alien species, however the UK Government has accepted that invasive alien species are a pressure that need to be considered when implementing the directive. Biodiversity 2020 Invasive alien species are considered to be a key reason for global biodiversity loss (second to direct habitat loss). Biodiversity 2020 provides a framework to deliver the EU Biodiversity Strategy which cites combating invasive alien species as one of the five key areas for action. A priority action under Biodiversity 2020 is the implementation of the Invasive Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain. 2.3 Ecosystem Impact The main impact of Himalayan balsam on the Clun SAC is the promotion of accelerated riverbank erosion following winter dieback. This is recognised by the Clun Restoration Strategy which has identified sediment a key reason for the Clun SAC being in unfavourable condition. The proportion precipitated from riverbanks exposed by Himalayan balsam dieback is not insignificant and must be addressed so favourable condition can be achieved. The Clun Nutrient Management Plan estimates that 15% of the sediment load is derived from riverbanks. the impact is likely to be more marked at the Clun SAC as it is here the river is at increased risk of morphological change and more prone to silt deposition due to its slower flowing lowland character. Silt deposition blocks interstitial voids in river gravels to prevent establishment of juvenile pearl mussels, smothers adult pearl mussels and damages the spawning habitat of host salmonids. Furthermore, as freshwater pearl mussels require ultra-oligotrophic waters; the suppression of a vegetative buffer contributes to increased nutrients via diffuse pollution to further contribute to unfavourable SAC condition. Where Himalayan balsam occurs in dense stands it is suppressing native flora (including natural regeneration of shading and stabilising alder) to reduce the floral diversity of riparian communities. Himalayan balsam also has a long flowering season and high nectar content, is highly attractive to pollinators and is likely to have an impact on the pollination of native plants and grasses indirectly resulting in reduced seed set. 2.4 Economic Impact Erosion promoted by Himalayan balsam dieback contributes to the loss of productive agricultural land. The increased sediment and nutrient loading of the river contributes to reductions in water quality and has an economic cost. Furthermore, the preference of pollinating insects for Himalayan balsam over that of other flora may have local impacts on the pollination of agricultural crops and horticultural produce to reduce productivity.

8 2.5 Who is this strategy for? The Strategy is intended for those with responsibility for the prevention of spread or management of Himalayan balsam (and other invasive plant species) in River Clun Catchment. stakeholders working in the Clun. orresponding initiatives by the following This includes: Delivers of control and prevention measures o Land managers, owners of domestic property, managers of public buildings, Local Authorities Agencies involved in regulation and compliance o The Statutory Agencies (Rural Payments Agency, Environment Agency and Natural England) Deliverers of support and advice o NFU, Environment Agency, Natural England and Shropshire Hills AONB Local decision makers o Local Authorities o Parish and Town Councils Community Groups and Volunteers Conservation Organisations o Shropshire Wildlife Trust and Herefordshire Nature Trust Local Angling Clubs 2.6 The Aim of this Strategy is to: Provide a framework for the management and control of Himalayan balsam in the Clun Catchment Strengthen leadership, local capacity and cooperation to manage Himalayan balsam in the Clun Catchment Rapidly increase awareness and information of how Himalayan balsam affects the Clun Catchment Prevent the introduction of Himalayan balsam into parts of the catchment not currently affected Reduce the adverse impact of Himalayan balsam and restore habitats that have been adversely affected where feasible Identify and prioritise key actions to be implemented. 2.7 The Limitations of Implementation In devising this strategy it is important to understand what issues may limit any implementation. Feedback from residents in the Clun catchment, recent AONB and EA led publicity campaigns and analysis of other projects managing invasive species identifies the following constraints. A long-term tolerated presence of Himalayan balsam in the Clun catchment Poor coordination between agencies and other stakeholders Absence of clear and agreed priorities for action Lack of public awareness regarding its impact Perceived resistance to government/agency intervention

9 Shortage and inaccessibility of information Uncoordinated reporting, detection and mitigation techniques The ease of introduction and movement of Himalayan balsam though the catchment Inadequate on-going monitoring capacity Reluctance to implement existing regulatory measures Financial constraints Highlighting key actions to address these constraints will form the foundation of this Strategy. 2.8 Perception and Awareness Recent campaigns to publicise the problem of Himalayan balsam in the catchment have highlighted the lack of awareness as to its impact. For example, one landowner did not recognise the plant and was actively taking measures to keep livestock away as it was thought to be a rare plant. Likewise, responses to a recent press campaign provoked comments that Himalayan balsam is attractive for bees and stands should be kept as they are beneficial. T AONB Partnership and the Environment Agency at Purslow (February 2013) provided an insight into current attitudes; a number of attendees expressed the futility of action unless the neighbours upstream tackled the problem. It is not difficult to have some sympathy with this position. 2.9 Applicability This Strategy is intended to provide a framework for control of invasive plant species in the Clun catchment. However, the principles detailed herein apply equally to the control of other invasive species and could be applied across Shropshire. At the moment Shropshire does not have a County-wide invasive species strategy. It is suggested that this Strategy is adapted to include other invasive species and applied across the County Cross-Compliance As it currently stands, the control of injurious and invasive weeds is a legal requirement for all land owners, including those with environmental scheme agreements. This is covered by GAEC 11 element of cross-compliance, which is requires landowners to control the spread of injurious and invasive weeds that can damage habitats and agricultural land. However as part of CAP reform, from 2015 GAEC 11 will no longer be a requirement of crosscompliance see: The decision to not include invasive weed species was taken as it was felt that the control and removal of such weeds should actually be of benefit to farmers, so there should be sufficient motivation for farmers to manage these appropriately.

10 3. The Status of Himalayan Balsam in the Clun Catchment in 2013 During the spring of 2013 Shropshire Hills AONB Partnership conducted a catchment wide survey for Himalayan balsam, Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed. This chapter provides a summary of that survey. The full survey is available at: Table 1 Summary of 2013 Himalayan balsam survey Clun Unk Kemp The uppermost location of Himalayan Balsam on the Clun was found to be at just above Clun village. The highest location of Himalayan Balsam on the Unk was found to be at ( ) The highest location of Himalayan Balsam on the Kemp was found to be on an unnamed watercourse at Bishops Castle It appears that this is an isolated clump as spot checks immediately downstream do not record its presence. The next observed sighting is at Little Brampton Hopesay Brook Hopton Brook River Redlake Five Turnings The highest location of Himalayan Balsam on the Hopesay Brook was found to be at ; Non observed The initial kilometre of the brook from its junction with the River Clun was walked and no Himalayan Balsam was found. The highest location of Himalayan Balsam on the River Redlake was found to be at An isolated occurrence on an unnamed tributary of the River Redlake at Watercourses upstream of Leasows (Clun) are unaffected Other Himalayan balsam on minor watercourses in the lower catchment is generally restricted to flood zone areas adjoining the River Clun and usually does not extend more than a few tens of metres away from the main river. Spot check investigations away from flood zone areas did not identify presence. 3.1 The Extent of Spread Figure 1 illustrates the extent of spread (marked red) of Himalayan balsam in the Clun catchment. The blue markers indicate upstream areas subject to survey but recorded no evidence of Himalayan balsam at these locations. The red markers identify isolated sites or the upstream origins of Himalayan balsam.

