2011 The Simple Homeschool Simple Days Unit Studies The Moose

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2 Sign up for The Twelve Days of Freebies here A new freebie every day from December 1 12 th! Bring this unit to life! Did you know that this unit study, and almost all of the other Simple Schooling printable unit studies, has an online interactive unit study with games and self grading quizzes to go with it? Check out our website for more information on how you can get fully narrated, visually stimulating, animated, lectures that come complete with vocabulary tests, games, and other interactive activities! 2

3 The moose is the largest member of the deer family and is closely related to the elk, caribou, mule deer, and white-tailed deer. In Europe, the name for a moose is actually elk but in North America moose and elk are two different animals. This can be confusing if you re speaking to someone who calls a moose and elk, or an elk a deer! But for the purposes of this unit study a moose is the animal pictured above and an elk is the animal pictured below. The moose has a lot in common with its relatives. For example, all are herbivores. This means that they only eat plants. All are also ruminants. This means that they have a multicompartmental stomach. They all have hooves and they all have antlers. In the deer family, only female caribou have antlers, so female moose do not have antlers. This is an easy way to tell the difference between the male and female moose. When you have more than one moose you still call them moose! Mooses is not a real word, neither is gooses! But some people use these words to be funny. Interestingly, the plural form of deer is also deer. If you have a group of moose they are called a herd, but this rarely happens because they are not social animals. 3

4 A male moose is called a bull and a female moose is called a cow. A young moose is called a calf. These are the same terms we use for domesticated cattle as well as whales! Moose can live a long time up to 25 years. Male moose will weigh between lbs. while female moose will be about 900 lbs. The tallest moose ever recorded was an Alaskan moose discovered in It was a bull which stood 7 feet 8 inches! That s taller than a basketball player! It was said to have weighed almost 1800 lbs! Its antlers, called a rack, were more than six feet wide! Now that is one big moose! The height of the average moose is about 6½ to 7½ feet at the shoulder and the average length of a moose body is about 8-9 feet long. 4

5 Most moose are a brownish color. Some moose will be a very dark brown and appear almost black, while others will be lighter in color. Most calves are a light brownish-red color. The hooves of a moose are split in half and the print looks much like one of a cow, bison or elk. With some practice you can tell these prints apart. The moose print, although similar in shape to the elk, is much larger. The average length of a moose print would be 7 inches from front to back, while an elk would have a spread of only 4½ inches. The cow and bison prints really look nothing like a moose if you take close look. The cow s print is thin and straight; the bison print is rounder and wider, while the moose print is curved. If you were to compare the tracks of a bison and a moose you would also see a distinct difference. The moose tracks appear one by one, about 2-3 feet apart. The bison tracks appear in groups of two. 5

6 The moose s legs are long and thin. This allows them to wade through deep water and snow. Despite their large stature, moose can run up to 35 miles per hour if necessary! Most will lumber along at a much slower pace though. The moose s face is also long, as are the donkey-like ears but the tail is quite stubby! The moose has one more distinguishing feature and that is a flap of skin which hangs off of its throat called a bell. The purpose of the bell is not well understood and the bell can look very different from one moose to the next it can be large, long, wide, skinny, or just a tuft of hair. The antlers on the male moose are very distinctive because they have a flat area that branches out. This makes it easy to tell them from other members of the deer family. A large rack can have up to 30 6

7 branches, called tines. The tines are more numerous on older males than they are on younger ones. This allows you to approximate the age of any bull you see. Small antlers with few tines will belong to a young bull, while large antlers with many tines will belong to an older bull. Antlers are shed once a year so that a new, larger rack with more tines can grow. This occurs during the months of November and December after mating season has ended. When new antlers begin to grow they are covered in a soft velvet. Velvet is filled with blood vessels. The blood supplies the nutrients required for the antlers to grow. After some time the velvet dries up and falls off. When this happens there is no more blood supply to the antlers and they become very hard. This will take between 3 and 5 months from first bud to a mature rack that is free of velvet. Young bulls sometimes keep their antlers over the winter. The purpose of the antlers is to make the male look impressive as he attracts a mate during the mating season. He will also use them to fight off any bulls who challenge him. 7

