Order ARTIODACTYLA. Structure of the Foot. Artiodactyl Characters 10/12/2010. Large and diverse group 1. Terrestrial artiodactyls

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1 Order ARTIODACTYLA Large and diverse group 1. Terrestrial artiodactyls A. About 200 species in 10 families B. C. D. 2. Aquatic artiodactyls A. Cetaceans 1 Structure of the Foot 1. Even-toed ungulates 2. Paraxonic 3. Cannon bone in advanced artiodactyls 2 Artiodactyl Characters 1. Double-Pulley Astragalus 3 1

2 Fig Unguligrade 4 Family SUIDAE 1. Old World Swine A. Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental, Celebes 2. 5 genera, 16 species 3. Sus scrofa has been introduced everywhere 5 Suid Characteristics 1. stocky, barrel-shaped body; short limbs 2. Weigh up to 275 kg 3. snout elongate, mobile, and flattened at end 4. Four toes on front and hind feet 5. two chambered stomach; cecal fermentation 6. omnivorous 6 2

3 Suid Characteristics 1. canines directed upward and outward 2. skull long and low, with a high occipit, 7 Babyrousa 1. Tusks for ritualized fighting. 2. More of a fermenter than other suids 3. Classified as Vulnerable 8 Family Tayassuidae 1. javelinas or peccaries 2. Neotropical (central Argentina) to Nearctic (southwestern U.S.) 3. Catagonus wagneri; Tayassupecari; Pecari tajacu 9 3

4 Tayassuid Characters 1. upper canines directed downward 2. Skull with a straight dorsal profile 10 Tayassuid characters 1. 4 toes on front feet, usually 3 on rear [digit 5 of the hindfoot is vestigial, two on rear of Catagonus 2. metatarsals fused proximally 3. fewer tail vertebrae than suids 4. Weigh up to 30 kg 5. immune to rattlesnake venom 11 Tayassuid characters 1. rump and suborbital glands used in social communication 2. Gregarious, populations typically 5-15; Tayassu up to several

5 Tayassuid Diet 1. Omnivorous, but rely more on plant material than suids 2. Two to three chambered stomach, may have gastric fermentation 3. Pecari tajacu is less cold tolerant, but require less water than feral pigs Porky and Neoporky 14 Family Hippopotamidae 1. Ethiopian, 2. Huge heads & short limbs. 3. Mouth very large. 15 5

6 Hippopotamus Characteristics 1. incisors large, tusk like. 2. canines large, tusklike 3. Semi-aquatic A. B. nostrils and eyes at top of skull. 16 Two Genera 1. Hippopotamus: up to 4500 kg [Fig ] A. Gregarious B. produce underwater sounds similar to the sonar clicks of dolphins 2. Hexaprotodon (Choeropsis) kg A. less social, occurs in forested areas 17 Hippopotamus Characters 1. Food A. on terrestrial vegetation at night, B. aquatic in the day 2. Communicate by producing a wide variety of sounds 18 6

7 Hippopotamus Characteristics 1. Thick and nearly hairless skin. A. minute skin-conditioning glands (Kingdon, 1997). B. glands secrete a pink oily substance: sunscreen and antibiotic, as well as keeping the animals cool (Nature, 2004). C. vulnerable to dehydration 19 Selenodont Artiodactyls 20 Family Camelidae 1. Camels and Llamas A. selenodont B. no horns or antlers. C. three chambered ruminating stomach. 21 7

8 Family Camelidae 1. Secondarily digitigrade. A. 2. cannon bone not fused distally 3. Hooves are modified into nails with a broad cutaneous pad between the digits 4. Support on soft substrates 22 Locomotion 1. Pacing: 2. extend the length of stride 3. Muybridge, E Animals in Motion. 23 Subfamily Camelinae 1. Palearctic camels 2. Hump(s) for fat storage 3. Dromedary or Arabian widespread due to domestication, but no wild populations. 4. Bactrian is less widely used by humans; only a few wild herds remain in central Asia. 24 8

9 Subfamily Laminae 1. Neotropical llamas, alpacas, guanacos, vicuñas 2. llamas and alpacas are domesticated 3. Lama inhabits grasslands to 4000m; vicuñas, grasslands and plains at altitudes of 3,500-5,750 m A. hemoglobin has a higher Oxygen affinity 25 Camelidae: Physiological adaptations to conserve water 1. Dry feces & little urine 2. Adjustment of body temperature A. 3. Tolerance of water loss 26 Family Tragulidae 1. chevrotains and mouse deer 2. Ethiopian, Oriental 3. no cranial appendages 4. large upper canines in males: 5. 3-chambered, ruminating stomach, 6. small, 2.5 to < 8 kg; 40 cm mouse deer 7. solitary, nocturnal; ecological equivalent of Lepus 27 9