11 Figure 1

12 3.2 The scale of the problem: Agricultural Holdings There are 66 agricultural holdings affected by Himalayan balsam in the Clun Catchment, by area, this represents the greater majority of the 41km of river affected (see appendix) Other Properties Domestic properties represent only a very small percentage of the area affected. However there are 65 properties fronting watercourses in the affected area. With its high dispersal capability even a small number of plants represent a major potential seed source. Most properties are clustered in the villages of Leintwardine, Aston on Clun, Beambridge, Clunbury, Clunton and Clun. (See appendix) There are 4 other properties affected. Clun Castle grounds by area is the largest public site, its location near to the source is key to the implementation of any control strategy. Clun Clun Castle Grounds Clun Castle Car Park Clun Severn Trent Sewage treatment plant Bishops Castle SpArC Centre Un-adopted land There are six un-adopted riverside sites affected Clun Roadside upstream of Clun Bridge Clun Both sides of Ford at Waterloo Clunton Verges at Clunton bridge Clunbury Near Brookside Beambridge Verge to riverbank at bridge Jay Bridge Verge at confluence of Hopton Brook and River Clun 3.3 Current and Recent Management Excepting the 2013 pilot control study, there has been little coordinated management activity in the catchment. The 2013 survey observed some management but this is restricted to two smallholdings, one near Clunton and one near Aston on Clun. One farm had taken measures to control Himalayan balsam above Clun, in an area coincident with the AONB pilot control project. Other than this there is little evidence of management in the catchment, if there is any management it is likely to be delivered in an ad-hoc fashion.

13 Table 2 Clun Catchment Himalayan Balsam Strategic Plan Summary Strategic Goals Prevent Detect Respond Control Leadership and Coordination Legal and Policy Awareness & Understanding Sharing Information Prevention Detection Control Landowner Engagement Monitoring Getting People involved Key Actions Summary Appoint a coordinating body Define roles and responsibilities Define Scope Identify key stakeholders and develop effective communication networks Ensure Statutory Agency representation Provide support and resources to the coordinating body Arrange voluntary Himalayan balsam control agreements Review voluntary approaches promote appropriate measures to address specific risks. Increase awareness of the GAEC 11element of cross-compliance. Engage support of key stakeholders to help increase understanding Set up information and education programmes for different audiences Produce a Himalayan balsam Outreach and Education Pack and Web Resource Produce a Landowners Guide to managing Himalayan balsam (and other invasive plants) Support communication of the issues by the holding of workshops, talks and events, local media, factsheets, poster campaigns and websites. Identify best methods of dissemination Make survey data available to agencies and decision makers Develop a series of fact sheets. Link and integrate with existing invasive species databases The coordinating body should share information with members of the public in the affected areas via local parish representatives, community groups and gardening clubs. Limit the pathways by which Himalayan balsam can be transferred Eradication at isolated sites to prevent spread to unaffected waters Empower local communities take action to tackle isolated/small scale outbreaks of Himalayan balsam Work in partnership with Clun landowner(s) to develop Management Plan template to target control activities Ensure landowners understand crosscompliance (GAEC11) responsibilities Where appropriate, incorporate control measures into Environmental Stewardship Seek voluntary Himalayan balsam control agreements Landowners at the upstream limits or at isolated locations should be considered highest priority Affected areas should be divided into manageable compartments and activity phased over a nominal 3 year management period Those post code areas affected by Himalayan balsam should be circulated Himalayan balsam on practice. Follow up visits by the coordinating body should ensure a programme of management is undertaken within agreed timescales Engage community groups as part of the awareness strategy encourage reporting Undertake systematic periodic monitoring in areas currently free from Himalayan balsam Re-survey of the catchment after 3 years to assess the distribution of Himalayan balsam Encourage Officers and that work in the field volunteers to record and report Himalayan balsam Ensure monitoring and survey data is made available to agencies and decision makers Events or presentations provide opportunities to get involved Hold invasive species workshops, identifying invasive species, practical management demonstrations etc. Involve key interest groups that could benefit from being involved eg local angling clubs

14 4. Leadership and Coordination Currently, there is no agency, nationally or locally that is directing or leading on Himalayan balsam (or any other invasive plants). If there is to be prevention, detection and long-term control of Himalayan balsam in the catchment strong local partnerships will be necessary backed up by effective leadership and coordination. To ensure effective delivery of this Strategy it is important that a coordinating body be set up. In the UK, there are coordinating bodies with a remit to tackle invasive species; examples include the Tweed Forum and the Cornwall Knotweed Forum. Similar arrangements should be put in place for the Clun. Proposal resources are limited and the creation of a specific body dedicated to Himalayan balsam is unlikely. Existing structures may be better placed to take on a coordinating role. Locally options include: Statutory Agencies to provide a lead: Environment Agency Natural England Existing Partnerships: Clun Steering/Technical Group This group works at a strategic level and involves the key agencies delivering on the ground Clun Catchment Partnership This partnership seeks to address catchment wide issues and is a forum involving landowning and community interests Shropshire Biodiversity Steering Group or Local Nature Partnership This group is an appropriate forum if delivering a County-wide control strategy Proposed Partnerships: 4.1 Key Actions The Clun Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) recommends the establishment of a steering group to oversee implementation and review of the NMP. As sediment control is a significant element of the NMP, this steering group may be best placed to coordinate Natural England is the conservation agency responsible for ensuring the River Clun SAC is returned to favourable condition. Under this remit NE should convene to appoint an appropriate coordinating body Define the roles and responsibilities of the coordinating body Define the scope (species and/or geographic range) of the coordinating body - Consider whether the structures to deliver a Himalayan balsam strategy should also explore coordinating activities to control other invasive species, for example, signal crayfish which is a known threat to the native crayfish population in the River Clun. The coordinating body should have at least one Statutory Agency representative The coordinating body should build effective communication networks with partners and represent the interests of the key stakeholders in the Catchment. Therefore, consideration should be given to inviting representatives from landowning and community interest in the Catchment. For example, Parish Councils, The NFU and Forestry Commission. Statutory Agencies to provide support and resources to the coordinating body

