8. Inventory of echinoderm coelobites

Transcription

1 8. Inventory of echinoderm coelobites 8.1. Introduction and Review The echinoderms are enterocoelous coelomates, having a pentaradiate construction derived from an original bilaterality and without definite head or brain. They have separate plates formed by calcareous endoskeleton which often bears external spines or protuberances. This group of animals has a water-vascular system through which they locomate and communicate with the external medium (Hyman, 1955). Echinoderms are found in almost all zones of the ocean in a wide array of habitats. They live among corals and occur from supra-littoral to the hadal zone inhabiting the rocky, sandy, muddy and mangrove areas. They are very closely associated with coral reef ecosystem either for food, shelter or reproduction (Venkatraman et al., 2013). These echinoderms often form dense mono specific populations in shallow reef zones, which are an important component of the reef and play a vital role in reef-trophodynamics and nutrients regeneration (Hughes et al., 1987). They also produce significant portion of lime material, thus functions as reef builders. They occupy all the trophic niches, as filterers (ophiuroids, crinoids), detritus- and sediment-eaters (holothurians, ophiuroids), phytophages (urchins) and predators (stars and, in part, urchins and ophiuroids) (Yuri, 1993). About 6,000 living species of echinoderms, belonging to five classes, namely, Crinoidea (feather stars), Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle and basket stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars and sea biscuits) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) are circumscribed globally. Of these recorded species, more than 1,000 species have been reported from the Indo-West Pacific (Guille et al., 1986). In particular, the shallow-water echinoderm fauna of the Indo-West Pacific is generally considered to be very rich (Clark and Rowe 1971). So far, 765 species of echinoderms have been reported from India, of these, 257 species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 77 species from Lakshadweep Islands, 112 species from Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GoMBR) (Venkataraman and Wafar 2005). The Gulf of Mannar is a favourable and suitable habitat for echinoderms. Major contribution of echinoderms of Gulf of Mannar has been by James (1967, 1968, 1973, 1983, 1986a, b, c, d, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 2001), James and James (1994), James et al. (1988, 1993). Venkataraman et al. (2002) gave a detailed account on faunal diversity of echinoderms in Gulf of Mannar followed by 128

2 Venkatraman et al. (2013) studied and assed the quantitative information of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay for the first time. In spite of all these studies based on taxonomy and abundance, studies on their ecology and role in reef trophodynamics are not attempted so far. Studying these aspects will throw more light on their role in these reefs which may later help in forming conservation statergies to prevent further loss of the reef ecosystem Materials and Methods The collections were made during April April 2015 on the reefs surrounding Shingle Island, Manouliputti Island, Valimunai Island, Vaan Island and Palk Bay in Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve (Table 1) by means of snorkelling and SCUBA diving. Echinoderms were hand collected from the coral skeletal framework of live corals, dead corals and coral rubbles. Particulars regarding the exact locality and nature of the substratum are given along with the description of the respective species. Photographs were taken mostly in live condition and in field. The separated specimens were then fixed with 10 % formalin which was later changed to 4 % formalin for permanent preservation. Preserved echinoderms were then identified based on morphological characters with help of reference book (Clark and Rowe 1971; James 2008, 2011) to the lowest possible taxonomic unit and listed. All the specimens identified to species level were deposited and registered in National Zoological Collections at Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biology Regional Centre, Chennai. Other specimens which couldn t be identified to species level were sent to the experts for further identification and confirmation Result A systematic survey of the marine forms grouped under echinoderms from the coral reefs of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere reserve have been completed with morphological descriptions and photographs. In order to compile information relevant to biodiversity, a species list is an indispensable tool and the species name, is the vocabulary of biodiversity. The present work on the GOMBR echinoderm coelobites collected a total of 22 species belonging to Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Holothuroidea and Echinoidea. Of this 12 species including three species of Asteroidea belonging to three genera of two families, three species of Ophiuroidea belonging to three genera of three families, four species of Holothuroidea belonging to one genus of one family and two species of Echinoidea belonging to two genera two families were identified upto species level and their diagnostic characters are given. 129