8 All moose are herbivores. They are called browsers because they prefer to eat twigs and leaves, as well as the buds of trees and shrubs instead of just plain old grass. Horses are called grazers, they prefer grass. This is a subtle distinction that contrasts them with other herbivores. Goats are also browsers and if you ve ever seen a yard where a goat lives you d surely notice that all the leaves are stripped from the branches! The moose lips are flexible and highly sensitive. This allows them to pull leaves and twigs off the branches and strip bark of the trunk of a tree. Lips that can move in this fashion are called prehensile and they can act almost like fingers for some animals. Moose nostrils are VERY large and can close as they submerge their heads into the water to eat aquatic plants. Moose love to eat water plants such as water lilies. This habit of eating water plants has made them excellent swimmers and their long 8

9 legs allow them to wade through deep water. They often submerge their muzzles directly into the water so the ability to close their nostrils to prevent water from entering is very helpful. During the winter when food is scarce the moose will eat tree bark to stay alive. The moose does not migrate in large herds like the caribou, but they do travel a distance to find more food in the winter months and then return to a summer grazing area for spring and summer where they will fatten up for next winter and give birth. Staff up in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska noticed that the moose would travel up into the mountain valleys in the fall and spend the winter there. But in the spring the moose would travel southeast towards Canada down into an area that is full of shallow marshy ponds and lakes, a perfect place to find water lilies and other aquatic plants. 9

10 Some people might wonder why they don t just stay in the nice summer grazing habitat all through winter. This area, called the Old Crow Flats, is really not a great place when the wind and snow kicks in. The shape of the surrounding geography makes the Flats an exceptionally cold place, which then makes the wooded valleys higher up in the mountains warmer. In addition, the moose s winter food is mostly willow tree bark and twigs, and there are more of these available in the mountain valleys than down on the flats. This allows the pregnant females and growing calves better nutrition over winter and gives them a better chance of survival in spring. The snow is deeper down in the flats and while moose have exceptionally long legs to allow them to wade through deep snow, this requires that they use more energy. 10

11 Many herbivores will have specialized stomach compartments that will allow them to digest the tough cellulose material found in plants. For humans, this material has no nutritional value because we cannot digest it. But ruminants such as the moose, elk, and reindeer have a secret digestion weapon a rumen! All moose are ruminants. A ruminant is an animal with a multichambered stomach, one that is divided into compartments. Each compartment has a specific function. Look at the diagram below before learning more about what each of these compartments do: 11

12 When the moose eats food it passes from the mouth to the esophagus and into the stomach. There are four compartments in the ruminant stomach: 1. Reticulum 2. Rumen 3. Omasum 4. Abomasum Reticulum This is the part of the digestive system that collects foreign objects such as bits of wire and stones. Lots of plant eating mammals will also pick up stuff that isn t good for them. The reticulum is like the trashcan for the stomach. It also helps move the food into the rumen. Rumen This is where the plant material eaten by the moose are changed into nutrients by the microbes that live inside the rumen. The plant material is eventually turned into volatile fatty acids, called VFA's. These VFA's provide nutrition to the animal. The rumen is the largest part of the ruminant stomach system. Omasum The omasum is responsible for water reabsorption and continued break-down of the plants eaten by the moose. Abomasum This is the true stomach of the moose where protein break-down takes place. The abomasum is most like our one compartment stomach. 12

13 After the food is broken down into nutrients that can be used by the animal it travels from the abomasum and into the small intestine. The small intestine is the place in the digestive system where the nutrients are absorbed into the blood and then distributed around the body through the blood stream. Rumination means that the moose, and all other ruminants, will digest their food, then regurgitate it back up and chew it one more time. When you see cows and deer lying down resting, chances are they are actually ruminating their food. This process allows the moose to extract every last bit of nutrition out of the plant material. Moose are found all over the Northern Hemisphere in dense mixed forests called the taiga and prefer places where the summer temperatures will stay around 60 13

14 degrees F. As you might have guessed from their diet, moose prefer forests for twigs, bark and leaves, and boggy wetlands for water lilies and other aquatic plants. In North America the places with the highest moose populations are Canada and Alaska but moose can be found in Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Maine, Minnesota, and other northern states where their preferred food is available. Moose also live in Europe, especially in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Moose are active during the day and sleep at night. This behavior is called diurnal. Most of the time moose will live alone as solitary animals, but mothers will live with their young for about one year, until the next calf is born. 14

15 The female moose is pregnant for about 8 months and will commonly have twins if food was plentiful or just one calf if food was scarce. Moose are mammals and as such they share certain characteristics with all other mammals. One of these distinguishing characteristics is that their babies all drink mother s milk for a time after they are born. Ruminants are born with an immature stomach that cannot digest plant material just yet, so mother s milk is all they eat for several weeks. Once a year the male moose will seek out the females for mating. During this time the moose will call out in a behavior called rut. The males will make a heavy grunting sound that can be heard a long way, while females produce wail-like sounds. 15