15 5. Legal and Policy Context Responsibility for managing Himalayan balsam lies with individual landowners. In the Clun Catchment this amounts to 135 properties within in the area affected by Himalayan balsam; approximately half are farms and half are domestic properties. It should be noted that it is not an offence to have Himalayan balsam growing in a garden or on farmland and there is no specific legal requirement to control if it is. Strategic control is not the responsibility of any statutory organisation; this is compounded by the lack of structures to provide coordination at the catchment scale and the lack of regulation requiring landowners to manage Himalayan balsam. The result is a complex situation where responsibilities and policies are not very clear. The situation in the Clun is an essentially voluntary or ad-hoc approach to its management and so the plant is allowed to spread unchecked. However, Landowners have responsibility for managing invasive and injurious weeds as part of crosscompliance obligations if claiming Single Farm Payment (see 5.2). Natural England does not have a specific role relating to control of Himalayan balsam. However, it has enforcement responsibilities and powers to ensure the conservation of SSSIs. Where SSSI and landowners whose operations may affect SSSIs are aware of their obligations with regard to the integrity of the Clun SAC. 5.1 Legal background International: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) requires organisations to prevent the introduction of, and control or eradicate non-native species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species. This supplemented by the Bern Convention, which has a strategy to address invasive non-native species. European: Article 22 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) requires Member States to regulate deliberate introductions of non-native species so as not to prejudice natural habitats or wild native fauna and flora, and where necessary, to prohibit such introductions. The EC Plant Health Directive (2000/29/EC) guards against the import of non-indigenous plant pests; this is implemented by the Plant Health (Great Britain) Order 1993 (as amended). England and Wales: The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 is the principal legislation which regulates the release of non-native species. Section 14(2) prohibits the release of certain invasive non-native plants into lants listed on Part II of Schedule 9. For Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed offences under Section 14 carry the following penalties: on summary conviction a 5000 fine and / or six months in prison, or, on conviction on indictment to a fine and / or imprisonment of up to 2 years. There is currently no statutory obligation to control or report the location of invasive non-native plants. Liability is difficult to apply, this is because of difficulties in proving causation and/or fault and because Himalayan balsam was introduced to the catchment many years ago when different legal standards applied. 5.2 Environmental Stewardship & Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) 11

16 Under agri-environment agreements and the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) public funds are allocated to farmers and land managers to deliver environmental services, this includes the control of invasive weeds as part of cross-compliance obligations to deliver Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC 11). GAEC 11 states non- The recent Shropshire Hills AONB survey of the Clun indicates there is little activity or success in controlling Himalayan balsam in the catchment. However, it should be recognised that effective management at upstream sites is key to this strategy and that farmers have valid reasons for not managing Himalayan balsam if these sites are not dealt with first. Here, the role of statutory and non-statutory agencies is important, therefore engaging with landowners at source sites will be necessary to achieve cross-compliance under GAEC Key Actions: Starting at source sites, the coordinating body to arrange voluntary Himalayan balsam control agreements with landowners. Subject to the effectiveness of voluntary approaches promote more appropriate measures to address specific risks, such as isolated outbreaks or at upstream limits of spread The coordinating body should circulate: The Guidance for Cross Compliance in England: Management of Habitats and Landscape Features. Available at: %20compliance%20Habitats%20and%20Landscape%20Features%20v1.0.pdf The coordinating body engage with statutory agencies to: o o Introduce this Himalayan balsam Strategy and its Key Actions Ensure GAEC 11element of cross-compliance is adequately monitored.

17 6. Improving Awareness and Understanding The success of this Strategy will depend on greater understanding of the issues by Statutory Agencies, farmers and members of the public. However, the process of increasing understanding of the impact of Himalayan balsam has only just begun in the catchment and awareness with the general public, land managers and some decision makers is still thought to be low. Degrees of awareness range from little knowledge of the plant or its impact to those who are aware but, because of its long time presence in the catchment accept it as a tolerated feature in the landscape. Recent local campaigns initiated by the Environment Agency and Shropshire Hills AONB Partnership have begun to raise awareness of the problem Himalayan balsam poses for the Clun Catchment. Improved awareness and understanding is essential to reverse a sense of inevitability, to develop a shared responsibility amongst members of the public and also to secure a commitment by land managers to undertake its control in the catchment. 6.1 Key actions The coordinating body to engage support of the following key stakeholders to help increase understanding and promote engagement in the catchment: o Clun NFU and other farmer representatives o Local Authorities and Parish Councils (see table 4) o o o Regulatory Agencies (including local RPA officers) Community Groups e.g. Land, Life and Livelihoods and the Upper Clun Community Wildlife Group (UCCWG) Conservation Organisations e.g. Shropshire Wildlife Trust, Shropshire Hills AONB Partnership Set up information and education programmes for different audiences (members of the public, schools, local authorities, government agencies, land managers, community wildlife groups etc.) Work with key stakeholders to produce and disseminate information and guidance on best practices for those affected by Himalayan balsam o o Produce a Himalayan balsam Outreach and Education Pack and Web Resource Produce a simple Landowners Guide to managing Himalayan balsam (and other invasive plants) Support communication of the issues by the holding of workshops, talks and events, local media, factsheets, poster campaigns and websites

18 7. Collecting, Managing and Sharing Information Gathering data and establishing effective networks for sharing information between stakeholders is important and will help engage agencies, farmers and members of the public. It is important that any evidence collected is made available and best practice control methods are shared throughout the Clun catchment. To some extent this process has started, the recent Shropshire Hills AONB Himalayan balsam survey and pilot control study has helped increase understanding of the distribution and management of Himalayan balsam in the catchment. It is available via: Key Actions Identify best methods of dissemination - hub to share Himalayan balsam data between community groups, farmers, agencies and conservation organisations. At the moment the Shropshire Hills AONB website holds Clun Himalayan balsam survey data and factsheets. Develop a series of fact sheets. For example Identification, Control Techniques etc (The AONB has some in-house web based fact sheets, but they should be professionally developed and endorsed by the various stakeholders) see 6.1 Link and integrate with existing invasive species databases such as PlantTracker to help inform the national picture (Clun data now uploaded to PlantTracker) see The coordinating body should share information with members of the public in the affected areas via local parish representatives, community groups and gardening clubs (see table 4)

19 8. Prevention, Detection and Control This strategy adopts a three stage tiered approach. Ranking in order of priority: 1. Prevent Himalayan balsam establishing in areas currently unaffected 2. Early detection and monitoring to prevent spread of Himalayan balsam 3. Control Himalayan balsam where it is established This strategy does not include eradication on catchment wide basis as this not going to be possible given the geographic extent of spread. (Eradication is possible at isolated/new outbreaks) 8.1 Prevention Strategy (Priority 1) Prevention should be given the highest priority, this approach will maximise the reduction in harmful impacts and prevent unnecessary costs associated with tackling invasions should Himalayan balsam gain a foothold in previously unaffected locations. Taking timely action can avoid excessive control cost at a later date, potential cross-compliance issues and preventable harm to the environment of the Clun Key Actions: Increasing public awareness of the impact of Himalayan balsam in the Clun Catchment (see Chapter 5) Limit the pathways by which Himalayan balsam can be transferred in the catchment o o o o o Limit movement of soil or rubble from known infested sites into the catchment (The origin of one known source in the Clun Catchment) Ensure correct disposal of garden waste. Ensure complete destruction of plants with developed seed heads Farmers encouraged to avoid silaging or baling near to affected areas Avoid vehicles movements through affected areas Undertake eradication at isolated sites to prevent spread to unaffected areas o Ditch at Write to landowner o Headwater stream near Five Turnings Write to landowner 8.2 Early Detection and Rapid Response Strategy (Priority 2) There is a need to identify and then deal with Himalayan balsam once it is identified in new new outbreaks, however the current lack of reporting and responding mechanisms is a barrier. Managing Himalayan balsam in a timely and appropriate way can avoid: Key Actions: Develop a reporting mechanism to highlight new/isolated outbreaks of Himalayan balsam in the catchment. For example, circulate factsheet to raise awareness at parish/community level - with a named agency contact to respond to any reported outbreaks Empower local communities to report and with permission of landowners take action to tackle isolated/small scale outbreaks of Himalayan balsam Those holding and properties currently free from Himalayan balsam should be targeted to raise awareness of its impact for the property and for neighbouring landowners