3 A total of three Asteroidea, three Ophiuroidea, four Holothuroidea and two Echinoidea are systematically placed List of identified Echinodermata Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 Order: Valvatida Perrier, 1884 Family: Ophidiasteridae Verrill, 1870 Genus: Dactylosaster Gray, Dactylosaster cylindricus (Lamarck, 1816) Genus: Linckia Nardo, Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) Family: ASTERINIDAE Gray, 1840 Genus: Indianastra O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin and Waters, Indianastra sarasini (deloriol, 1897) Class: Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 Order: Ophiurida Müller and Troschel, 1840 Family: OPHIACTIDAE Matsumoto, 1915 Genus: Ophiactis Lütken, Ophiactis savignyi (Müller and Troschel, 1842) Family: OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ljungman, 1867 Genus: Ophiogymna Ljungman, Ophiogymna lineata (H.L. Clark, 1969) Family: OPHIONEREIDIDAE Ljungman, 1867 Genus: Ophionereis Lütken, Ophionereis dubia (Muller and Troschel, 1842) Class: Holothuroidea Order: Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840 Family: HOLOTHURIIDAE Burmeister, 1837 Genus: Holothuria Linnaeus, Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, Holothuria cinerascens (Brandt, 1835) 9. Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla Lesson, Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka,

4 Class: Echinoidea Leske, 1778 Order: Camarodonta Jackson, 1912 Family: ECHINOMETRIDAE Gray, 1855 Genus: Echinometra Gray, Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) Order: Diadematoida Duncan, 1889 Family: DIADEMATIDAE Gray, 1855 Genus: Echinothrix Peters, Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) Diagonostic characters for identification of Echinodermata 1. Dactylosaster cylindricus (Lamarck, 1816) (Plate XXV. a) Asterias cylindrica Lamarck, de. Hist. nat. amini. s. vert., 2: Ophidiaster cylindricus Bell, The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1: Dactylosaster cylindricus James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Dactylosaster cylindricus Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p. 34, Dactylosaster cylindricus Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 233: Dactylosaster cylindricus Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 69. Locality: Specimen were collected from Manouliputti Island (9 14'16.77"N, 79 9'29.10"E) (MABR2) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 13 th Jan NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-138. Identification characters: The rays are five, elongated, cylindrical, and blunt. Abactinal plates in eight regular longitudinal series with abactinal granules on the distal margin giving it rugged appearance. Colour is reddish with brown marbled Distribution: India - reported from Lakshadweep Islands and Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - widely throughout Indo west Pacific region. 2. Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) (Plate XXV. b) Asterias multifora Lamarck, de Hist. nat. animo s. vert., 2: Linckia multifora James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Linckia multifora Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Linckia multifora Julka, J. M. and Das, Sumita. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 54 (2): Linckia multifora Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 233: Linckia multifora Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271:

5 Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'26.61"N, 79 13'50.97"E) (SHBR3) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 17 th Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-58. Identification character: The rays are five, unequal, slender and tapering to an attenuated narrow tip. Two madreporites are present. Abactinal plates not in regular longitudinal series and completely covered by rounded granules. Colour is reddish with brown marbled. Distribution: India - reported from Lakshadweep Islands, Andaman and Nocobar Islands and Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - widely throughout Indo west Pacific region. 3. Indianastra sarasini (deloriol, 1897) (Plate XXV. c) Palmipes sarasini Loriol, de Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. nat. Geneve, 32 (2): 11 (part) Palmipes sarasini Koehler, Echi. Indian Mus., 4: Asterina lutea Clark, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard coll., 55: 153, pl. 12, fig Asterina sarasini Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Asterina sarasini James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Asterina sarasini Clark, Echi. Studies, 4: Indianastra sarasini O Loughlin and Waters, Mem. Mus. Victoria 61 (1): 20, fig. 13 b-f Asterina sarasini Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 233: Asterina sarasini Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 45. Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'25.86"N, 79 13'51.66"E) (SHBR4) at the depth of 4.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 17 th Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-139. Identification characters: Body is flattened, nearly pentagonal, with paliable thin intrabranchial margins and rounded rays. Papulae in each interradius of the median plate rows are linked only to the area in the center of the disc. Abactinal armament was distinctly spiniform with minute hyaline spinlets. Distribution: India - reported only from Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Indo west Pacific region from Australia and Phillipines 4. Ophiactis savignyi (Müller and Troschel, 1842) (Plate XXV. d) Ophiolepis savignyi Muller and Troschel, System der Asteriden, p Ophiactis affinis Duncan, J. Linn. Soc. London, 14: Ophiactis sexradia Koehler, Bull. scient. Fr. Belg., 31: Ophiactis savignyi Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Ophiactis savignyi James, D.B. Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34 : Ophiactis savignyi Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 233: Ophiactis savignyi Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271:

6 Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'29.27"N, 79 13'55.50"E) (SHBR2) at the depth of 1.0 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 07 th Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-130. Identification characters: Six arms are present with five arm spines on each. On the ventral side of the disc there are two distal oral papillae well placed from the apex of the jaw. On the dorsal side, large radial shields or seen. The aboral arm plates are elliptical with a distinct small median distal lobe having two dark spots on either side giving a trilobed appearance. Colour is green and white banded. Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout the world from tropical oceans. 5. Ophiogymna lineata H. L. Clark, 1938 (Plate XXV. e) Ophiogymna lineata Clark, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard coll., 55: Ophiogymna lineata James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. hist., 7: Ophiogymna lineata Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Ophiogymna lineata Venkataraman et al., Zoo. Sur. India, Cons. Ar. Ser., 15: Ophiogymna lineata Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 146. Locality: Specimen were collected from Manouliputti Island (9 12'50.92"N, 79 9'40.32"E) (MARU7) at the depth of 0.5 m from coral rubble on 26 th Feb NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E Identification characters: Five arms are long and slender with a narrow longitudinal light stripe dorsally. Dorsal arm plates are minute and embedded in skin. Ventral arm plates are well developed with proximal border convex and dorsal border concave. Disc is irregular in shape covered with thick skin. Madreporites are large and irregular in shape. Distribution: India - reported only from Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere reported widely throughout Indian Ocean region. 6. Ophionereis dubia (Muller and Troschel, 1842) (Plate XXV. f) Ophiolepis dubia Muller and Troschel, System der Asteriden, p Ophionereis dubia Thurston, E. Madras Govt. Mus. Bull. 3 (11): Ophionereis dubia Clark, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 123 (1): Ophionereis dubia Sane, and Chhapgar, Bombay nat. His. Soc., 59 (2): Ophionereis dubia James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Ophionereis dubia Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Ophionereis dubia Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 233: Ophionereis dubia Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271:

7 Locality: Specimen were collected from Manouliputti Island (9 14'16.77"N, 79 9'29.10"E) (MABR2) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 13 th Jan NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-137. Identification characters: Arms are slender, inserted below the disc and with three short, stout arm spines on its either side. Dorsal arm plates are wider with a pair of large supplementary plates present in each segment. Ventral arm plates are slightly quadrangular with rounded edges. Disc is pentagonal in shape with a large primary scale on the dorsal side. Colour pale yellow with dark coloured broken reticulate pattern in disc and arm with narrow dark bands. Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - widely throughout Tropical Indo west Pacific region. 7. Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 (Plate XXVI. a) Holothuria arenicola Semper, Risen Archip. Philipp. 2. Wiss. Resul. Welslands, 2 (1): Holothuria maculata Koehler and Yaney, Echi. Indian Mus., 4: Brandtothuria arenicola Deichmann, Allan Hancock Pacif. Exped., 11: Holothuria arenicola James and Pearse, J. Mar. biol. Ass. India, 11 (1 and2): Holothuria arenicola James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Holothuria arenicola James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Sastry, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No., 233: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 231. Locality: Specimen were collected from Manouliputti Island (9 12'29.67"N, 79 9'20.53"E) (MABR5) at the depth of 1.0 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 17 th Feb NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-142. Identification characters: Body is elongate, cylindrical and tapering at its ends. The body wall is thin with small tough tegument. Pedicels and papillae are sparsely arranged. Mouth is terminal and with 20 tentacles. Cuvierian tubules are present. Colour is dull creamy with a double row of dark red spots along its dorsal surface. Distribution: India - reported from Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout the world from tropical oceans. 134