10 Ruminants with a Four-Chambered Stomach 28 Family Moschidae 1. Oriental 2. four species 3. no antlers 4. elongate upper canines, much larger in males 5. abdominal musk gland 29 Cranial Appendages (Fig. 19.7) 30 10

11 Family Cervidae 1. deer, elk, moose [fig 17-16, 17-17, 17-18] 2. Holarctic, Neotropical, Oriental genera, 42 species 4. 7 kg (Pudu) kg (Alces) 31 Antlers solid bony core 3. shed annually 32 Antler growth and breeding cycle 33 11

12 Antlers 1. usually in males only 2. present in female Rangifer 3. absent in Hydropotes 4. Muntjac has short antlers and long canines Rangifer Pudu Hydropotes 34 Irish elk 1. related to the fallow deer. 2. antlers 3.6 m from tip to tip. 3. Went extinct about 9,000 years ago 35 Family Cervidae 1. lacrimal depression present 2. 4-toed 3. tarsal gland 4. brachyodont teeth; 5. no gall bladder 36 12

13 North American Cervids 1. Elk or wapiti A. Often considered part of the Old World red deer complex (Cervus elaphus) B. Occasionally considered a separate species (Cervus canadensis) 2. White-tailed and Mule or Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus) 37 North American Cervids 1. Caribou (Reindeer) A. Rangifer tarandus B. Arctic tundra and boreal coniferous forest 2. Moose A. Alces alces B. Europeans call this the elk 38 Family Giraffidae 1. Ethiopian A. Giraffe: up to 1,800 kg B. Okapi 2. Browsers: brachyodont teeth 39 13

14 Giraffidae 1. horns composed of outgrowths of frontals that start as a distinct bone (ossicone) 2. present in both sexes, unbranched, covered with skin, non-deciduous 3. Long and narrow skull 40 Giraffidae 1. long neck 2. back inclines upward 3. Giraffa A. herds, savannah grassland B. long, prehensile tongue for browsing C. sexual selection for long neck 4. Okapi A. Solitary B. equatorial forest 41 Family Antilocapridae 1. Pronghorns 2. Nearctic (endemic) 3. Permanent bony core and an epidermal horny sheath. Sheath is forked and shed annually 4. Females often hornless and, if present, frequently lack prongs 42 14

15 Antilocapridae 1. grazers, hypsodont teeth; 2. Orbits high on head 3. Cursorial A. flexion of spine, etc. [Figs. 16-1, 16-2], B. 85 km/hr bursts; 65 km/hr for over 10 km 43 Family Bovidae 1. cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and allies [Fig to 17-25] 2. Holarctic, Ethiopian, Oriental 3. largest family of ungulates: 45 genera and 137 species [Table 17-1] 44 Horn Core and Sheath 1. Unbranched, sheath and bony core 2. non-deciduous (sheath is rarely shed) 45 15

16 Fig : Horns 1. always present in males; variable in females. 2. female horns are shorter and straighter, used as defensive weapons 46 North American Bovidae 1. Subfamily Bovinae A. American bison (Bison bison or Bos bison B. Reintroduced throughout its previous range C. Few free-roaming herds 2. Bison, Cape buffalo (Africa), water buffalo (Asia) 47 Family Bovidae Subfamily Caprinae 1. Muskoxen 2. North American mountain goat 3. Thinhorn sheep 4. Bighorn sheep 48 16

17 Family Bovidae: Muskoxen 1. Ovibos moschatus 2. Inhabitants of arctic tundra 3. Natural occurrence is restricted to Greenland, Canada and Alaska. 49 Family Bovidae: Mountain goat 1. Oreamnos americanus 2. not a true goat 3. Alpine tundra and subalpine areas Family Bovidae: Ovis dalli 1. Dall s Sheep or Thinhorn Sheep 2. Arctic and subarctic 51 17

18 Family Bovidae: Bighorn Sheep 1. Ovis canadensis 2. Canada to Mexico 3. Double-layered skulls with massive tendons 52 Ruminants Fig Why Diagastric stomach? 1. Survival strategy A. Food partly chewed & regurgitated at leisure 2. Symbiotic relationship with microbes 3. Improved diet A. B

19 Bovidae The most diverse ruminants 1. body mass from kg 2. hypsodont cheek teeth 3. mainly grazers, but with different feeding strategies 4. smaller bovids are primarily browsers 55 Resource Partitioning species of African bovids plus equids and rhinos 2. In Africa, many feed same grass, but occupy different niches. 3. Migratory ungulates in the Serengeti depend on a sequence of grazing species 56 Grazing Facilitation 1. Zebras A. B. 2. Wildebeests A. B. 3. Topi A. 4. Thompson s gazelles A. B