20 Remind landowners and farmers of their cross-compliance obligation (GAEC11) Where appropriate make use of existing agency powers to promote cross-compliance 8.3 Mitigation and Control (Priority 3) The final stage outlines action against established Himalayan balsam. Eradication is the most desirable option and is only considered applicable in those areas where it is isolated or restricted to a manageable area. Unfortunately, Himalayan balsam is now established on 41km of river, in inaccessible locations and spread among multiple private landowners; eradication is not thought to be feasible. Therefore, control and mitigation are the only feasible alternative management options. Two strategies are proposed - one for Farmers and Landowners and one for owners/managers of domestic and public properties Key Actions (Agricultural): The affected parts of the catchment should be divided into manageable areas (see table 3). Starting at upstream locations and working downstream, the coordinating body should approach landowners identified as having Himalayan balsam and enlist their support in a coordinated approach to control in their specific area (eg Parish) Obtain voluntary agreements to control Himalayan balsam on affected land Work in partnership with Clun landowner(s) to develop Management Plan template to target control activities Improve information and circulate landowners Landowners Guide to managing Himalayan balsam Code of practice detailing. o o o o The real and potential financial impact on their business and neighbours downstream The nuisance impact of Himalayan balsam on neighbours The environmental impact of allowing Himalayan balsam to grow on their land Their cross-compliance obligations if claiming Single Farm Payment In the first instance work through the good offices of farmer representatives (eg NFU) to stress the need for coordinated action and to highlight landowner responsibility. Subject to satisfactory delivery of voluntary agreements the Statutory Agencies to engage with landowners to better understand the reason for ineffective or inappropriate control. Particular emphasis should be placed on isolated sites and uppermost locations on each of the affected watercourses and the landowners reminded of their impact on downstream sites. Where appropriate, incorporate Himalayan balsam control measures into existing and new land management programmes, (e.g. Environmental Stewardship). The coordinating body (?) should provide a single reporting point to provide a one stop contact for advice and support Key Actions (Domestic Properties and Other Sites): Contact parish and town councils to support poster/noticeboard campaign at village gateways or at gathering places in the target areas (see table 4)

21 o Clun Parish o Clunbury Parish o Clungunford Parish o Hopesay Parish o Bucknell Parish o Buckton and Coxall Parish Representatives from the coordinating body to attend parish meetings/events and raise awareness of Himalayan balsam in affected areas (see table 4) Contact local gardening clubs in the Clun catchment for example Newcastle and District Garden Society

22 9. Engaging Landowners in Mitigation and Control Because the presence of Himalayan balsam has largely been tolerated in the catchment it is now well established. This tolerance is largely due to a belief that there is little point in taking action if upstream sites are not being addressed. The effectiveness of this strategy is dependent on all landowners (agricultural and domestic) being aware of the issues and then taking action to control Himalayan balsam on their property. 9.1 Key Actions Landowners at the upstream limits or at isolated locations should be considered highest priority (table 3), contacted by the coordinating body and encouraged to take positive action. If subsequently there is a lack of action by the landowner at these key locations there should be follow up action by regulatory agencies With 135 identified locations and competing pressures on land managers, it is likely that at some sites there may be limited activity; this has potential to undermine any control strategy. Follow up visits by the coordinating body should ensure a programme of management is undertaken within the timescales outlined in table 4 Limited resources will not allow action across the affected areas of the Clun simultaneously. To target scare resources the affected areas should be divided into manageable compartments and activity phased over a nominal 3 year management period (see table 4) Those post code areas affected by Himalayan balsam should be circulated with a /fact sheet. Via direct mailing, the internet or by making information available at village gateway points such as village halls or societies Table 3 Highest Priority Targeting (Upstream Limits) Watercourse Grid Reference Site Action Who by River Clun Tributary River Unk Hopesay Brook Landowners should be contacted to ensure they are aware of their holding/property River Kemp location as seed sources affecting River Redlake downstream sites in the Catchment Ditch A Statutory agency should be nominated Environment Agency to contact landowners? Unnamed Trib

23 Figure 3

24 Phase 3 Year 3-5 Clun Beambridge to Clun SAC Phase1 Year 1-3 Hopesay Brook Hopesat to Aston on Clun Kemp Brampton to Oaker Phase 2 Year 2-4 Clun Clunbury to Oaker Phase 2 Year 2-4 Clun Clun to Clunbury Clun Phase1 Year 1-3 Unk Clun and Upstream waters Trib Phase Watercourse Target Area Table 4 Targeting By Waterbody (+ Parish and Postcode) Parish Target Area Post Code Low abundance Medium abundance High abundance Number of Himalayan balsam affected sites Abundance Mode (where equal, go for highest) Clun Upstream Clun SY7 8NA 3 Low Clun Upstream Clun SY7 8NB 5 1 Low Clun Upstream Clun SY7 8ND 1 1 High Clun D/S Bicton (U) SY7 8ND 4 Low Clun Bicton (U) SY7 8NE Low Clun Bicton (U) SY7 8NF Medium Clun Clun Village SY7 8JA 1 Medium Clun Clun Village SY7 8JJ 1 1 Medium Clun Clun Village SY7 8JT 1 High Clun Clun Village SY7 8JX 13 1 Low Clun Clun Village SY7 8QA High Clun The Green SY7 8NX 1 Medium Clun The Green SY7 8LG 1 Medium Clun Hurst SY7 0JA Low Clunbury Purslow SY7 0HJ High Clunbury Clunton Coppice SY7 0HL 2 1 Low Clunbury Clunton SY7 0HP 1 Low Clunbury Clunton SY7 0HR 2 Low Clunbury Clunton SY7 0HT 16 High Clunbury Clunton SY7 0HU 3 5 High Clunbury Clunbury SY7 0HB 8 9 High Clunbury Clunbury SY7 0HE 1 High Clunbury Clunbury SY7 0HF 1 2 High Clunbury Clunbury SY7 0HG 2 1 Low Hopesay Oaker SY7 8EP 4 11 High Clunbury Little Brampton SY7 0JF 2 3 High Clunbury Brampton Bridge SY7 0HQ 1 Low Hopesay Aston on Clun SY7 8EL 2 Medium Hopesay Aston on Clun SY7 8ER 2 Low Hopesay Aston on Clun SY7 8ES 2 Low Hopesay Hesterworth SY7 8EX 2 Low Hopesay Aston on Clun (Brook) SY7 8EZ 3 4 High Clunbury Beambridge SY7 0HA High Hopesay Broome SY7 0NX High Hopesay Broome SY7 8EH 1 1 High Clunbury Coston SY7 8EJ 1 5 High Clungunford Shelderton SY7 0PB 5 Low Clungunford The Lynches SY7 0PL 1 10 High Clungunford Abcott SY7 0PT 1 2 High