8 8. Holothuria (Semperothurla) cinerascens (Brandt, 1835) (Plate XXVI. b) Stichopus (Gymnochirota) cinerascens Brandt, Prodromus description is animalium, 1: Holothuria pulchella Selenka, Ztschr. fl. wissensch. Zool., 17: 329, pl Holothuria cinerascens James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens James, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 92 (1): Holothuria cinerascens Sastry, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No., 233: Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 229. Locality: Specimen were collected from Manouliputti Island (9 12'36.54"N, 79 9'13.26"E) (MARU1) at the depth of 2.0 m from coral rubble on 15 th Mar NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E Identification characters: Body is cylindrical. The pedicels are abundant and closely arranged into two groups separated by a narrow bare area on the ventral side. Mouth is terminal with twenty well developed tentacles. Anus is terminal with three small papillae. Cuvierian tubules are absent. Colour is dark brown with pedicles and tentacles light. Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely from Tropical Indo West Pacific region. 9. Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla Lesson, 1830 (Plate XXVI. c) Holothuria hilla Lesson, Centurie zoologique ou choix d' anilllaux rares, nouveaux ou inlparfaitement connues, p Holothuria monocaria Bell, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1887: Holothuria monocaria Bell, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1888: Holothuria monocaria Koehler and Yaney, Echi. Indian Mus., 4: Holothuria hilla James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Holothuria hilla James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hills Mukhopadhyay, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 85 (1): Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla Sastry, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper. No., 233: Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper 271: 232. Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'26.61"N, 79 13'50.97"E) (SHBR3) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 17 th Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-149. Identification characters: Body is cylindrical and with smooth body walls. Pedicels and papillae are sparsely arranged. Mouth is ventral and surrounded by 20 very short papillae. Anus is terminal. Ventral surface with large podia arranged in four rows. Colour is reddish brown with conical yellow papillae. 135

9 Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout Tropical Indo West Pacific region. 10. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867 (Plate XXVI. d) Holothuria pardalis Selenka, Ztschr. fl. wissensch. Zool., 17: Holothuria pardalis Theel, Rep. scient. Results Voy. 'Challenger' (Zool.), 39: Holothuria lineata Bell, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1887: Holothuria pardalis Koehler and Yaney, Echi. Indian Mus., 4: Holothuria pardalis James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Holothuria pardalis James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Mukhopadhyay, Rec. zool. Surv. India, 85 (1): 3, Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Sastry, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 233: Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper, 271: 222. Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'29.03"N, 79 13'58.02"E) (SHFO2) at the depth of 0.5 m from foliose colonies of dead coral on 17 th Jan NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-224. Identification characters: Body is elongate, cylindrical, tapering at its ends and with thin flexible body walls. The pedicels are short, stout and numerous on the Ventral side. Mouth is terminal and with 20 tentacles surrounded by papillae arranged in two concentric circles. Anus is terminal and surrounded with conical papillae. Cuvierian tubules are absent. Colour is mottled light brown with dark spots along upper surface. Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout Tropical Indo West Pacific region. 11. Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) (Plate XXVI. e) Echinus mathaei de Blainville, Dictionaire des Sciences Nat., 37: Echinometra lucunter Bell, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1887: Echinometra lucunter Thurston, E. Madras Govt. Mus. Bull. 3 (11): Echinometra mathaei Clark, catal. recent sea-urchins coll. British Mus (Nat. His.), p Echinometra mathaei Koehler, Echi. Indian Mus., 10: Echinometra mathaei James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Echinometra mathaei Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., Echinometra mathaei James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Echinometra mathaei Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper, 271:

10 Locality: Specimen were collected from Shingle Island (9 14'26.61"N, 79 13'50.97"E) (SHBR3) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 17 th Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-135. Identification characters: The test is arched aborally and oval in shape. Long axis of the test is through ambulacrum one and interambulacrum three. There are four pore-pairs per arc on the aboral side. The spines are slender and acute. Tubercles are imperforate and noncrenulated. Gill slits are shallow. Distribution: India - reported from Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout Indo West Pacific region. 12. Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) (Plate XXVI. f) Echinus diadema Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, Ed., 10: Echinothrix saxatile Bell, The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadivc Archipelagoes, 1: Echinothrix diadema de Meijere, Sibooga Exped. Mono., 43: Echinothrix diadema Clark, catal. recent sea-urchins coll. British Mus (Nat. His.), p Echinometra mathaei Koehler, Echi. Indian Mus., 10: Echinothrix diadema Mortensen. Mono. Echinoidea, 3 (1): Echinothrix diadema James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 7: Echinothrix diadema Clark and Rowe, Mono. Shallow water Indo-West Pacific Echi., p Echinothrix diadema James, Bull. cent. mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 34: Echinothrix diadema Sastry, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper, 233: Echinothrix diadema Sastry, Rec. Zoo. Sur. India, Occ. Paper, 271: 167. Locality: Specimen were collected from Vaan Island (8 50'1.51"N, 78 12'59.12"E) (VABR1) at the depth of 0.5 m from branching colonies of dead coral on 22 nd Dec NZC no: ZSI/MBRC/E-225. Identification characters: The test globular in shape and with slightly raised ambulacrum. Ambulacral primary spines on the aboral side fine, needle like with cavities very small and the barbs near the tip backwardly pointed. In contrast, the interambulacral spines are stout and dark. Distribution: India - reported from Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - widely throughout Tropical Indo West Pacific region. 137

11 List of Echinodermata identified up to genus level. Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea de Blainville, 1830 Order: Valvatida Perrier, 1884 Family: ASTERINIDAE Gray, 1840 Genus: Asterina Nardo, Asterina sp.1 2. Asterina sp.2 Genus: Indianastra O'Loughlin in O'Loughlin and Waters, Indianaster sp. Class: Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 Order: Ophiurida Müller and Troschel, 1840 Family: OPHIOCOMIDAE Ljungman, 1867 Genus: Ophiocoma L. Agassiz, Ophiocoma sp.1 5. Ophiocoma sp.2 Family: AMPHIURIDAE Ljungman, 1867 Genus: Amphiura Forbes, Amphiura sp. Class: Holothuroidea Order: Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840 Family: HOLOTHURIIDAE Burmeister, 1837 Genus: Holothuria Linnaeus, Holothuria sp. Class: Echinoidea Leske, 1778 Order: Stomopneustoida Kroh and Smith, 2010 Family: STOMOPNEUSTIDAE Mortensen, 1903 Genus: Stomopneustes L. Agassiz, Stomopneustes sp. Order: Diadematoida Duncan, 1889 Family: DIADEMATIDAE Gray, 1855 Genus: Echinothrix Peters, Echinothrix sp. Genus: Diadema Gray, Diadema sp. 138

12 PLATE - XXV ECHINODERMATA b a Dactylosaster cylindricus (Lamarck, 1816) Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) c Indianastra sarasini (deloriol, 1897) d Ophiactis savignyi (Müller and Troschel, 1842) e Ophiogymna lineata (H.L. Clark, 1969) f Ophionereis dubia (Muller and Troschel, 1842)

13 PLATE - XXVI ECHINODERMATA b a Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 Holothuria cinerascens (Brandt, 1835) d c Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla Lesson, 1830 Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867 e Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) f Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758)