16 The males will fight only with their antlers and the moose with the smallest antlers will generally lose the battle. Moose are not safe to approach in the wild and can be aggressive. They attack more humans each year than bears and wolves combined but unlike bears and wolves, they will never eat you and if you run, they will generally not follow! You can be seriously injured by a moose however, especially a male in rut or a female with a calf. Here are some do s and don ts for moose safety: 1. Never feed a moose they can find food just fine and feeding them will cause problems for humans 2. Stay about 50 feet away and if the moose doesn't walk away as you approach, you should walk around it, giving the moose plenty of room. 16

17 3. If a moose lays its ears back or the hair on the shoulder hump rises, it's angry or afraid and may charge at you leave the area immediately! 4. Moose kick with their front as well as hind feet so be aware of flying hooves! 5. Don't corner moose and never get between a cow and her calf 6. If a moose charges, get behind a tree and keep moving around the trunk, keeping it between you and the moose. Adult moose have few enemies other than humans who hunt them for food, but young moose are a likely meal for wolves. In some areas the mountain lion and the American black bear will hunt moose calves soon after they are born in May or June. In coastal areas the killer whale will take a full grown moose right out of the water as they swim between islands! 17

18 Another way in which a moose might be killed is by vehicle traffic. It is estimated that about 3,400 moose were struck by cars in Maine during a 5 year period. When a car hits a moose there will be substantial damage to everything and everyone involved passengers in the car may well be killed from the impact. 18

19 Student Activities Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Moose a. An herbivore with a compartmentalized stomach. 2. Elk b. The name for moose is Europe. 3. Herbivore c. A baby moose. 4. Ruminant d. A hanging flap of skin under the chin. 5. Herd e. A male moose. 6. Bull f. Is split into two sections on the moose. 7. Cow g. A group of moose. 8. Calf h. The largest member of the deer family. 9. Hoof i. A female moose. 10. Bell j. An animal that only eats plants. 19

20 Exercise Two Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Antlers 2. Tines b. A rack. 3. Rack 4. Velvet 5. Browser a. The soft covering on antlers as they grow each year. c. A complex carbohydrate found in plants. d. An herbivore which eats twigs, leaves, and bark. e. The part of the moose stomach where debris gathers. 6. Prehensile f. The term for a set of antlers. 7. Migration 8. Cellulose 9. Reticulum g. A part of the body which is able to grasp or hold things. h. The movement of animals from one living area to another for the sake of food and shelter. i. The part of the moose stomach where bacteria live and break down plant matter for energy. 10. Rumen j. Branches on the antlers. 20

21 Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. Omasum 2. Abomasum 3. Bacteria 4. VFA s 5. Small Intestine 6. Rumination a. A process which allows more nutrients to be extracted from plant material in ruminants. b. The part of the moose stomach where water is reabsorbed. c. The behavior of sleeping at night and being active during the day. d. An evergreen forest dominated by firs and spruces. e. A small organism that lives in the rumen of the moose stomach. f. A group of animals which share common characteristics such as young drinking mother s milk. 7. Taiga g. A mating behavior in the male moose. 8. Diurnal h. Volatile fatty acids 9. Mammal 10. Rut i. The part of the moose stomach most like a human stomach. j. The part of the moose digestive system where nutrients are absorbed. 21

22 Exercise Four Use the words in the word bank to label the ruminant stomach of the moose. Word Bank Small Intestine Rumen Omasum Abomasum Reticulum 22

23 Exercise Five Final Test Read the questions, then choose the correct answer for each one. 1. This characteristic is shared by all mammals. a. Drink mother s milk b. Eat plants c. Have four legs 2. These help the moose in deep snow and water. a. Large nostrils b. Long legs c. Split hooves 3. The length of a moose hoof is about inches, while an elk is about inches. a. 5,3½ b. 7,2½ c. 7,4½ 4. This organ is where nutrients are absorbed. a. Rumen b. Abomasum c. Small intestine 5. This part of the stomach collects garbage that the moose eats. a. Rumen b. Omasum c. Reticulum 23