25 Phase 2 Year 2-4 Redlake Bucknell to Jay Clungunford Clungunford SY7 0PU 1 1 High Clungunford Broadward Bridge SY7 0PZ 3 High Leintwardine Marlow SY7 0JP 8 3 Low Leintwardine Stormer Hall SY7 0JR 7 High Leintwardine Jay Lane SY7 0JS 1 Medium Leintwardine Jay Lane SY7 0LG Low Leintwatdine Mill Lane SY7 0LA 4 1 Low Bucknell Bedstone (R) SY7 0BJ 1 1 High Leintwardine Jay (R) SY7 0BQ 8 4 Low Buckton and Coxall Adleymoor SY7 0ES 5 1 Low Buckton and Coxall Adleymoor SY7 0EP 2 Low Buckton and Coxall Adleymoor SY7 0ER High Bucknell Redlake Meadow SY7 0AY 1 Low Table 5 Priorities for control within each target area Level Phase Priority Location Justification/Rationale High 1 Uppermost points of Himalayan Balsam presence Above Clun Bridge. This covers Leasowes 1, HBClun10, Bicton Hotspot and HBUnk1. To clearly define the start of the Himalayan Balsam problem as being from Clun Bridge by controlling the High 2 Control in the lower reaches of tributaries HBRed1, HBRed2, HBRed3 (currently negligible) HBKemp1 HBHope1 Presence of Himalayan Balsam tends to be within 3km of tributary junctions with the River Clun, other than the Redlake which is within 5km of the junction with the River Clun. Arguably the short distances make it more feasible to keep on top of the Himalayan Balsam problem before it becomes a problem further upstream of the tributaries. The Redlake flows directly into the SAC and is therefore possibly even more important out of all the tributaries. High 2 High concentrations of Himalayan Balsam where pesticide use is more easily justified HBClun6 HBClun8 Himalayan Balsam generally abundant and likely to be a key source of seeds in the catchment and a key location for sediment deposition once plants die back. species would help to limit seed input into the river. High 3 Where Freshwater Pearl Mussels are Present The Special Area of Conservation, south of Broadward Bridge. This covers reaches HBClun1 and HBClun2. This is high priority within the target area - Bare ground left by Himalayan Balsam in winter is prone to erosion and this would directly affect the mussel bed because the SAC is lower down the catchment control is appropriate in the later phases of any management programme Medium Other locations where river is fenced off from grazing stock Various (fencing unmapped) present. Plants are able to occupy riverbank niche.

26 Low Riverbank under dense woodland Various, unmapped (survey sheets and analysis of aerial photographs may help to identify these areas) In the main, little Himalayan Balsam was found to be growing in dark sections of river. Low Riverbank grazed by stock Various (grazing unmapped) In the main, grazed banks tended to have less Himalayan Balsam present. Low priority as regards Himalayan Balsam control, but high priority for limiting soil erosion through poaching. Low Himalayan Balsam present beyond 14m of the river bank Negligible locations. HBClun6. Seeds tend to explode to a distance of 7m. Provided management is undertaken within at least 14m of the riverbank, spread by means of water unlikely unless flooding occurs beyond 14m of riverbank.

27 10. Getting People Involved Across Shropshire there is a potential pool of volunteers that could contribute managing Himalayan balsam in the catchment. The active participation of the community should be encouraged. Involvement could be simply as part of a Citizen reporting programme to support an early detection network or it could be the delivery of practical control measures in the field. People seeking fresh air, exercise or companionship are often happy to take on a few hours of volunteer effort. However, Himalayan balsam management can be a thankless task for volunteers, it is therefore important that volunteers feel that their efforts have made a difference and their efforts are appreciated Key Actions: When at events or presentations the coordinating body should provide volunteering opportunities for local people or community groups to get involved to manage Himalayan balsam Hold a series of invasive species workshops in each of the parishes (see table 4). For example, identifying invasive species, practical management demonstrations etc. Contact Shropshire Volunteering Hub and make use of volunteering brokerage and volunteer marketing service to engage local people and communities Involve key interest groups that could benefit from being involved with Himalayan balsam management. In the Clun Catchment this would include: o Clun Angling Clubs (Pheasant Tail Fly Fishers have waters in on the Lower Clun) o Community wildlife Groups o Local gardening clubs o Agency Environment Days o Employer supported volunteering o Shropshire Youth Volunteering Project

28 11. Monitoring Ongoing monitoring will be necessary for the detection of new occurrences and to track the spread at known sites. The 2013 Himalayan balsam survey has established the limits of spread and informs this strategy. It is also important to undertake periodic monitoring to assess the success of any control measures. Through the involving people strategy; Citizen reporting should be encouraged as well as more structured monitoring programmes 11.1 Key actions Engage community groups as part of the education/outreach strategy and encourage reporting to the coordinating body. The coordinating body to undertake systematic periodic monitoring in areas currently free from Himalayan balsam The coordinating body to sponsor a re-survey of the catchment after 3 years to assess the distribution of Himalayan balsam following a period of control measures Encourage Officers and that work in the field (NE, EA, SWT, AONB etc.) and community wildlife group volunteers to record and report Himalayan balsam occurrences to the coordinating body Identify best methods of reporting and dissemination and ensure survey data is made available to agencies and decision makers Link and integrate with existing databases such as PlantTracker to help inform the national picture (2013 survey data is uploaded to PlantTracker)

29 12. Practical Control Techniques It is important to act early as any form of control carried out once seed has set has no benefit. Each Himalayan balsam plant can produce around 2,500 seeds each year and is able to disperse seeds up to 7 metres away from the parent plant, thus helping the species to quickly spread to new sites. On sites with Himalayan balsam infestations, the following control methods should be considered. All methods have shown to be effective but usually take at least three years of control to exhaust the seed bank Mechanical Control Where there is adequate access the plant is easy to cut, either by hand, mower or strimmer. However, unless the plant is cut below the lowest node, it will regrow and flower later in the season. Thus, a single cut is only effective if made very close to the soil level. However successful control can be achieved by repeat mowing to prevent formation of flowers and seeds. Best results are achieved when the plants are in flower or beginning to flower. Early cutting should be avoided as this leads to re-sprouting. Agricultural movers may be used, but where conditions are wet and soft, may damage the soil and provide new spaces for the re-establishment of the plant. Table 6 Mechanical Control Method Pros Cons All stems must be completely severed below the lowest node or joint (1, 4) Plants can be left on site to decompose, though must be done in a dry open area (1) Should be cut by the end of June (7) Regular mowing is an alternative, even if the cutting level is above the lowest node, provided the frequency is sufficient to prevent the formation of flowers and seeds. best carried out before June for maximum effectiveness (4) Best on a regular basis for three years (4) Cutting should not be attempted once the seed heads have formed, as this would effectively spread the plant (9) Stems soft and can be cut with ease. Large area can be tackled at once. Good regeneration and coverage of native species may be achieved following works (2) Inefficient where stems are in small numbers and spread out. On uneven ground it can be difficult to get below the lowest node; node can produce new branches with seeding potential later in season. Plants that grow back can produce more seed than they would if they had not been cut (2). If cut too early, can regrow rapidly (2,7) Stems fall readily on cutting; fallen stems may mask those whic effectively Exposes soil to more light and the promotion of further seedlings to germinate; any late emerging plants must be dealt with. Possible to be undertaken by those trained in scrubcutter use (certificated ideally) A repeated cut can be made to tackle any regrowth (2) Only possible where there is adequate access; awkward where grows amongst bushes and brambles (3) or where there the cutter.

30 12.2 Hand-pulling Small infestations or easily accessed areas can be controlled by hand pulling before the plants flower. The plant is shallow rooted and easy to uproot. Pulling by hand is labour intensive; however it is the most effective method of control. Table 7 Hand-pulling Method Pros Cons Must be undertaken so that whole plant is uprooted and normally best done if pulled from low down the plant. If snapping occurs at a node the pulling must be completed to include roots. Plants can be left on site to decompose, though must be done in a dry open area (1) Best carried out before June for maximum effectiveness (4) Best on a regular basis for three years (4) 12.3 Chemical Control Easy to pull No risk of leaving a node occurs if completed properly (ie. No risk of regrowth) (9). Whole plant can be systematically laid out for collection and disposal. Quick method of control in areas of sparse HB. Targeted; surrounding native species unaffected. Exposes soil to more light and the promotion of further seedlings to germinate; any late emerging plants may be dealt with. Possible to be undertaken by volunteers. Physically demanding Labour intensive (2) Can be a slow process. Therefore expensive if carried out by contractors If controlling plants are near a watercourse, herbicides should not be used as the first option. Only in certain circumstances should chemical control be considered e.g. high density, large populations. If using herbicide it should be applied before flowering, but timed to treat late germinating seedlings. Ideally treatment should be undertaken using a weed wiper which helps preserve native plants that would otherwise be killed. Before considering chemical control there is a requirement to consult the Environment Agency by completing the herbicide form AqHerb01. Guidance for the control of invasive weeds in or near fresh water can be found on the Environment Agency website at Unless operators are properly qualified the use of herbicides near water is illegal. Operators must hold a certificate of competence for herbicide use or work under the supervision of a certificate holder and the herbicide should be approved for use near water. Table 8 Chemical Control (subject to EA licence and qualified contractor) Method Pros Cons Glyphosate: Monsanto recommend a rate of 5 litres/ha for HB (2) 2,4-D amine may also be used to control the species; it affects broad-leaved species but not grasses (3) Best carried out before June for maximum effectiveness; for best Control can be carried out well into the flowering season but early enough to prevent seeding with the aim of minimising regeneration (2) Can be used in areas which are otherwise hard to reach. Spray just needs to partly touch the plant as the chemical is Only possible to be undertaken by those trained in knapsack sprayers (certification required where not undertaken by owner of land) Problematic in publicly accessible areas. Operator error presents risk of missing some plants (2)

31 effect use when the plant is small and actively growing, particularly in springtime (4) EA recommend that plants should be treated prior to the plant flowering (2) Glyphosate is most effective when weed growth is vigorous; treat at early flowering stage to ensure the weed is knocked back before it has chance to self-seed (8) Plants should be sprayed in the spring before flowering but late enough to ensure that germinating seedlings have grown up sufficiently to be adequately covered (3) Using glyphosate treat with weed wipe in mixed stands, or foliar spray in dense stands, before flowering (GBNNSS 2010) Using 2, 4-D amine treat during early spring at the rosette stage for effective control (GBNNSS 2010) There must be a minimum of one spray of Glyphosate in one growing season before the plant flowers and sets seed (9) Spot spraying should be undertaken unless the plants grow in a dense sward (9) systemic Small infestations can be controlled using a weed wiper (3) A long-lance sprayer may assist in the spraying of less accessible areas out of the reach of conventional knapsack sprayers (4) Plant dies in situ; no collection needed Quick method of control Maximum recommended dosage by Monsanto for glyphosate unnecessarily high and costly (2) Collateral damage; all plants in vicinity affected where glyphosate used so compounding problems of soil erosion during high river flows(2) Application reliant on weather conditions. Need for EA licence for spraying near water. The EA definition of control of vegetation growing on the banks or areas immediately adjacent to water bodies, within 1m of break of slope where there is a clearly defined bank top. EA Licence would need to be applied for each landowner impractical amount of paperwork 12.4 Control by Livestock Himalayan balsam is palatable to livestock. In affected areas the grazing and/or trampling by livestock prior to seed set can suppress infestations. NB The exclusion of livestock from riverbanks by fencing has is some instances promoted the establishment of Himalayan balsam in areas where previously it was not considered a problem. When fencing riverbanks it is important to provide an appropriate margin with gated access to allow seasonal control by livestock. Table 9 Control by Livestock Method Pros Cons HB susceptible to grazing and trampling; it is significantly suppressed where animals are kept (2) EA etc. recommends grazing from April throughout the growing season with either cattle or sheep (2, 7, 9) Seedlings can be controlled by grazing and stock trampling (3) Livestock are most likely to eat seedlings before the plant is able to form a threat. ie. when small. NB Cattle were observed feeding on mature Himalayan Balsam near Beambridge on 13/8/13 There is risk that some plants will not be grazed and therefore need to be treated by alternative means (2) Livestock can put pressure on sensitive riparian habitats and poaching may occur (2) Only viable where there is existing stock and larger riparian buffer strips; contradicts aim to create undisturbed buffer strips.