24 6. A moose is a, while a horse is a. a. Browser, browser b. Browser, grazer c. Grazer, browser 7. Moose live in which of the following countries? a. Russia, Poland, Mexico b. Russia, Canada, Africa c. U.S., Canada, Norway 8. Moose prefer forests called. a. Taiga b. Deciduous c. Neither of these 9. Which of these states has a population of moose living in it? a. Maine, Colorado, New Jersey b. Colorado, Arizona, Canada c. Minnesota, Alaska, Wyoming 10. This is the name of the male behavior during mating season. a. Rut b. Rat c. Rush 11. When an animal sleeps at night and is active during the day, this is called. a. Diurnal b. Nocturnal c. Both of these 24

25 12. A moose cow is pregnant with the calf for about months. a. 9 b. 10 c Moose are most aggressive if: a. You corner them b. They have a calf c. Both of these 14. When a moose lays back its ears it is a sign of: a. Aggression b. Happiness c. Both of these 15. If a moose charges you should: a. Play dead b. RUN! c. Ignore it 25

26 Parent Solutions Exercise One Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. h Moose a. An herbivore with a compartmentalized stomach. 2. b Elk b. The name for moose is Europe. 3. j Herbivore c. A baby moose. 4. a Ruminant d. A hanging flap of skin under the chin. 5. g Herd e. A male moose. 6. e Bull f. Is split into two sections on the moose. 7. i Cow g. A group of moose. 8. c Calf h. The largest member of the deer family. 9. f Hoof i. A female moose. 10. d Bell j. An animal that only eats plants. 26

27 Exercise Two Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. b Antlers 2. j Tines b. A rack. 3. f Rack 4. a Velvet 5. d Browser a. The soft covering on antlers as they grow each year. c. A complex carbohydrate found in plants. d. An herbivore which eats twigs, leaves, and bark. e. The part of the moose stomach where debris gathers. 6. g Prehensile f. The term for a set of antlers. 7. h Migration c e Cellulose Reticulum g. A part of the body which is able to grasp or hold things. h. The movement of animals from one living area to another for the sake of food and shelter. i. The part of the moose stomach where bacteria live and break down plant matter for energy. 10. i Rumen j. Branches on the antlers. 27

28 Exercise Three Write the letter of the correct match next to each problem. 1. b Omasum 2. i Abomasum 3. e Bacteria 4. h VFA s 5. j Small Intestine 6. a Rumination a. A process which allows more nutrients to be extracted from plant material in ruminants. b. The part of the moose stomach where water is reabsorbed. c. The behavior of sleeping at night and being active during the day. d. An evergreen forest dominated by firs and spruces. e. A small organism that lives in the rumen of the moose stomach. f. A group of animals which share common characteristics such as young drinking mother s milk. 7. d Taiga g. A mating behavior in the male moose. 8. c Diurnal h. Volatile fatty acids 9. f Mammal 10. g Rut i. The part of the moose stomach most like a human stomach. j. The part of the moose digestive system where nutrients are absorbed. 28

29 Exercise Four 29

30 Exercise Five Final Test Read the questions, then choose the correct answer for each one. 1. This characteristic is shared by all mammals. a. Drink mother s milk b. Eat plants c. Have four legs 2. These help the moose in deep snow and water. a. Large nostrils b. Long legs c. Split hooves 3. The length of a moose hoof is about inches, while an elk is about inches. a. 5, 3½ b. 7, 2½ c. 7, 4½ 4. This organ is where nutrients are absorbed. a. Rumen b. Abomasum c. Small intestine 5. This part of the stomach collects garbage that the moose eats. a. Rumen b. Omasum c. Reticulum 30

31 6. A moose is a, while a horse is a. a. Browser, browser b. Browser, grazer c. Grazer, browser 7. Moose live in which of the following countries? a. Russia, Poland, Mexico b. Russia, Canada, Africa c. U.S., Canada, Norway 8. Moose prefer forests called. a. Taiga b. Deciduous c. Neither of these 9. Which of these states has a population of moose living in it? a. Maine, Colorado, New Jersey b. Colorado, Arizona, Canada c. Minnesota, Alaska, Wyoming 10. This is the name of the male behavior during mating season. a. Rut b. Rat c. Rush 11. When an animal sleeps at night and is active during the day, this is called. a. Diurnal b. Nocturnal c. Both of these 31

32 12. A moose cow is pregnant with the calf for about months. a. 9 b. 10 c Moose are most aggressive if: a. You corner them b. They have a calf c. Both of these 14. When a moose lays back its ears it is a sign of: a. Aggression b. Happiness c. Both of these 15. If a moose charges you should: a. Play dead b. RUN! c. Ignore it 32

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