32 12.5 Biological Control In its native range, herbivorous insects and plant pathogens keep Himalayan balsam in balance with the surrounding plant community. In its new location the plant lack the natural control mechanisms. Biological control is being investigated by CABI; however, it is not currently available outside of scientific research centre Control Methodology Diagram Fig Disposal It is recommended that Himalayan balsam is disposed of on-site as the movement of plant material and soil off site uses increases the likelihood of the spread of invasive plants. The plant is not thought to reproduce from plant material other than seeds. Plants that have not set seeds may be left in open to desiccate where they have been cut or pulled or alternately placed in piles to rot down. Subject to approval by Environment Agency an option is to bury soil and plant material. Without sunlight, plants cannot survive and seeds will not germinate. Plant material should be buried at least 1 metre below ground level, in an area where it is not likely to be disturbed and not be buried within 7 metres of an a Timing of Control Control should start early as practically possible to allow sufficient time to complete a management programme, a sweep up control visit and to allow for eventualities such as poor weather. Table 10 Timing Action March to May June -July July and August Subsequent years Years 2 and 3 Monitoring Look for seedlings and identify the extent of problem on the property Plan programme of control Start upstream/upslope control of Himalayan balsam is when plant begins to flower Sweep up control for late germinating plants and plants damaged as a result of previous control Himalayan balsam seed has only two or three year viability repeat above until problem is under control. Each year should get progressively easier to control. Control programmes should be undertaken for the whole of the above period followed by a 5 year monitoring programme

33 13. Experiences Learned from the Pilot Control Between May June 2013 the AONB commissioned a pilot control study to better understand how Himalayan balsam can be controlled. As detailed report is available at: The following is a summary of that report: Himalayan balsam rarely grows in neat and easily accessible clumps. Experience from the Pilot Control project found that it often grows amongst hedges, bushes and brambles and in steep sometimes inaccessible locations. Contractors expressed the need to consider chemical methods due to the time taken to hand-pull large infestations. The plant has wide germination period, with emerging seedlings frequently growing alongside more mature plants. This required sweep up visits in following weeks. Time dependent the time before handable size and seed set is short to allow handpulling. Although the control was focussed in a relatively small area it required two teams of contractors working simultaneously to complete the pilot project before seed set. Himalayan balsam occurred in a number of domestic gardens - access to these properties can be an issue as part of a contractor funded approach. Landowners allowed access for control but process essentially passive. Uncertainty of ongoing funding commitment no guarantee that pilot sites will be revisited.

34 Appendix A: Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica (from NNSS) Short description Herbaceous perennial, with stems typically about 2m tall and an extensive system of rhizomes. It has large, roughly triangular leaves with truncate (not cordate (heart-shaped)) bases. Japanese knotweed is an invasive non-native weed, mainly in urban areas where it is considered a nuisance in property development, because plants re-growing from rhizomes can come up through gaps in flooring in conservatories and patios. Impacts summary Possibly the most economically important invasive non-native species in GB, as eradication is required by law in property development sites - can be expensive. It has only limited impact ecologically. Habitat summary Urban areas, river banks and waste ground, usually in full sunshine. It is not shade tolerant and does not persist in woods. Long established stands by rivers tend to have a similar vernal ground flora to W6 Alnus glutinosa woods, with F. japonica providing the canopy layer during the summer months Dispersal Mechanisms Dispersal is by deliberate or inadvertent human activity, except along rivers, where root pieces can be washed downstream during floods and subsequently become established elsewhere. Reproduction Plants in GB are a male-sterile clone, so no seed is produced, although it can hybridise with other species of Fallopia. Known Predators/Herbivores None known. Resistant Stages All stages are viable; it does not produce seed in GB. Habitat Occupied in GB Mostly urban areas and riverbanks. Sometimes it is found established on the edges of arable fields and other places where garden waste or topsoil has been dumped Environmental Impact Its ecosystem impact is undocumented but seems likely to be low. Often-repeated claims of its impact on native species are not supported by evidence; it usually occurs in highly degraded urban situations where the native flora is already impoverished. Health and Social Impact There are no documented health or social impacts. It has a considerable benefit to the environmental services industry, including waste disposal licensees. Economic Impact The high economic impact is due to legislation that makes its eradication a legal requirement and the cost of its disposal expensive. Eradicating it from construction sites can cost well over 1,000 per square metre and, as a controlled waste, it can be expensive to dispose of the 'contaminated' topsoil. The total global cost of its control could be hundreds of millions of pounds per annum. Many sources claim that it can grow through solid concrete, but this claim is not supported by any published evidence and seems unlikely to be true. Risk Assessments NNSS have devised a risk assessment for the species. It has not produced an Invasive Species Action Plan.

35 Appendix B: Japanese Knotweed Control Methods Only female plants are present in the UK. Japanese knotweed forms dense clumps. The root system consists of rhizomes which are orange/yellow when cut. Also see EA Knotweed Code of Practice Pulling/Digging This is rarely an option that is appropriate to riparian situations. Avoid pulling stems. If stems have been pulled up, they will have fragments of knotweed crown still attached at their base. This is highly regenerative and will regrow, even after the stem has dried. If digging is undertaken, refer to the code of practice and ensure that no knotweed material is allowed to enter the watercourse. (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010) Cutting Knotweed should be cut with a single clean cut near the base of the stem; a simple scythe method of cutting prevents stem fragmentation. Cutting methods that produce fragments, such as flailing, should be avoided. Stems can regenerate from nodes, or fragments of nodes. Cutting will have to be performed every 2-4 weeks during the growing season if it is the sole method of management. Alternatively, treat regrowth with herbicide. If cut stem is dried until it is crisp and brown it can be burnt or disposed of as an inert waste otherwise remove to landfill (licence required). (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010) Chemical treatment Chemical control using a bioactive formulation of glyphosate approved for use in or near water is the most effective treatment near water. (EA licence required near water) Spraying both top and underside of leaves improves control. Chemical treatment is most effective when it is applied in Aug-Sept, particularly when applied to mature uncut growth. This provides the greatest surface area for herbicide to be translocated down to the rhizome. Application in sensitive areas is best achieved by stem injection or weed wiper. A stem injection method can be used to avoid damage to surrounding sensitive areas. For glyphosate formulations approved for stump treatment, a 1 in 10 dilution can be used for stem injection. If access or the risk of drift is a problem, either cut or spray the stems earlier in the season to restrict regrowth. 2,4-D Amine is also effective against knotweed and is best applied in May. Herbicides can be applied using tractor-mounted, knapsack long-lance or CDA applicators. Control is easier if dead winter stems are removed before growth commences. Be careful to avoid spreading knotweed crowns when clearing dead canes. (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010)

36 Appendix C: Giant Hogweed, Heracleum mantegazzianum (Text from NNSS) Short description -parsley family) has flowering stems typically 2-3 m high bearing umbels of flowers up to 80 cm in diameter. The basal leaves are often 1 m or more in size. First recorded in Giant hogweed is widespread in lowland GB, and is invasive by lowland rivers and on waste land. Impacts summary The sap can sensitize human skin to ultra-violet light, leading to severe blisters. Affected skin may remain sensitive for several years. The plant is also a vigorous competitor, producing almost pure stands which exclude native vegetation and hinder anglers. Habitat summary It is especially abundant by lowland streams and rivers, but also occurs widely on waste ground and in rough pastures. It grows on moist fertile soils, achieving its greatest stature in partial shade. In more open grassland, flowering may be delayed by repeated grazing Dispersal Mechanisms The species reproduces entirely by seeds; fruits are oval-elliptical broadly winged mericarps. which are dispersed by wind, water and humans. Reproduction The species is monocarpic, that is, it reproduces only once in its lifetime. Plants are able to selffertilize. A single plant produces about 20,000 seeds which have to be stratified in the soil in cold and wet conditions during winter and then are highly germinable. Known Predators/Herbivores Insect or pathogens have little effect. Grazing by livestock can significantly decrease the reproductive output but also prolong the lifespan before flowering. Resistant Stages Seeds form a short-term persistent seed-bank; the majority of them germinate the following year after release and only about 1% of seeds are able to survive more than 3 years in the soil Environmental Impact The species may form dense stands reducing species diversity. Health and Social Impact The plant produces phytotoxic sap. The sap contains photosensitizing furanocoumarins, which in contact with human skin and combined with UV radiation cause skin burnings. The intensity of the reaction depends on individual sensitivity. The danger to human health complicates eradication efforts. Economic Impact It has not been defined but it clearly lowers the recreational value of the landscape due to human health risk. Risk Assessments NNSS have devised a risk assessment for the species. It has not produced an Invasive Species Action Plan.

37 Appendix D: Giant Hogweed Control Methods The aim should be to kill the plant or prevent flowering. Repeated treatment may be necessary during the growing season to prevent flowering. It is essential to establish vegetation quickly after control measures have been applied. Dense grass sward tends to discourage seed germination. Control should be undertaken on a catchment basis, working from the upstream end to prevent seed recolonisation. Pulling/Digging Digging out the crown just below ground prevents regrowth and will provide good control. Alternatively, make a spade cut at 45 degrees to sever the tap root at approximately 15cm below soil level. Wear full protective clothing Shallow excavation to about 20cm will remove the growing crown. Spoil should be disposed of at landfill or by piling on site and composting. Any regrowth should be treated chemically. (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010) Cutting Cutting down the stems with a sharp scythe or sickle before flowering will help to control this plant. Flail mowing may be carried out, but extreme caution is required to avoid the risk of being sprayed with sap. Strimming is not recommended, unless full protective clothing is worn. Cut regularly early in the season to prevent flowering. Cutting should be repeated regularly for between 5 and 10 years to eradicate the plant. (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010) Chemical treatment Chemical control using glyphosate at 6 litres/ha is the most effective method. Spraying can start as soon as the plant is about 1m high, usually in March May and continue throughout the summer. More than one application is often necessary and follow-up spraying will be required to kill seedlings in subsequent years. In mixed stands, use a weed wipe. When plants are more than 1.5m tall, proceed with extreme caution. Repeat chemical treatment may be required for up to 10 years. Cutting the stem above ground, followed by injection of 1 in 10 dilution of glyphosate in water below the first node, will give good control. This technique can be used for established plants later in the season. (EA Managing Invasive Non-Native Plants in or near Water, 2010)

38 Appendix E: Identification and Biology of Himalayan Balsam Introduced into the UK in 1839 from Northern India (1, 2) Typically found on riverbanks and in damp areas (1, 3); moist and semi-shaded damp places, predominant on banksides by slow-moving watercourses (5). Tolerate low light levels (8) Has spread at an average rate of 645km2 per year in the UK (2, 7) The plant is annual (1, 5) It is the tallest annual plant in Britain (7) The species can grow into dense stands (1, 5). The leaves are dark green, lance-shaped, have a dark-red midrib, serrated edges and can grow up to 150mm long (1, 4) 5-18 cm long (5) They grow on the stem in whorls of three (4) or opposite (5). The stems are pinkish-red-translucent, sappy, succulent, brittle, stout and hollow with side branches originating from joints in the stem (1, 4, 5) It can grow up to 3m tall (1, 4, 7), 2m tall (3) 2.5m tall (5, 10) 2-3m (8) It has a shallow, fleshy root system (2) The flowers are slipper shaped, with helmeted upper petal and short spur (5), and they are purplish-pink or white in colour with a strong balsam smell (5). Flowers begin to appear in June (1, 4) June August (3) June-October on long stalks (4, 7, 8) July-October (5) Dehiscent seed mature in late July/August(1) From mid-july onwards (5) Seeds are set from August to October or until frost kills the plants(7) Onset of flowering can be delayed by 2-3 weeks in shaded sites (5). Each pod can contain up to 16 seeds. (1) 4-16 seeds (7) A plant can produce up to 800 seeds (2, 5, 7, 8) 2500 seeds per plant each year ((Invasive Weed Solutions Limited) 30,000 seeds per m2 (7) The white, brown and black seeds can be catapulted up to 7m. (1, 4, 5, 7, 8) They can be further spread by water movements (3) Seeds remain viable in the soil for: 1 year (1) 18 months (2, 3), 2 years (4, 8, 9) Most seeds overwinter for one season before germinating the following spring (they have a chilling requirement), however there is some evidence of a persistent seedbank lasting for at least 2 years (5, 7) Seed character suggests the seed should persist for less than 5 years (7). The seeds have a chilling requirement for germination to occur (7). Seeds can germinate underwater (Invasive Weed Solutions Limited). Germination occurs in February-March, followed by rapid shoot extension and leaf expansion from April (5). Seedlings begin to emerge as early as March (1); Seedlings can mature as late as November (1) One year of effective control (pre-seeding) can eradicate the problem (1); three years of control should sufficiently deplete the seed store (any plants remaining after a three year program will have germinated from either seed of plants surviving the control methods or new seed arriving from outside the control area) (2); two years of control should eradicate the plant if there is no further infestation from upstream (3)

39 Appendix F Himalayan Balsam Location Maps by Holding: Key to the maps: Holding with Himalayan balsam present Any colour Domestic Property Un-adopted land

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47 Appendix G (Available to Statutory Agencies) Agricultural Holdings

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49 Appendix G (Available to Statutory Agencies) Domestic Properties Property (Householders) River

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51 Appendix H Information for Uploading to Planttracker Date_Rec Taxon Amount lat long dd/mm/yyyy e.g. Japanese Knotweed e.g. low, medium or high , /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high

52 30/07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high

53 30/07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low

54 30/07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low

55 30/07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high

56 30/07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam medium /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam high /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Himalayan Balsam low /07/2013 Japanese Knotweed low /07/2013 Giant Hogweed low /07/2013 Giant Hogweed low /07/2013 Giant Hogweed low

57 Appendix I

58 AppendixJ

59 Appendix K

60 Appendix L

61 Appendix M:

62 Appendix N: Example Images Clun SAC Beambridge Himalayan Balsam along the River Kemp Clun SAC Mill Lane River Clun near Clunton RiverUnk

63 Appendix O:

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